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Documente Cultură
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UPDATE 1034
New chips for simplest computer, movement on Magellan at Venus: p1032
static DAT, graphics processor hits 200mops.
HDTV at IBC, AM stereo for UK gets hearing.
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Susan Downey Overseas students- typically around 25 women engineering science graduates.
081-6618452 per cent of intake - seem better there are correspondingly few available
equipped. to the primary education workforce.
FACSIMILE The basic education received in The logic wheel turns full circle.
081-66/ 8939 I long Kong, Singapore and other Far Engineering faculties are trying to
Eastern countries provides an help themselves by offering tour year
REED BUSINESS apparently excellent grounding for an courses: students spend the first year
not PUBLISHING
engineering degree. This student sector on foundation science and maths- the
GROUP
Fin-MOM, World 4 Wnrin, World
takes a disproportionate number of so called access course. The
is published monthly USPSN1754I1 By post.
current issue L2.25. hack issues Id ¡bailable) 12 511 Order and payment, to 333
FJry Cronin World A Works World. Quadrant House. The Quadrant. Sunup.
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Surrey SM2 SAS Cheques should he madi payable to Read Business Publishing
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in the opinion of their teachers, the of A Level science, has agreed to fund
Sutton. Surrey S312 SAS Telephones Ldnonal 1111íK,1 3614. Adrcnoos,
11h1ú61 3130. 1114661 4.469 Tries 4921144 RELO BP G (EEP)
sector's basic aptitude is no greater this in full. However, it cannot be a
0111-n614939 (Groups II fl 1111 Srwslrod, - Quadrant Publishing Setsn-o, No
11141-1911 32411 Subscription rates
1 50.0 (normal rate) (3) UK and 135 outside
than the British counterpart. In the complete answer.
UK Subscriptions: Quadrant Suhx'npnnn Sets ices. Oalhrld House.
I'rrrvmnunl Road. 11a5uards Heath. Susses RIllb 31)14 Telephone 11144 words of one lecturer, it is simply that There is only one solution. Science
+41212 Please notify a change of address I1n Sl lh dal airmail Recd Business
Pubinbing (USA). Subscriptions Office. 2115 1 42nd Street. NY 111117 the British students "like to spend must be taught more effectively at the
Ihrneas ad , rrlbtn agents: /ranee and Belerun, Pierre Slussard. 1r-2í1 Place
de la Madelei . Pans 75110h In lud Sta in al Amrrka. lay Fennman. Recd more time in the bar." lower education levels and without
Business Publbhmg Ltd. 2111 E 42nd Street. NY 111117 Telephone 1212)
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© Reed Business Publishing Ltd 194.. ISSN 1)166-3244.
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even for the state of the tides. there has been no evidence of depar- first turned its solar panels towards the
When the measurements of gravity ture from the laws of classical physics. Sun to maintain its electrical supplies
were made at various depths, the What the groups have probably been and then began sweeping the sky with
deviation from the inverse square law measuring are systematic uncertainties its antenna. This is a standard recovery
turned out to be greater, not less than caused by density anomalies deep procedure which ensures that contact
that previously reported by the Austra- within the Earth. That being the case, will eventually be re-established.
lian workers. It was, however, consis- they conclude that such anomalies are Fourteen hours later, contact was
tent between the different holes in the likely to exist anywhere around thEarth re-established, only to be lost again five
Nevada desert. where such experiments arc days later. Up to that point NASA
The fact that the departure from attempted. engineers had been trying to read out
theory differs between the two research It looks, therefore, as if what we al,learned the state of the on -hoard memories to
groups is considered to be good news. about gravity in 0 -level physics try and discover precisely what had
Had the two teams recorded identical still has many years to run. Moreover, gone wrong. This they did using a
departures from the inverse square if there are any minor infringements of low -gain antenna that can only send
law, it would have been tempting to the inverse square law, a radically new data at a slow rate.
resurrect the now -discounted sugges- set of experiments will be needed to Fortunately, the same fail-safe proc-
tions of a non -Newtonian force of uncover them. edure enabled contact to be re-
gravity. As it is, the Americans believe established, though the fact that
Magellan orientated itself incorrectly
twice suggested the possibility of a
Venus unveiled software error somewhere in the sys-
tem. For the time being, and to avoid a
After a series of nail-biting technical NASA engineers pieced together what repetition, ground controllers have
hitches the American space probe had happened.
sent commands to disable the part of
Magellan has sent back some of the The first fault is thought to have the fault protection system that appears
most amazing pictures of the planet been the result of a high-energy cosmic to be generating the glitches.
Venus. Huge craters and rivers of ray hitting and damaging a computer
Radar pictures taken through the
solidified lava indicate that Venus was, that keeps a continuous check on the
visually impenetrable clouds that per-
and probably still is a very active planet performance of two other on -board manently shroud Venus are truly spec-
geologically. Unlike the Earth, where computers. As a result, a back-up tacular. Let's not forget, however, the
water and ice have eroded the rocks, system was activated and it too failed. very considerable engineering involved
Venus has some spectacularly jagged Magellan, which is supposed to orien- in getting them here. Servicing a soph-
mountains and valleys. tate itself by locking onto the star
isticated computer system millions of
In one respect we're extremely for- Sirius, locked onto another star and miles away is no mean feat!
tunate to have these pictures, because ended up with its antennas pointing
Magellan was plagued with difficulties away from Earth. Research notes is written by John Wil-
soon after completing its tortuous 1.5 When this happened, the spacecraft son of the BBC World Service
billion kilometre journey to Venus. Image taken from the first set of radar
After a test orbit in which the radar data collected by Magellan, showing
system was instructed to look down fault -sounded troughs in the Lavinia
onto the planet's surface, radio contact region of Venus. Area in picture is 28km
was lost with Earth. Fourteen hours wide, 75km long. Right, an impression of
`
later, when contact was re-established, the !Magellan spacecraft approaching
Venus. Pictures by courtesy of NASA.
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Lasers on wafers
IBM's researchers believe the company processing using so-called photonic centre of the well which will cause the
will have integrated lasers onto integrated circuits earlier this year same effect is a measure of the
semiconductor logic devices and used using similar technology. luminescence of the well.
them in computer systems in the next IBM sees the devices as the solution Careful characterisation and full
two years. The fabrication process, to data transmission between parts of a wafer testing should eventually lead to
developed at the US giant's Zurich mainframe distributed between higher production yields. The Zurich
research labs. is now being added to its different sites. Earlier this year it researchers have now handed the work
manufacturing lines. demonstrated a data link which could over to developers in the US who will
Various techniques are used to make transmit and receive I Gbyte/s using a turn it into a repeatable production
the devices. but few of them are serial data stream. Parallel data moving process.
exclusive to IBM. Only the scanning at that rate is hard to synchronise so At the moment IBM has run full
tunnelling microscope (STM) used to that bits on different lines arrive at wafer testing on lasers built on 2in
check the devices and a polishing different times. wafers. The next stage is to use 3in
process are proprietary. The chips are made using gallium wafers with just lasers on them and to
IBM is not the only company to have arsenide. The high electron mobility test devices with mixed logic and light
integrated lasers and logic. AT&T's allows the logic parts to run at much sources.
Bell Labs demonstrated optical data higher speeds than silicon devices. The The company will then go into
Atomic structures under the STM: lasers are easier to fabricate using production of the devices. The
individual atoms on the surfaces of gallium arsenide because lavers of prototype receiver used in the 1Gbyte/s
materials picked out by IBM's indium can be grown to form the light trial included 80O(1 transistors as well as
microscope. Top picture shows the sources. the photodiode. The latter consisted of
grooves produced by etching the edges of The lasers are grown using two multiple quantum well structures
laser structures. Picture of the DNA-recA compound beam epitaxy (CBE) in next to each other without the lasing
protein complex (middle) is fuzzy because which solid elemental sources are mirrors. The receiver had a sensitivity
the material is an insulator, so charge heated and molecules deposited onto of -22d13m.
builds up on the surface, impairing the the semiconductor surface. The devices Rob Cawey, Electronics Weekly
STM. Contrast this effect with that in the follow the multiple quantum well
bottom picture, which shows the atomic structure already v idespread among
structure of a gold surface laser makers.
The real difference between other
lasers and these devices comes after the
structures have been grown. Instead of
forming the lasing cavities by cleaving OBITUARY
the crystals, IBM etches grooves in the
W.A. SCOTT MURRAY BSc, PhD
wafer surface. Sandy Murray died last April after a
The edges of the etched grooves are number of illnesses, aged 64.
then polished to form mirrors. This He will be remembered by readers of
part of the process gives IBM an edge Wireless World during the 1980s as one of
over other companies like STL which a group of "heretics" who were making
serious enquiries into the way that modern
also has submicron semiconductor
physics was going since Einstein
etching technologies. published his relativity theory: his Heretics
A second advantage with the Guide to Modern Physics series of articles
polishing technique is that it leaves the was published in this journal in 1982 and
lasers on the wafer. Each device can he resulted in lively correspondences and
tested without having to he handled articles by others of the same persuasion.
individually and the yield should also Sandy Murray started his career as a
Dartmouth cadet and served in the Royal
he improved. Navy during the second half of WWII, after
which he took a first degree with honours
in physics at Manchester under Prof
Special microscope is key P.M.S. Blackett and a second in the radio
The STM has been used to map the astronomy: whilst at Jodrell Bank he
characteristic luminescence of the discovered the Faraday rotation of radio
quantum wells across the surface of the waves in the ionosphere.
He joined the Royal Radar
laser.
,
Establishment in 1954, where he was
Quantum wells can he found by instrumental in the reception of the first -
. t moving the tip of the STM across the ever transatlantic satcom signals in the UK
iLf _ -- r
surface until an electron from the tip and later designed and directed the
Malvern satellite tracking radar. He retired
falls down a hole. That electron will
then cause light in the form of a photon from the Scientific Civil Service in
1982. A.M.
to he released. The distance from the
The national press and media have analogue recording and playback, and and 48kí Iz, and then analyses the
been slow to see the significance of in addition, a solid state head for digital content of the sound, right across the
Philips' announcement. There was no recording. This head is divided into 16 frequency range. Where signals are
consolidated press release. Philips eery narrow segments. spread across audible to human ears, precise coding
referred only to "major companies" the width of the tape. Each head is used. Where signals are likely to be
support mg the system. The major segment is itself divided into two parts, inaudible, less precise coding, with
record companies (Polygram. BMG/ a magneto -resistive element for fewer bits, is used.
RCA, EMI and WEA) never have. and playback, and magneto -inductive for This drastically reduces the data
probably never will have, any interest recording. rate. Philips claims that with pasc,
in, or contact with, anyone outside the Although DCC follows the DCC can offer the equivalent of 18 -bit
showbiz and music press. digital code, which is two bits (12dB)
So far only one hardware company, better than CD or R-dat. Philips says
Tandy of the US, has hacked DCC. DCC allows a dynamic range of 110dB
Tandy has a downmarket image in the which gives sound quality 'equivalent
audio world and has never taken press Sony's 55ES R-IMT player. A fight on its to that of compact disc".
relations seriously. Also the last time hands? Barry Fox
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Leading -edge
software
AM stereo gets UK hearing ARS Microsystems' dV/dt software
AM stereo broadcasting could at last performance than standard AM. and so
he about to take off in the UK. Two
allows designers of digital circuits to
could wean UK listeners from low-cost,
local radio stations, Orwell in Ipswich sketch and analyse timing
lower -quality AM receivers.
characteristics on a PC. The package
and Capital in London. look set to he
Orwell started test broadcasts in costs less than £700 and does not
on -air with test transmissions by the
June. and Capital is understood to he require a netlist or behavioural models,
end of the year.
waiting only for Department of Trade so can be used before the schematic
Receiving stereo on the AM hand is
a familiar concept to radio listeners in
and Industry approval before stage of design. Signal edges are
commencing its tests. The BBC and the displayed on -screen in the timing
the US, where two alternative systems
exist. Of these. C-Quam, pioneered by
receiver manufacturers are currently diagram, with maximum and minimum
taking a "wait and see" attitude, but uncertainties defined by the user.
Motorola, is proving the most
there can he little doubt that, if the Clock speeds, propagation delays and
attractive, mainly because of the
Independents popularise the system, wait states can he interactively varied,
company's ability to produce single
Auntie and the equipment makers will so that designers can look at the effects
microchips which will handle the
not he far behind. of, for instance, speeding up the entire
broadcasts, and hence to beat its rival,
design, or using cheaper components.
Kahn Communications, on receiver C-Quam maintains compatibility
Such changes ripple through the entire
price. with existing radios by transmitting the
Meanwhile. the AM hand in the UK sum of the two stereo channels as
timing diagram, without the need to
re -analyse the system completely.
is becoming progressively less popular standard AM, and phase modulating
Common -path and common -part
with listeners who, where possible. the stereo information - the difference
analyses are available.
choose the better reception and stereo between the two channels - onto the
The package could be particularly
capability of FM broadcasts. Figures existing carrier. This scheme avoids the
released by the IBA this year show hiss problems associated with weak FM
useful in the design of bus -based
systems, such as VME or Nubus, where
that, for the first time. FM is stereo reception and takes advantage
timing between hoards needs to he
.
Intel's 80X86 processors. chosen as the - reckoned to be the next great thing in At the higher performance end of
heart of the IBM PC, seem to be non-volatile memory technology. the market, AMD has produced a
impossible to keep out of the news at AMD's effort is a Mbit chip with an
1 floating-point version of its 29000 risc
the moment. Latest developments access time of 9Ons, built in the processor, dubbed the 29050. The idea
include law suits, portable PCs and 1 micron technology used for its eproms is to get the chip into embedded
imitations. and eeproms. Intel, slightly further applications, particularly those
Litigation involves Intel's rival chip - advanced, has come up with a range of involving graphics processing such as
maker and erstwhile collaborator, credit -card -sized storage devices based laser printers, where the company says
AMD. The two companies set up a on its own flash chips. with capacities of it expects to see several design wins in
technology agreement in 1982, but the up to 4Mbyte. The company says that the first half of next year. The 40MHz
relationship deteriorated very soon these could replace floppy and hard part is pin -compatible with the existing
afterwards, and now Intel is trying to disks in many applications, and 28k type devices and has on -chip
stop AMD making its own version of demonstrated a PC -compatible card memory management, emphasising
the 80386. The whole messy business reader, based on the same form factor AMD's aim of making risc work with
has been referred to an independent as a standard disk drive. low-cost dynamic memory. On -chip
arbitrator, who has released a Again, portable computers will be a cache, however, is limited to l kbyte.
preliminary conclusion and has now set major target, since the cards are solid Within a couple of weeks of AMD's
about working out who gets what. state and can be read without all the chipset announcement, Intel had come
Every time the arbitrator delivers a physical trouble of spinning a disk up with one of its own. The 80386SL
judgement, both sides claim victory, so drive, leading to much lower power consists of a 20M I lz 386 core, cache
it is not surprising that, this time round. requirements. The cards stand up to controller, main memory controller,
Intel said that it was "pleased that the rough treatment much better than PC/AT and ISA bus interface,
judgement does not require the magnetic media. coprocessor interface and power
transfer of the 80386", whilst AMD AMD's engineering department has management on a single chip. Support
promised to go for $500 million obviously been working hard; not comes from the 82360SL, which
compensation and seek transfer of the content with the "miracle" 386, the handles functions such as serial and
386 in the next arbitration phase. company has come up with two parallel communications. DMA, hard
AMD has sampled a 386 -compatible products which put many of the disk control, and memory refresh.
product, which it describes as "a features of an IBM AT onto a single Once again, the focus is on notebook
miracle of re -engineering". In chip. The Am286ZX is aimed at the and laptop computers. so other new
response, Intel has taken out an desktop market, while the Am286LX low -power support chips such as flash
injunction forbidding AMD's use of adds power management to allow it to memory chips, keyboard controller,
the "386" tradename. Doubtless, the be used as the basis for portable and a modem chipset, have been
whole dispute will rumble on and on. computers. Production of 12MHz and added.
Just to drive home the rivalry, the 16MHz versions of the chips is Another company on the trail of
two companies chose the same day to scheduled for early next year, with Intel -based PC chipsets is Chips and
launch products based on flash eproms 20MHz parts to follow. Technologies, which has come up with
several new products and a new
Encapsulated radio: Don Cameron (left) and Gennadi Oparin testing European headquarters to go with
radio equipment in the capsule of their hot-air balloon, which made them.
the first hot-air flight from Britain to Russia. Co -Channel Electronics Chips says that the European PC
of Avonmouth supplied their own HF and VHF radio equipment, with market looks set to outdo both the US
satnav, Decca Navigator and a position transponderfrom other and Pacific rim in coming years, with
companies. This equipment, together with an automatic search particular emphasis on industrial
beacon, was built into the capsule, since space was extremely limited. computing. Hence the new base, which
or
t.
Looking
cally' changed the way we
communicate. But we
have still only exploited a tiny proportion
of the full potential of optical com-
munications.
forward to
Current high speed systems carrying
seven and a half thousand simultaneous
telephone calls on a single strand of glass
are impressive enough.
But in theory the optical fibre has a
-
bandwidth of around 150 Tera I lertz -
busy lines
150 000 (NN) 000 (100Hz the equivalent
of 20 million television channels or more
than two billion digital telephone connec-
tions.
The practical challenge is to incorpo-
rate this ability to carry large volumes of
information, into fibre networks that
connect directly to customers' premises.
Radio transmission techniques first lesham, is that they make more efficient
developed over 50 years ago may hold
Voice, data and use of the fibre's full optical bandwidth.
the key. video services at the Single wavelength light is used to
transmit a data train along the fibre, with
Researchers at British Telecom's
Martlesham Research Centre are using end of a telephone? the opto -electronic detector which con-
coherent optical techniques analogous to verts ít hack into electrical data used in a
super-heterodyning in radio transmission In the following way analogous to a heterodyning radio
receiver.
as a solution.
At present. over half of BT's trunk
series of articles The incoming optical signal is com-
telephone network uses fibre optic trans- Richard Wilson bined with a second monochromatic
mission in a technique, perfected over sigral generated by a laser in the
the last ten years, called direct detection. assesses fibre optic receiver. The photodetector acts like an
Data is transmitted over the fibre by electrical mixer circuit, its output pro-
changing the optical intensity of a light
developments in the portional to the combined power of the
source or laser. At the receiving end the pipeline. two optical signals. In this way the
incoming signal can he boosted. A 20 -
optical data train is converted back into
an electrical signal with output directly fold enhancement could extend the
proportional to the optical power falling transmission lengths for 2.4Ghit/s to over
on the photo -detector. The lower the 100km.
received power the harder it is to
decipher the electrical data.
As the optical signal travels through
the fibre it becomes attenuated and the
data pulses broaden because different
wavelengths of light travel at different
speeds through the glass. This limits the
amount of information and distance it
can he carried.
Coherent approach
Direct detection systems under develop- Ma/
11111 111111
-
ment can achieve data rates of 2.-1Gbitis
equivalent to 25 UIIt) simultaneous
telephone calls. But attenuation and
.-
)0'7"
dispersive pulse broadening means the
optical signal must be electronically
reconstituted every 50km or so.
However BT researchers have shown ,
The advantage of using coherent Coherent fibres can carry a large MIlllher of signals simultaneously, each with a
optical techniques. according to Dr discrete optical frequency. The time may arrive when you tune in a telephone as you
Roger Steele. a researcher in BT's cohe- would a radio. The picture shows a BT experimental coherent optical link between
rent optical systems group at Mart - Edinburgh, Galashiels and .Newcastle.
Another advantage of coherent sys- ter networking to high definition televi- But Dr Steele believes that the distinc-
tems is the amount of information that sion and high speed facsimile, all services tion between coherent techniques and
can he carried. Coherent techniques will be available through a single optical traditional direct detection methods is
allow different optical channels to be fibre connection. not so clear-cut as first thought. He is
supported in the same fibre. working on a system offering the charac-
Last year BT demonstrated a coherent £20bn investment teristics of coherency but using commer-
optical system that transmitted two data Major investment is required to create a cially available lasers and optical filters.
channels each operating with light of a fibre network that connects to every Using a tunable filter to select the
different wavelength via an optical repea- home and office, perhaps £20hn will he wavelength Dr Steele claims that 10
ter 2(X)km between Edinburgh and New- needed for the UK. But technologists are channels can be created using existing
castle. Each channel carried a 622Mbit/s not waiting for the politicians to make up laser sources. A second filter would
data train, enough to handle almost 8(X) their minds and are already tackling the improve resolution to 100 channels.
telephone calls. technical problems. With the possibility of the first "cohe-
To prevent interference between the As BT's Dr Steele points out, one of rent -like" systems appearing in the UK
channels the wavelengths of light used the immediate stumbling blocks is to find network before the end of the decade,
were 7GHz apart, but even fibre with a a laser with the required spectral purity. maybe it isn't too fanciful to picture a
usable bandwidth of 501XX)GHz could "The ideal source hasn't yet been time when we'll tune our telephones like
support 7(XX) separate data channels. invented." he says. our radios.
Such information carrying capacity,
when it is introduced into the public
networks could transform our view of the
telephone.
Looking maybe 15 years into the
future Dr Peter Cochrane, a 13T strateg-
A twist in the tale
of optical fibres
ist for optical networks, draws a picture
of a coherent optical network without
telephone exchanges where a range of
voice, data and video services are avail-
able to the customer on what will be
called a passive optical network.
Customers select which of the services
they require and they then tune their Twisted pairs Fibre vs copper
receiver to the necessary wavelength, Fibre has everything going for it:
much the same as they would a radio
matching optical theoretically it has thousands of times
receiver. With the enormous capacity of networks in the capacity of copper, is less prone to
the optical medium such a passive optical electrostatic interference and is very
network would meet all our communica-
'performance? A lot difficult to tap into.
tion needs both for business and leisure more than copper is at But costs of fibre, electro -optic
activities. From videophones and compu- transmitters and receivers restricted
stake. use to high-performance systems in the
Mead fnd long-distance telephone network. In
computer networks requiring less than
20Mbit/s data rates, copper won over
fibre every time.
Since the mid -1980s local area net-
hotons are rapidly replacing elec- works (lans) and computer companies
trons as the world's favourite have stuck by copper with 10Mhit/s
communications medium. Ethernet championed by DEC and
Whether it is a transatlantic cable or a IBM's alternative Token Ring net-
data path between microprocessors in a works. But with computer power rising
super -computer, optical fibre seems to many lans are now hitting the perform-
hold all the answers for our com- ance limit. For example "You can flood
munications needs. Ethernet with one Unix server or even
But recent developments in the US a powerful PC", says Jeff King, Ian
are suggesting that copper and the product marketing manager at BICC
familiar twisted pair may yet have a Data Networks.
resurgence of popularity. In the late 1980s networking com-
For over 100 years copper cable has panies started getting serious about
Subscriber lermmal
been the commonest way to connect fibre lans. The technology was avail-
electronic equipment. From telephone able but a standard interface protocol
to personal computer, information has was needed that would steer a safe
been exchanged over two intertwined course through the mine -field of multi -
In a wideband distribution network using copper wires, the twisted -pair. Cheap vendor computer networks.
"tuned" coherent transmission, and reliable, it met most of our needs
customers can obtain different services until pushed to carry more data than it FDDI emerges
by selecting wavelengths on their could physically support. Then the For the last two years the US standards
receiver. world discovered optical fibre. body Ansi and some 80 computer
Cr PRI
are a little more expensive to purchase Prospects for FDDI at least another year before FDDI
ultimately they win on the lower cost of starts to make an impression on the
maintenance, reliability and upgrada- Most manufacturers indicate that the market for networks connected directly
hility". first market for FDDI is not in the lans to workstations. Maybe the develop-
There is an enormous amount of on which the computers sit, but in ment of higher performance copper
twisted -pair in today's computer net- creating a broadband backbone which systems such as those of ChipCom and
works and it is this which at the end of will continue to support the copper Synoptics will make it all the more
the day could he the biggest asset to sytems such as Ethernet and Token difficult for FDDI to extend its market
companies like ChipCom and Synop- Ring. once the backbone networks are in
tics; introduction of fibre will he slow. Jeff King of 131CC believes it will he place.
-
munications spine extending across a city
or even further. Users will he able to
The ATM future integration of broadband and narrowband services in a single digital network.
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Test & measuremenVaudio/communications/computer equipment always in stock, power
supplies transformers plugs/sockets & connectors, components fans panel meters cables etc. SA20 8 gang version of SA10
CIRCLE NO. 129 ON REPLY CARD CI FCL E NO. 130 ON REPLY CARD
are carried out with a proper carefully considered and non - negligible, however, with the
understanding of statistical evasive answer. The answer is types and values of resistor used
Deja view
procedures. the panels of judges "yes"! Nulling tests, the results in the feedback network of mote It's always rewarding to learn
are found to he unable to of independent subjective trials normal amplifiers.) your articles provoke further
distinguish one well -designed such as the Stereo Review one, It is true that most practical thought and generate feedback
amplifier from another. The my own experiences in critical capacitors have an impedance (J.D. Ryan. Smooth sampling.
amplifiers do not have to he very subjective quality assessment which is more complex than that September 1990).
expensive, for a very high price over many years. together with a of an ideal capacitance - this has Certain parts of Mr Ryan's
is more likely to be indicative of fairly full professional been known for many decades- argument could be presented
unenlightened and extravagant understanding of the many and that, by rigging up an more incisively using sequences
design than of true virtue. subtleties of modern amplifier appropriate balanced circuit together with z -transforms.
Martin says I chose to deny design, leave me with no with two different types of thereby removing ambiguity.
the results of his 1985 trial at the possible grounds for giving any capacitor in it. queer frequency Unfortunately the filter analogy
AES, while the statistician's other answer. responses and step responses of a moving coil meter,
opinion was positive. This is not The notion that the main may he produced. and their presented as a damped second -
a fair comment. because I made interest of the world high- effects made audible if desired, order system is incorrect.
no such denial. All I did was to fidelity industry is better sound as Martin Colloms has done. Perhaps this note will provide a
point out that if the number of strikes me. I much regret to say, But to conclude from this that sense of direction and encourage
"similar" and "different" as highly naive. for I'm afraid the sound quality of practical you to re -read the text more
presentations had been made the main interest in the larger power amplifiers must therefore critically. I must confess that the
equal. there would have been no part of this industry today is in he audibly affected by the choice suggested references we re all
need for the statistician to have making a profit in any way it can of capacitor types is an appalling new to rite, Brown's algorithm I
prefaced her remarks by saying whilst fooling the customer into example of totally unjustified had never heard of.
she had assumed that if there believing that the aim is ever extrapolation. The only When faced with a fresh
was no difference between the better sound. There are, attributes required for a problem or new challenge I
amplifiers then the probabilities fortunately, still some firms coupling capacitor are that it subconsciously ask "Have I seen
of obtaining "similar" or which are splendid exceptions to should be free from significant it before"? The suggested/
"different" answers would be this sordid state of affairs. but a leakage and should have a preferred form of the algorithm:
50:50. The assumption is member of one of these told me sufficiently low impedarce over
certainly not a safe one to make, there are times when he almost the whole audio spectrum. Who New estimate = old estimate
so that the validity of the final feels ashamed to belong to the says this impedance oust to be + u (new sample - old estimate)
result becomes dubious unless industry. that of an ideal capacitance? I
the kinds of presentation were Encouraging a belief in can see no argument at All in looked suspiciously similar to
correctly proportioned, and significant differences between favour of this. the recurrence relationship
Martin has still given no expensive amplifiers. in the The degree of absurdity that which characterizes a first -order
information on this point. audible differences between can he reached by the "passive low-pass digital filter. Expressed
Mentioning this possible different types of passive component brigade" is in terms of sequences:
shortcoming in the trial components, cables. connectors, illustrated by the statement
procedure does not constitute a etc. no doubt helps to promote made by Martin in his letter in v(tt)=)'(n- l )+u(x(n)- f (a- I ))
denial of the result. sales, even if no actual sonic Hi -Fi News, March 199(1.
I find myself in total benefits results. Imaginative .. it is not all that difficult to (The cap or hat symbolizes an
agreement with all the views reviewing helps all this along hear performance differences estimate)
expressed by Douglas Self in and provides plenty of work for between single 10012 resistors Converting from sequences to
two excellent articles-one in the reviewers. used as the input loading for a transforms, we may express the
your July 1988 issue and one in With regard to passive fine moving -coil cartridge". This transfer function of the filter
Hi-Fi News. August 1988. and a components, I know of no is definitely total nonsense. and H(z) as:
letter from him and P.W. King genuine evidence whatever to anyone who can believe it can
Y(z) uz
in Hi -Fi News, August 1986 also suggest that these are ever a clearly believe and say almost H(z) =
casts doubts on the soundness of source of audible quality anything. I suspect that Martin,
X(z) z - I + u
the procedure in Martin's 1985 differences in any normal well - on reflection. must really know
trial. designed amplifier. Indeed, in a it is nonsense. As it stand. I am Clearly, the system pole is
One cannot help noticing, good amplifier with plenty of afraid it is liable to detract situated on the real axis, located
over the years, that Martin has overall negative feedback, the greatly from the general where z = I-u. Naturally for
several times come up against only passive components that credibility of Martin's other low-pass filtering the range of
the results of carefully organised could conceivably have any writings. the "smoothing constant" will he
independent trials that do not effect on sound quality would i think that, just like myself, 0<u<1. not 0 to I as advertised.
support the validity of his normally he the two resistors in Martin and his associates are not I'm not being pedantic. if you've
"established presentation the -arm, and decent resistors
13 actually all that good at judging got time check out the effect on
methods for sound quality". but of adequate rating simply do not very small and subtle differences the impulse response. For
that he has been only produce quality degradation - in sound reproduction, stability the system pole should
temporarily influenced by them. with a large margin to spare. (In especially when the lie within the unit circle. in this
His aim seems to have been to a high -output -impedance presentations are well spaced case the limits of stability are
search for any evidence that will current -drive amplifier I out in time. All human beings exclusively real determined by z
justify his rating system. rather designed for KEF Electronics have limitations in these = ± I. Obviously the range of
than to adopt an unprejudiced Ltd., a 0.2252 wire -wound respects. even if regarded as smoothing constant
attitude of trying to find out resistor used for current - "golden eared", and are, commensurate with a well
what is the truth about these monitoring was found to moreover, highly subject to behaved system will be 0<u<2.
matters. produce about 0.06% odd - psychological influences of For values of smoothing
Martin asks "Does Peter still harmonic distortion, which was various kinds. I suggest that it is constant in the range of 1<u<2.
need to imply that my subjective surprising. Investigation quite unrealistic for Martin to the filter exhibits high-pass
reporting is at best unreliable ultimately established that the feel that he is somehow an characteristics. the impulse
and unverifiable. and at worst, distortion was caused by B -H exception to all this. response oscillating at half the
imaginary?" This is a fair curve effects in the ferrous end Peter J. l3axandall sampling frequency.
question which deserves a caps. Such effects are quite Malvern Remembering that z = esT, we
Worcs.
Similarly.
Cn
+ [u+) sil u
sinx
sin j3= l /Cn
or
I/C.
[cos(n,. - 1)u cos(n, + 1)u 1
cos ilex
f3=s)n-1 Fig. 1
+ ne(n, - I) ne(n, + I)
sin22u sin20
+[u+(3+ ]sinx where no is odd. na# 1.
networks
Exhaustively stating the rules
required by artificially intelligent sys-
tems to deal with all possible circumst-
ances is effectively impossible, even if
the principles could be extracted from
experts in the first place. Biological
systems deal with such problems in a (See box: what happens in a node?).
remarkably robust fashion - and they Neural networks are All the processing in a neural network
do not need to be programmed. learn-
more than a is carried out by these units - there is
ing instead from experience. The pat- no 'executive' or 'overseer.' Networks
tern recognition, motor control and
memory feats of the world of biology
laboratory curiosity. are trained on data for which 'the right
answer' is known, after which they
are so impressive it makes obvious They find should be able to generalise what they
sense to try to understand and repro- know, responding correctly to novel
duce the mechanisms involved. The applications in data. They represent a powerful
goal is reverse engineering the brain. alternative method of computing and
The result is neurocomputing. medical diagnostics, have already found a wide range of
Basics
weather forecasting, applications.
Artificial neural networks are densely financial markets. Pattern recognition. An archetypal
interconnected webs of simple proces- neural network application is pattern
sing units - hard -wiredor software They have the power recognition. Almost any pattern recog-
simulated - that are not
programmed to make sense out of nition problem can be cast in a form
but instead learn to solve problems. suitable for neurocomputing. and the
Such systems mimic physiology by rep- patterns. Nick Beard list of examples is very long. Neural
resenting neurones (nerve cells) as nets have not solved all the problems of
individual nodes or units. Each unit and Antonia Jones difficult pattern recognition tasks, but
receives signals from many other units. are now a valuable addition to the
If the necessary threshold is reached, explain. armoury. For example, they have been
the unit sends a signal to other units. used in sonar target classification,
A ballistics simulation using Neural Works software. This The PC platform provides a relatively easy method of setting up
network can predict an impact point within 5% of the figure networks. However, even with user fine tuning from entry fields
expected by classic calculation. like these; software nets run slowly.
Y111etW t1l.tlw
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CIRCLE NO. 131 ON REPLY CARD CIRCLE NO. 133 ON REPLY CARD
Noise filtering with Neural Works. The input and output layers Results of processing: the lower trace shows the original trace
use the same number of processing elements so that the filtered with 30% noise addition, the upper trace the filtered result.
signal may be accurately reconstructed.
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<0p o
Research
140 Church Lane, Marple, Stockport SK6 7LA
Tel: (061) 449 8628 Fax: (061) 449 0561
-e
if ,
Solutions rise dramatically. However, the result- by some means of determining the
Several techniques were developed ing network learns very quickly, and if lowest error point in the space.
which did overcome earlier limitations. the dimensional enhancement is car-
Back -propagation of errors. (see box: ried out appropriately, only a single
hack -prop) has proved a reliable 'work- layer network is needed. What happens?
horse' approach. Back -prop nets are A network does not always The basic operation of neural networks
multi -layered perceptrons, With a gra- immediately converge on the ideal is classifying patterns. This is roughly
dient descent learning method that also solution. The output error may settle equivalent to 'curve fitting' in the
finds weights for hidden layers in the on a stable high -error value, or else high -dimensional space. though in a
network. Patterns are presented to the may oscillate wildly between high and fashion that is not yet susceptible to
input layer of the network, producing a low error states. The process of train- rigorous mathematical analysis. A
random output because all the initial ing a network is one of searching an problem when training a network on
node -interconnection weights are ran- "error surface" for the set of intercon- complex datasets is 'false minima'. The
dom. These weights are then modified nection weights that will solve the training process involves searching an
by the hack -propagation algorithm. problem. This "surface" is in fact a
The difference between the random
error 'surface' by gradient descent, and
high -dimensional space, with each the network can sometimes get stuck in
output and the desired output is used to dimension representing the weights for an error pit that is not a sufficiently low
derive an adjustment factor which is a particular node. Networks are trained error to give a useful solution. One
then propagated hack through the net-
approach is to add noise to the weights
work, changing the weights. The net- Nets in hardware can perform image at each learning cycle, to jolt the
work error gradually converges on a compression and reconstruction with a network out of false minima when
solution - as a set of weights that useful degree of accuracy. necessary. Oscillating weights are com-
produce the desired output for all the
training data is found. The network
should then have generalised - and be
Input image Reconstructed image
able to classify patterns it has never
'seen' before.
A fast variant of hack -prop is the
functional -link network, where the
dimension of the pattern representa-
tion space is expanded. An example is
where additional inputs are provided to
the network, using trigonometric func-
tions applied to the raw imput data
multiplied by factors of IT.
For example, it the input pattern is
(x1, x2. x3), we may instead use (x,, x2,
1 !
x3, xix2, x2x3, xix3, xrx2x3) or some Input map laye Inverse map layer
pruned subset of these parameters. The
Encoding laye (for transmission)
obvious disadvantages of this approach
is that the scale of the input layer can
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`/
CAPELLA
TICHN OS
Please send me full details
soldering bits and trays.
soldering products.
of the Antex range of
(Please tick)
Name Position
0800 521231
/Wen/allow( (Offs .\b. 44 .344 86:4 :'26
Organisation
Address
Capella-Technos. Park House. The Pavilions. I)nwnnlill Road.
13rackncll. Berkshire. IiGI2 IQS. I'ax 11:344 8692:311
11A EWW5
MD1210
In the MDI210 chip, a serial input data
-
sets
stream is compared with patterns pre-
viously stored in memory ram, rom
or both. If the input stream is not too
different from one of the stored pat-
terns, a match is declared (see Fig. I).
Each chip compares its input with up
to eight patterns, and up to 32 chips can accumulators. An incoming pattern is
he interconnected to compare simul-
An evaluation kit converted to parallel words, and com-
pared, word by word, with the known
taneously 256 patterns with one
unknown. Each pattern may be up to
from Tubb Research patterns stored in memory.
64K bits long (longer with extra ha -d - demonstrates the A difference value is accumulated
for each of the known patterns, as the
ware), and can he formatted as words
from I to H hits wide; the chip takes application of a sum of the absolute difference between
care of mapping, say, an 8K by 8 -hit the known and input words. Thus, after
image into the 64Kbit memory.
MD1210 fuzzy set the unknown pattern has been input,
MD1210 performs many comparisons comparator, which each of the known patterns will have a
16 -hit value which indicates how close
in parallel and at high speed. the
unknown input pattern being accepted uses a neural it was to the input pattern. The "win-
at up to 2OMhit/s. ning" pattern is the one with the lowest
An unusual aspect of the 1210 is that
network to compare closeness value, provided that it is not
greater than a preset threshold value.
it uses a neural network internally to
identify the nearest matching pattern.
data with known The neural network, which is
Surprisingly, it doesn't use the network patterns. entirely pre-programmed to perform its
task, and cannot he altered, performs
in the matching process directly, but as
a replacement for conventional logic to Steven Franks this final comparison of eight 16 -bit
determine the least of eight 16 -hit values, together with the threshold
Threshold
Value
Magnitude
Compara tor Accumulator
Input dato 1 )
Neural
Network
) Winner
Dato 4 4
from 5 5
RAMs
7 7
1
Expansion
RAM bus to
Bus <
Control Address other chips
Interface Counter
value and those from any In the 1210, any one of the
other connected 1210 chips. Disable (Read/Write) 0
ENABLE
1
RAN SELECT
1
R SYNC RST k
EIlr Setup Source tear. Groh S I/ file Setup Source Iearn 5r7.0 Soon 1 tNelvp
t
D I SABI E I1111111NI1111 ACCU.0 7 1D 111x151101 D 0Ú1111 DI SAKE i 01111110111 ACCnrlll OliOs 10Rt5NnLD QI¢
I III 11/1 RN 11111111101111 ACCUIII 111:/7 EIELD/LAN 110111 UÚ111 ACCUItt aC76
ADDRESS 1111110
ID. 111111111111 I ACCUlt7
n00R1SS CO..
ID. 01101111111 ACC11117 71111 2110:1
I NI1 PIMP 1 1100111111 AILING 777, INILAAUPI 11110111 1 1 1 ACCIIIr.I 7737 -non ilndr
PAT -R.11 IIII011i1101 ACI:III14 u1 AA Iracr tur[74311]SlrpS
'Al1 Anil
O01 HILO)/ 0110111111111 ACCUIIS 31CC
11 1X1(0 Step
EXPANSION 10.1111111 nCC1111n 7053
IxPnNSI
PtGn
AP.CIII17 NBA/
1 Pao{x
xaJix-----¡I 1¡NJdI (11h11) (0a{t ) (xrSet Ilap
M)D(11ary 11IrfN lDec (nallallleN
Dinar I
1 l,
desirable, as they both significantly Fig. 3. Main screen. Register values can world application this would depend on
affect the screen update rate. he changed by overtyping, except the lop the images to he recognised being
Since there is rudimentary control of bytes of the accumulators. sufficiently dissimilar.
contrast and no brightness adjustment The development system concen-
at all, the interface supplied would not Fig. 4. Images displayed in mono and trates on the video images, because
he suitable for a final production sys- false colour. Default size is optimised for
these provide a good demonstration of
tem. However, as a demonstration of fast screen updates, but they can he sizedthe 1210. However, there is full sup-
the 1210, it is quite spectacular and I and stretched like any window. "Linda" port for those wishing to experiment
had no difficulty in connecting a is one of the sample images, which are all
with their own data. A separate
camera. Synchronisation was not per- of employees of Micro Devices. application note describes modifica-
fect with videotape output, but with the tions to the video interface to accept
adjustments provided (hardware con- technique to show the tour levels of other signals and full circuit diagrams
trast control and software for synchro- grey. (including listings of the pals) are
nisation), the camera performed per- While being transferred to and from included.
fectly. disk, any picture may have noise added Software drivers are provided in
Using the development kit, incoming to it in t).tlle/o, 0.1%, 1% or i0% source form and are very comprehen-
pictures can be learned into memory increments, as in Fig. 5. This is used to sive, including a number of routines
and subsequently stored on disk. demonstrate matching when no video which are not directly relevant to the
Stored pictures can be printed (using source is available and is a good 1210, but which might prove useful.
any printer supported by Window;.), demonstration of non -exact matching. The interface code used in the develop-
but the system does not appear to allow The chip was most impressive in its ment kit is also included, as a working
for the grey -scale information, with the ability to recognise correctly pictures example. All the code contains enough
result that printed output does not buried in noise, although in a real -comments to be readable to a compe-
exactly match the data the chip is tent C programmer and is in Microsoft
"seeing". Given that the pictures are Fig. 5. Testing pattern matching ability C 5.1 (apart from a minor excursion
small, it would he better to enlarge the with video picture material. The into 818ó assembler for the display
printed area by a factor of two in ea:h development board could happily sort out example), but should be transportable
dimension to allow a simple ditlieriig pictures with rap to 10% added noise to other systems with little effort. The
superimposed on the signal. manual is at pains to point out that the
code is non-proprietary. and may be
1W ral Network Evaluation modified and used as desired without
File Setup Source learn Fran Shod
incurring royalties.
D I 5.111 1 1111111111111111 ACt.1111A 77311 1IIN151101 a 11111111
II11111111' 1
A000IG 711x
nCIINJ 737,
Applications
PAl 11.11=
01i II SEW- Ij h1í)1211) is probably at its best in a
OW x11 OW
dedicated (or turnkey) system, rather
I xPANiI011
than being added to a general-purpose
11,410
computer such as a PC. Any system
. Ill n.ry that performs pattern matching could
x benefit, although the best gains would
j.01 I SC P4,....1P4,....1 len Il,lti al adltrr.. 113 on
be where the patterns to be matched
are at least several khit in size.
Used directly with raw data, the chip
has many applications based on picto-
rial input, either from a video camera
or a flat-bed scanner. Possibilities that
spring to mind include production -line
quality -control systems, especially System requirements The NI D1210 chip itself is a capable
those where slight variation is accept- device, which can perform fuzzy com-
able, such as in food or confectionery The FSC evaluation kit requires at least a parisons which would he prohibitively
production, simple character - PC capable of running Windows, i.e. expensive to implement any other way.
recognition systems and paper currency 512K memory and a graphics screen. A I would prefer to have a parallel input
recognition. Systems could also find mouse is recommended. To make best function, although this would need
use in medical or biochemical labor- use of the kit, Tubb recommend a extra pins. They could he found by
atories to automate routine tests. Non - minimum of an EGA screen and a
12MHz i286 processor and they claim changing the memory interface to a
pictorial uses might include noise multiplexed form suitable for dynamic
excellent results from a 16 -bit VGA
analysis of machinery to detect faults
before complete breakdown
application that is currently very
- an
screen with a 25MHz 1386. memories and the chip could then also
provide the refresh function. However,
this would make interface to roms
expensive to implement. relative positions of ridges, and match more difficult. so there are arguments
One problem with all the compari- the resulting data. for both sides.
sons is that the chip cannot cope with I would recommend anyone who
"offset" data when the object in a Conclusion thinks they may have an application for
picture is slightly to the left or right of This kit is one of the best I have this chip to get the evaluation kit. Even
the learned pictures. I lowever, in encountered; it has been well thought if you don't use the chip after all. you
many cases it may be possible to through to provide an excellent intro- can have fun learning about it!
eliminate this by pre-processing the duction to the 1210 chip. Documenta-
data; for example, rather than attempt tion would he improved by incorporat-
to match speech input directly with ing the addenda into the main hook,
"known" words, the speech could be but the existing organisation is not a
analysed into sound type and length, major drawback. The kit makes it very ttpplier
and this data compared with known easy to learn the capabilities of the The FSC evaluation kit costs £499 + vat
values. Similarly, rather than compar- 1210, and it can answer most, if not all, and is available from Tubb Research
ing pictures of fingerprints directly, of the small but important detailed Ltd., 7a Levant Street, Petersfield,
which would not allow for stretching or questions that always crop up during Hampshire GU32 3EL Telephone: (0730)
other distortions, one could analyse the design and testing of a product. 60256 Fax: (0730) 60466
PC WAVEFORM GENERATOR
INTELLIGENT MEASUREMENT
AND CONTROL
j ' lj o
FEATURES ---
*
*
Powerful complex
waveform generator
Four analogue outputs
*
APPLICATIONS
Arbitrary waveform
simulator
I ;. :
wr....1,.ss`9.
-. Ca ..
CIRCLE NO. 104 ON REPLY CARD CIRCLE NO. 105 ON KEPI} CARD
tutes -
more are desperately awaiting substi-
which chemicals companies
;yep the profit
will he happy to supply, at a price.
Others have looked beyond the old
processes and discovered that wha- is The ozone layer) is under attack by
good for the ozone can also he good for
corporate profits.
chlorofluorocarbons used by the
electronics industry,iamong others. Debora
Ozone depletion MacKenzie points out that ozone -friendly
Ozone (03) is often portrayed as a
"bandwagon" issue promoted by a altérnatives could make financial sense
fashionable environmental movement.
It is not: it is the layer of gas in the
earth -
upper atmosphere that shields life on
all life, from people, to the
oxygen -
algae in the sea that produce our
against harmful rays from
the sun. Ozone is destroyed by chlor-
grease. and particularly of the residues
of solder flux. Such debris can cause
shorts and malfunction. Many firms use
ine. Several chemicals invented in the CFC-113 as a cleaning fluid, since it is a
I950s, notably chlorofluorocarbons Semiconductor makers: looking to water good solvent, easy to handle and chem-
(CFCs), have turned out to he remark- to save the ozone layer? ically inert. It is also responsible for
ably good transporters of chlorine to
the upper atmosphere. Scientists have
proved beyond any doubt that these
chemicals are destroying the ozone
layer.
Ozone has already diminished by an
average of 3% over the whole planet,
with heavier losses over the temperate
zones of the northern hemisphere and
so much damage over Antarctica that it
is called an "ozone hole". As a direct
A
-`
9
/
yi
` 7
'r
Iv
=yIti i
16% of the ozone damage so far. It will 141b. a hydrochlorofluorocarbon pro- PI .. nFlthe leaks
he illegal in ten years. duced by the British firm ICI. The
Some companies, and surprisingly American company Du Pont makes
some of the most innovative when it HCFC-141b more stable by blending it
comes to products and marketing, have with methanol and another new rela-
reacted as though they had lost a tive of CFCs, HCFC123.
favourite toy. The Japanese electronics There are problems with both
industry officially "sees no effective approaches. beyond the investment
solution other than conservation of required for new equipment. One is
CFC-113 ... within ten years". This that the new relatives of CFCs are less
means using it, but keeping it from damaging to the ozone, but not wholly
evaporating readily. safe; HCFC-14ló can cause 10% as
That is probably the hest short-term much ozone depletion per molecule as
way to cut emissions of CFC-113. The CFC-113. Scientists are also finding
US Environmental Protection Agency that these chemicals share another
says taking more care with CFC-113 unhappy property with CFCs: they are
can "cut the cost of operating the powerful greenhouse gases, and add to
solvent machines in half". Margaret the global warming now worrying sci-
Kerr, head of safety at Northern Tele- entists.
com, Canada's largest electronics Hence, the new CFC substitutes
manufacturer, says replacing manual themselves could well he banned under
cleaning procedures with closed, auto- impending versions of the ozone treaty',
The chemical industry takes the view that
mated cleaning machines cut consump- or under treaties now in the works that
water -based cleaning processes cause
tion of CFC-113 from the usual two will limit greenhouse gases. This may pollution problems of their own. Aqueous
kilograms per square metre of circuit turn out to he no had thing for electro- cleaning creates effluent comprising a
hoard to half a kilogram. nics firms, since the substitute chemic- mixture of water, cleaning chemicals and
This might cut emissions in the short als and blends are all patented. Chem- oily residues. While there is more
term, hut CFC-113 is long-lived and icals firms are being discreet about contamination in the cleaning fluid than
the rinse water, the latter is discharged in
hard to destroy, and eventually must prices, but admit they will cost some
large volumes. Chlorine -contaminated
end up in the ozone. Recognising this. three times as much as the old CFCs. dirty water in bulk is expensive to purify
the ozone treaty bans both its manufac- This stands in stark contrast to esti- before discharge.
ture and trade. Not even products mates compiled this year for the UN on ICI advocates the use of sealed,
made with CFC-113 will he legally the costs of adhering to the ozone volatile solvent cleansing chambers
exportable to countries that have treaty. The US Environmental Protec- (shown in the photo) to remove
signed the treaty, which include all of tion Agency estimates that replacing manufacturing residues. These
chambers release only small volumes of
Europe and North America, Japan, the CFC-113 with water-based cleansers, solvent to the outside world through the
Soviet Union, Australia, India, China instead of chemicals similar to CFCs, use of solvent recovery systems. This,
and others. This provision, and the could require an investment. for each claims ICI, could allow the use of CFCs
looming export problem it entails, cleaning machine, of $10-13,000. But and related compounds with minimal
seems to have gone unnoticed in then, the annual operating costs of the damage to the environment.
Taiwan, which has held out against machinery fall by $180(1 to $25,000,
signing the treaty and recently invested which means that even the most expen- none is a universal substitute for CFC-
in production facilities for CFC-113. sive new equipment will have paid for 113. Some are better suited to some
Instead of such stonewalling, other itself in five or six years, something that applications. They include simple de -
electronics firms are hoping to he res- would not he true of the new equip- ionised water, squirted at high press-
cued by the companies that brought ment required to handle HCFC-141h. ure, or mixed with alcohols or deter-
them CFC-113 in the first place. "As an Introducing water -based cleansers gent -like solvents called saponifiers.
industry, we are leaning on our chemic- does require some thinking, because Such mixtures can he cleaned and
als suppliers, hoping they will come up
with substitutes," says the environmen- Ozone -friendly profit
tal manager of one American semicon-
ductor company. Environmental groups declared last year decisions about what technology is
Chemicals suppliers. despite feverish that creative, money -saving options to adopted to replace CFCs. In the end it
research over the past few years, have ozone -damaging chemicals are being may depend on how much access they
not yet produced an alternative. CFC- neglected, because "private investment have to information about alternatives to
into alternatives (to CFCs) is dispro- CFCs that are cheaper, safer, and more
113 is used because it is stable, hut it is
portionately controlled by the CFC- profitable, if not for the chemicals
this very property that allows it to producing companies who are industry, then for the users. Alternatives
persist in the atmosphere long enough overemphasising the development of will, by law, have to be found. In
to reach the ozone. Substitutes in the close variants of the current chemicals". electronics, it is already clear that
same family of chemicals that do not One can hardly blame the chemical alternatives to CFC-113 are available
harm ozone must therefore he less companies for this. Du Pont and ICI can that will cost less, protect ozone better,
make no profit selling small volumes of pay for themselves faster, and perhaps
stable. propane to refrigerator manufacturers, or even work better than the replacements
This means that they are not the deionised water or propanol as a on offer from your usual chemical
simple "drop -in- substitutes companies cleaning solvents to electronics firms. supplier.
want, but require investment in differ- Those consumers will make the final
ent handling facilities, notably to pre-
vent combustion. This is true of HCFC-
A
;1, . ;-=
.s
ozone treaty. One reason for that could
be an innate reluctance to abandon
port heat. Such refrigerators make no
noise. because they do not use mecha-
lísi '.
r?
... be that the researchers working on
innovative solutions to the replacement
is absorbed by another chemical. such
as lithium bromide. Georg Alefeld, of
of CFCs are not in big, well -funded. the Technical University of Munich,
well -publicised chemicals companies. says absorption refrigerators can even
IL whose interests lie with a new genera- run on less energy than standard
The semiconductor industry uses tion of patented chemicals. models.
significant quantities of hazardous
chemicals and has long been aware of Refrigerators Insulating materials
environmental safety issues. Replacement of CFCs as coolants in Half the CFCs in a refrigerator, and
refrigerators, for example. is widely 21% of all CFCs. are in plastic foam,
recirculated to avoid problems with assumed. even by advisors to the UN. used as insulation, packaging and
disposal of waste water. to depend on the next generation of upholstery. The chemicals industry has
Sweden has pledged to rid itself of chemicals similar to CFCs. Like the proposed CFC- 123 and HCFC-1-í1h
CFC- 113 b\ next Year. Husamuddin proposed substitutes for CFC-113 as a to replace the banned CFC-11 now
Ahmadzai. of Sweden's National solvent, the substitutes for banned used to puff up foams. Both can
Environmental Protection Board, says CFC-I? or CFC-l1 as refrigerants are deplete ozone and are greenhouse
the best results in Swedish factories themselves damaging to ozone or they gases. HCFC-14 lb is flammable.
have been obtained with alcohols, such are greenhouse gases. At the very The European Isocyanate Producers
as ethanol and isopropanol, which are least. they are going to be three times Association, which groups the major
cheap and plentiful. They are also as expensive as the chemicals they are foam producers in Europe. says it has
flammable, hut using enclosed cleaning meant to replace. cut its use of CFCI by 71)%. partly by
1
machines tilled with nitrogen defeats This is not true of propane. a simple using water as Well as CFC to blow the
this problem. The solvents are so hydrocarbon that is a more efficient foam. It says HCFC-I'_3 and HCFC-
cheap, he says, that equipment pays for transporter of heat in cooling equip- l-flb will allow the foam industry to
itself by saving what would have been ment than CFCs. The refrigeration reduce the damage it does to the ozone
spent on CFC-113. industry used to use propane. hut by 95%. The West German parliament
Swedish companies are also trying to abandoned it when CFCs were has already called for such chemicals to
avoid the cleaning process altogether, invented: the ten or more litres of he regarded as interim measures. for
says Ahmadzai, by using laser welding propane coolant that an average home use only until the year 2000, however,
or conducting glue instead of solder. refrigerator then contained was a fire because they do hurt ozone.
Low -solid soldering fluxes that leave hazard. Modern refrigerators contain Simple carbon dioxide can he used to
less residue can be used without clean- only about l01)ml of coolant, however, blow flexible and rigid foams. It
ing. for any circuit board that can making propane once again a cheap. increases the width of rigid foams
tolerate contamination of up to the attractive option. needed for insulation by about 5%.
equivalent of one microgram of salt per It has not been considered by major This is not a serious penalty in home
square centimetre of board. Aqueous companies. says John Missenden, head refrigerators. though it would slightly
cleaning leaves one -fifth of that, while of the Institute of Environmental reduce the capacity of an insulated
alcohols exceed the exacting US milit- Engineering at South Bank Polytechnic truck or freight car. Kahelwerk Eupen.
ary standard, says Ahmadzai. Kerr, of in London, because of "entrenched a West German firm, has developed a
Northern Telecom. says some circuits attitudes- in the refrigeration industry. process in which a chemical reaction
need not he cleaned to as high a He thinks propane can be used as the generates carbon dioxide and monox-
standard as they often are. coolant in an average refrigerator with- ide to puff up flexible foam.
Northern Telecom is one of several out hazard. pointing out that there is Most promising for insulation is the
companies experimenting with Bioact often more propane in a table -top development, in California and else-
EC -7. owned by AT&T and developed cigarette lighter. And propane, Mis- where, of vacuum panels that are more
by PetroFerm, a company based in senden notes, costs a mere 50p per efficient than foam in insulating
Florida. It is a water solution of ter - kilogram, while HFC-134a. the refrigerators and can pay for them-
penes, which are oily chemicals replacement for CFCs proposed by the selves in energy savings. This also
extracted from orange peel: Kerr says chemicals industry, will cost £30 per means more fuel efficiency, in turn
it can work better than CFC-113. It is kilogram. reducing the pollution from coal and
flammable, but enclosed cleaning HFC-l3-la is also a greenhouse gas. oil; the US government estimates that
machines solve the problem. Since such This September, an international panel it could save billions of barrels of oil a
machines are also necessary for other of scientists advising the UN strongly year if people just used more efficient
means of cutting CFC-1 13, such as recommended that such substitutes for refrigerators.
1-34e
work on the inverting input controls 203 RC 2% RC
closed -loop gain. The difference is that Fig. 3. OPAó03 in a 121111: low-pass Fig. 4. Two-pole Butterworth high-pass
the impedance of the network also Butterworth filler. ,filler, will?-3dB point at 1.11Hz.
controls open -loop gain and frequency
response. Figures I and 2 show the
feedback resistor values against closed -
loop gain for maximum bandwidth and
gives an overdantpcd response with
very little peaking and overshoot
useful for driving capacitive loads. A
- R C
R
11003
V.<
minimum peaking. As can he seen capacitor in parallel with R1. reduces 0 -W,--,0-1
from the left vertical axes. bandwidth frequency -response peaking and takes 11003 100pF
varies only between about 35\11-Iz and a value of 2 to 10pF. depending on C
100pF=
- 22003
55M1-Iz with gain from to 1(111. I closed -loop gain and load characteris- -r2R
tics: too large a value may cause
instabilit. 51103
60 3k
Figures 3,4 and 5 show examples of 26112
_
! I
1 Ti;'I low-pass and high-pass 2 -pole Butter-
52 5
1
worth filters and a I(INillz hand -pass
45
I
against inverting gain. N'infield House, \Woodshots Meadow, Fig. 5. Combination of low-pass and
Watford, Hertfordshire \VI) 81'X.I high-pass.fillers produces hand-pass type
Telephone (1923 33837. Wilk cal -offal 121111z.
60
2 r.
r 52.5 2 25k
á
45 1.5k S PCB tracks as transmission lines
c
8
37.5 750 Motorola has published a note times of the device.
$ G.1. LL
(ANi051) on the design of printed - The note provides a detailed
U
30 l i
10 100
circuit hoards for high-speed digital examination of the forms of track
Voltage Gain (VN) circuitry. taking into account the trans- found on hoards; methods of calculat-
mission line effects produced by the ing their characteristic impedances and
Fig. 2. Closed -loop bandwidth and tracks, depending on their length and propagation delays and both lattice
the rise or fall times of the devices. diagram and Bergeron plot procedures
feedback for a non -inverting amplifier.
Delays or ringing caused by these for analysing the transmission line. It
effects sometimes result in unpredict- also includes a description of methods
Since open -loop gain is controlled by able behaviour, causing designs that of terminating the line to minimise the
feedback impedance, the dynamic work well in simulation to perform at ringing and delays.
characteristics can he tailored to fit less than their hest in practice. Finally, nearly halt the 70 -page pub-
given requirements. For example, A track should he treated as a lication presents a large number of
lower feedback resistance gives wider transmission line if the smaller of the worked examples.
bandwidth. a peakier response and a rise or fall titres of a device is less than Motorola Ltd, European Literature
greater pulse overshoot: the increased twice the propagation delay along the Centre, 88 Tanners Drive, Blakelands,
open -loop gain afforded by the lower track. If that is so. the effects of the line Milton Keynes. MK 14 51W. Tele-
feedback resistance also gives lower are not masked during the transition phone: (1908 614614.
distortion. Higher feedback resistance
I4 v -r---6!0 tI I
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470
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from
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220 ni MOTT
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COMMUTATION
LOGIC
THERMAL OUT NB
TEST TIMING
PROTECTION
10 nF
II
OUT PC
FG
ROTATION
to MOTO
SPEED
mlcroProeessor z
47
stl DETECTOR BRAKE
OUTPUT OUT NC
T LOGIC
STAGE
S V
2
TDA5142T
a
sv 22 0
PUF COMPARATORS
GNO
BRAKE
OND 2
106.2
l(1.2 ELECTRONICS WORLD + IRELESS WORLD December 1990
SPECTRUM ANALYSERS
\14ffily
HP182C 855880.1-1500MHz
HP141 S'8552A 8554L 1250MHz system
HP141 T 8552A 85548 1250MHz
HPI41 T 85528 85546 1250MHz system
HP141 1 8552A 8555A 18GHz system
MARCONI 2370110MHz
V:h
£2500
£1750
£2500
£2750
£3750
£2950
RALFE ELECTRONICS
36 EASTCOTE LANE, S. HARROW. MIDDLESEX HA2 8DB
EST
35
YEARS
TEL: 081-422 3593. FAX: 0E1-423 4009
Aí1
.
_-
!
.,. .,I
I HEWLETT PACKARD
r
A»m
:m:
avri-r- : g
.
complexity and efficiency advantages over currently
available designs. -
¡L¡i
_
__ - !
r
nar
1.T _--
4 "_ _
i
KEY FEATURES: J
t,>.r _
*Runs from an input of less than 1V. t
CHARGES: The world is at your fingertips with ICOM's new IC -R9000 radio
Circuit Diagrams (Ref: 1C) £10.00 (Available 1/1/91) communications receiver with continuous all mode, super wideband range
of 100KHz to 1999.8MHz and a unique CRT display that shows frequencies,
Full Report (Ref: F) 1 £25.00 (Available 1/1/91) modes, memory contents, operator -entered notes and function menus. The
revolutionary IC -R9000 features IF Shift, IF Notch, a fully adjustable noise
blanker and more. The Direct Digital Synthesiser assures the widest range,
2. FREQUENCY SYNTHESISER lowest noise and rapid scanning. 1000 multi -function memories store
This frequency synthesiser has all the usual features, as frequencies, modes, tuning steps and operator notes. Eight scanning modes
well as the following: include programmable limits, automatic frequency and time -mark storage
of scanned signals, full, restricted or mode -selected memory
Oscanning priority channel watch, voice -sense scanning and a
KEY FEATURES:
selectable width around your tuned frequency.
*The frequency may be tuned continuously.
*The synthesiser may be turned off and on without Icon (UK) Ltd. Tel: 0227 363859. Telex: 965179 ICOM G
N.E. For Wales and the West contact:
affecting the VCO output frequency. M.8.5. Communications Ltd. Cardiff. Tel: 0222 224167.
CIRCLE NO. 1117 ON REPL 1 CARL) CIRCI E NO. 108 ON REPLY CARD
HF MOBILE ANTENNAS
j
include -
PRO SERIES Multi channel
j
HW41.5-30MHz single
frequency tuned mobile tapped whip antennas up to Audio grade- low noise
, whip complete with 4 frequencies 1.5-30MHz
installation accessories, complete with base mount a
base mount and spring, and spring.
spare channel coils
-
Autotransformers
available for multi frequency
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.L.
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5.0m.á X1330 (PIP [31 (I
25 Randalstown Road,
before ordering. CARRIAGE all units C16. VAT to be added 1010181 of goods and carriage.
-1I"a,
INTERFACING
- WITH C
PART 8
Transferring between time and frequency
domains can help to clarify the characteristics
of a signal. Howard Hutchings demonstrates
Fourier analysis, using the discrete transform
1
(a) (b)
dominantly linear; if the amplitude of
the input signal is halved, then so is the Spectral
output, with no change in signal shape.
Analogue non -linearity is associated
with additional, unwanted harmonics -
-01 l T(sampling time)
E
resolution
-1.1
I
áf
New frequency
spectrum begins
I I
New sampling
hence the interest in Fourier methods. x period
A
N-1 m
the design. Investigating the character- Time integer (sample number) Frequency integer(harmonic number)
istics of a signal, or the behaviour of a
system. from a different perspective is
analogous to looking at a problem with
a fresh pair of eyes. Facts which are Fig. 6.2. Diagram at (a) is sampled data As, no doubt, you have observed, it
unclear or hard to grasp in one domain signal represented by N snapshots, each is easy to let the mathematics get in the
are often clarified in another. This is a separated by sampling interval T. way of the physics. I find the expression
familiar theme pursued throughout this Discrete Fourier spectrum is at (h), iu for mean -square power is a refreshing
hook. This chapter aims to demons- which spectral resolution Sf is interval reminder of what the Fourier transform
trate Fourier analysis using a PC. between ordinates, I /NT, where N is is really doing. If the interval between
number of samples and T sampling samples in the time domain is T
Discrete Fourier transform interval. For example, using Microsoft C seconds, and N samples are captured
DFT and the Al)7820 halfflash converter, for subsequent frequency-domain pro-
The relatively straightforward discrete sampling frequency was 40kHz. 11128 cessing, then the spectral resolution
Fourier transform has been chosen as samples are captured, spectral resolution (Sf) is simply the number of Hertz
an initial example because it may be is 312.5Hz, so a digitised 625Hz sine between ordinates in the frequency
programmed directly and because, con- wave would he seen as a single ordinate domain. Spectral resolution is an
ceptually, it underpins the fast Fourier at third harmonic number. important parameter given by of =
transform FFT which will he presented I/NT. For a fixed sampling rate (T),
later. The object in each case is to Make sure you understand the real- good resolution requires the capture of
evaluate how the energy of the time - ity behind the abstraction of this many samples, usually N > I2K. The
domain signal x(t) is distributed in the expression. The discrete Fourier trans- discrete Fourier transform calculates
frequency domain. form is an approximation to the con- the magnitude (mean -square power) of
Commuting between domains tinuous Fourier transform, made up of each frequency component from ni = l)
requires the mathematical scaffolding N samples of the signal x(n). The (d.c.) to = Of times N (the sampling
provided almost 2(X) years ago by Jean integers n and m are analogous to the frequency). When running listing 6. to I
Baptiste Joseph Fourier. For con- spatial and frequency variables (t and w test the algorithm, notice that frequen-
tinuous signals: respectively). cies from d.c. to half the sampling
00 A compelling method of addressing froc(uency are unique. Frequencies
the core of the algorithm lies in writing greater than half the sampling fre-
X(w) = .r(t) e-/"dt effective software to describe the trans- quency are images folded about the
form. The frequency transform X(m) is line f,/2.
-co a complex number made up of the real Listing 6.1
where X(w) = the frequency transform and imaginary coefficients: / /
/* ELEMENTARY 8 POINT */
IN -1 /* DFT TRANSFORM */
x(t) = the signal to he transformed
ur(m) = -E v(n) cos (2nnut) / /
-
#include<stdio.h>
w = the frequency variable N #include<math.h>
n=U
#define PI 3.14159
t = the spatial variable N-1 main()
(2r<a
ai(in) _ v(n) sin
= V -i N,I
=0
N int m, n;
double real sum, imag_sum, mean_sq_
power;
To realise the Fourier transform on a where X(m) = ar(m)-jai(m) float x[8];
digital computer, the continuous signal In many applications, the mean - /*
x(t) needs to be replaced by the snap- DECLARE SIZE OF ARRAY AND DATA
square power is the quantity of most TYPE
shots x(n) taken by the a -to -d conver- significance. Visualise this as the mod- */
ter. Under the discrete Fourier trans- ulus of the frequency transform for(n = 0;n<= 7; n++)
form, integration is replaced by the squared or, alternatively, as X(m) mul- {
finite weighted summation: tiplied by its complex conjugate x[n] = sin(2 * PI * n / 8);
N- I
X*(m). Hence the mean -square power
X(in) = - r(n) exp ( I2- ) may he written as:
j*..
SYNTHETIC DATA
DFT ALGORITHM STARTS HERE
Nn=l) */
m = l),1,2, ... N -i IX(m)I2 = I«r(nl)12 + la!(nl)IZ for(m = O;m <= 7;m++)
real_sum = 0; CONVERSION
imag_sum = 0; 140 X(N) = INP(BASE + 2) REM READ I/P
:
I/O CARD Looking at columns of figures soon reasons for this are really quite prac-
110 DIM X(256) REM DECLARE SIZE OF
:
becomes tedious, and commercial spec- tical. It is easy to simulate the output
DATA STRUCTURE tral analysers usually display the com- from the a -to-d without the contusion
120 FOR N = 0 TO 255 puted frequency spectrum visually. The of external hardware and still he con -
gofo start;
la INTRODUCTORY DFT WITH
/* COLOUR GRAPHICS
}
pow(imag_sum, 2); see if this results in any improvement. were critical and examined the com-
rms = sgrt(mean_sq_power); Look closely at the characteristics and puted spectral display carefully, parti-
/a spectra of sinusoids and repetitive -
TAKE SQUARE ROOT OF MEAN SQUARE
cularly when processing a non -integer
pulse waveforms. Recognise that con- number of cycles (listing 6.4). Spectral
POWER TO IMPROVE GRAPHIC DISPLAY
*/ tinuous signals such as sinewaves are spreading was evidently a problem
/* /a /*
USING THIS GENERATING FUNCTION THE NOTICE HOW A DISCONTINUOUS TIME THIS GENERATING FUNCTION HAS
GRAPHICS AGREE WITH THE THEORY DOMAIN SIGNAL IS TRANSLATED INTO A APPLICATIONS WHEN PROCESSING
*/ CONTINUOUS FOURIER TRANSFORM RANDOM NOISE
for(n = 0; n <= (N-1); n++) */ */
{ for(n = 0; n <= (N-1)/8; n++) for(n = 0; n <= (N-1)/64; n++)
x[n] = sin(20*PI*n/N); { {
} x[n] = 5; x[n] = 5;
} }
for(n = (N-1)/8; n <= (N-1); n++) for(n = (N-1)/64; n <=.(N -1); n++)
{ {
x[n] = 0; x[n] = 0;
} }
16
ó Samples E
128 Samples
¢ z 128 Samples
Frequent (Hz)
DC Is
is
2
folded at half sampling frequency. This Fig. 6.7. Synthetically generating sample
component can be interpreted as negative square wave, pulse width 1/8 total period. Fig. 6.9. Progressively reducing pulse
frequency usually associated with Spectral envelope is continuous and rich width by modifying FOR loop ultimately
classical analysis. in low frequency components. Signal is gives good approximation to impulse
characterised by infinite number of function. Processing through DFT
harmonics, but certain spot frequencies demonstrates that spectral energy is
contain no spectral energy. constant in frequency domain.
Listing 6.4
Listing 6.6
/* which could he reduced simply by
THIS GENERATING FUNCTION /*
increasing the number of samples.
DEMONSTRATES THE EFFECTS OF NARROW PULSES OCCUPY LARGE
BANDWIDTHS The fast Fourier transform is not a
SPECTRAL SPREADING
*/ */ new transform. It is an algorithm
for(n = 0; n <= (N-1); n++) for(n = 0; n <_ (N-1)/16; n++) which, when applied to a data set of 2N
{
{ samples, reduces the number of multi-
x[n] = sin(19.9*PI*n/N); x[n] = 5; plications from N2 to N log2 N. This is a
}
} huge saving of computation time. Its
for(n = (N-1)/16; n <= (N-1); n++)
{
existence generally became known in
x[n] = 0; the mid 1960's. It followed the matrix
} theory of J. W. Cooley and J. W.
Tukey, who returned to the computa-
tion of "schedules" originally under-
taken at Los Alamos as part of the
Manhattan Project. Retrospectively, it
is acknowledged that a few clever
128 Samples people had been using the FFT as early
as 1942 (refer to Brigham for details).
/* /* /*
DECAYING EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL ANALOGOUS TO THE STEP RESPONSE THESE WAVEFORMS LOOK DIFFERENT
*/ OF A SERIES R -L -C CIRCUIT BUT SOUND IDENTICAL, OUR EARS
for(n = 0; n <= (N-1); n++) a/ THROW AWAY THE PHASE INFORMATION
{ for(n = 0; n <= (N-1); n++)
a = 0.0392156; { for(n = 0; n <= (N-1); n++)
/* a = 0.0392156; {
DECAY FACTOR a IS RECIPROCAL OF /* w = 2*PI*n/N;
TIME CONSTANT 1/a IS THE TIME CONSTANT x[n] = sin(w) + sin(3aw)/3 + sin(5*w)/5 +
a/ */ sin(7*w)/7 + sin(9*w)/9;
x[n] = 2*exp(-a*n); x[n] = 2*exp(-a*n)*sin(20*PI*n/N); }
} }
128 Samples
128 Samples
huu..aa....... ..._ ...., ,11117I
Frequency(Hz)
)1.... .....11]I
Frequency (Hz)
comes with real understanding of the with the calculation. If you have time,
more straightforward DFT. Modern use the DFT algorithm in conjunction -1-j 1-j
wen-
notation tends to present the DFT in with Table 6.3 to confirm the results of W8=
f2
the form: listing 6 1.
Wé=-j
1N-1 The fast Fourier transform recog-
X(m)=- x(n)W'"' nizes that many of the calculations are
redundant and uses a decimation pro- Fig. 6.13. Geometrical interpretation of
n=(1
in = 0,1,2, ... (N- I) cess to bisect the data array until only complex coefficient Ws"'" as a rotating
two -point transforms remain. Look at phasor.
WN = ex p ( Ñ7C)
X(2111k-
\
\
-- \
X (2)
0 1 2
Values of m
3 4 5 6 7
X(3)1 -- X(6) 0 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1
X(4) X(1)
1 1 lJ) 12
-J -(1)
!2
-1 -() J2 )
(+1)
12
X(51 X (5)
2 1 -1 -1 i 1 -i -1 1
X(6) X(3)
X(7) X(7) 3 1 l
1 ) l
1 ) -1 ( J2 ) -1 -(1.--:1)
2frf
4 -1 -1 -1 -1
Fig. 6.14. Butterfly diagram for fast Fourier tran.sfornz of an 1 1 1 1
-
random but a mirror image of the input
where the results are placed in hit
reversed order.
PC as a real-time spectrun7 analyser
INSULATION TESTER WITH MULTIMETER internally generates voltages which enable you to read insulation directly DON'T MISS THESE BARGAINS!
en megohms. The multimeter has four ranges. AC DC volts. 3 ranges DC milliamps. 3 ranges resistance and 5
amp range. These instruments are EX British Telecom, but in very good condition. tested and gntd. OK. probably TWIN 360115.25 INCH FLOPPY DISK DRIVE with power supply built into a professional white case complete with
cost at least £50 each, yours for only £7.50 with leads. carrying case £2.00 extra. mains lead Connections are via a 37 pin 'D' socket. full connection details supplied. Brand new by famous
Japanese maker £59 50
110 WATT POWER SUPPLY ASTEC switch mode, 230V mains input: 38V at 211A 8 3A outputs, encased and fitted
ELECTRONIC BUMP 8 GO SPACESHIP sound and impact controlled responds to claps and shouts and reverses or
on panel mounting plate with mains input socket and on/otl switch, made for use with computers or other top
diverts should it hit anything! Nit with really detailed instructions, will make ideal present for budding young
grade equipment. You can have it at fraction of its proper price. Brand new and guaranteed. Sample £12.00
a
electrician. Should be able to assemble but you may have to help with the soldering of the components on the
post paid - 3000 available 8 good discount to quantity buyers. PCB. Complete kit £8.95.
BRUSHLESS D.C. 12V FAN tiny, only 60mm square, good air mover but causes no interference £8.00.
SOIL HEATING germinates and brings on the young plants without having to heat the whole greenhouse. Now is
2MW LASER Helium Neon by PHILIPS. full spec. £30. power supply for this in kit form with case is £15.00. or in the time to instal it, the main items. a 750 watt transformer and 100 metres of heating cable will cost you only
larger case to house tube as well £17.00. £29 including carriage.
MAINS 230V FAN best make "PAPST" O" square, metal blades £8.00 CEILINGS COULD COME DOWN if the water pipes above freeze and burst, you can guard against this by winding
our waterproof heating cable around them. Costs only about the same as a 40 watt lamp to run. Cable resistance
BATTERY MOTORS 12 models in stock in large quantities ranging from tiny model aircraft one at 25p each to Ihhp is approx. 90 ohms per metre. 15 metre length suits the average house price is £5 or cut to your specification 40p
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SOLAR MOTORS 11/2-9V precision made to operate from low current off solar cells £1.50, solar generator to drive INSTANT HEAT is what you want for your workshop etc. and you will get it with one of our tangential blow heaters.
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COPPER BOARD for making you pcb 174x I00mmx2mm thick double sided and brand new. 50p each, £40 per cold blow. 3Kw has 12" element £8. 21hKw 8 2Kw both have 8" elements and are £6 each.
hundred. £350 per thousand. POWER CUTS OR FAILURES cause inconvenience or worse, our emergency fluorescent lighting unit keeps itself
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AIR SPACED TRIMMER CAPS 2-20 pf ideal for precision tuning uhf circuits 25p each. 10 for £2. 100 for £15.
includes its ni -cad batteries.
I Khz. TONE GENERATOR this is PP3 battery operated and has a IKhz output that can be continuous or interrupted
500V BRIDGE MEGGER developed for G.P.O. technicians the Ohmeter 18B is the modern equivalent of the bridge
at a rate variable by a panel mounted control Also on the front panel are separate output sockets for monitor or
meggar. 9V battery operated it incorporates a 500V generation for insulation testing and a null balance bridge for
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very accurate resistance measurement. On the front panel there is a 3"x 3" panel meter calibrated in megohms to
equipment but in as new condition £2 each. inf. and a small scale to indicate balance showing the exact setting of the four controls in the variable arm of the
OSCILLOSCOPE 3018 developed for testing transmission lines. it makes and displays pulse echoes to find shorts resistance bridge. Ex B.T. in quite good condition with data8tested. Yours for a fraction of original cost £45-05
and breaks in cable networks, this uses a 3" CRT to display the type of fault and a LCD to read out the distance ensured delivery
from the fault. The instrument is powered by 12V of rechargeable meads located in base, and it generates 1.5kv TRAVEL MECHANISM goes backwards and forwards, could be used to animate a display or position a device,
internally. It is housed in a high impact plastic case size approx 91/2" x 91/2" x 5". Ex British Telecom in very battery or p.s.0 operated, distance of travel 4" and speed of travel depends on applied voltage 11/2V very slow 120
good condition and working order. £49.50 plus £5 insured delivery max is quite fast. £5.00.
FIELD TELEPHONES lust right for building sites, rallies. horse shows etc, lust join two by twin wire and you have SOUND SWITCH has countless uses, one could be to control the above travel mech. Signals of 10 Hz to 20khz
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--
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EXPERIMENTING WITH VALVES don't spe fortune on mains transformer we can supply one with standard
a
MAINS ISOLATION TRANSFORMER stops you getting "to earth" shocks. 230V in and 2300 out. 150 watt upright
mounting £7.50
input and secs. of 250-0-250V 75 ñA and 6.3V at 3 0. price £5.
I 5Watt Bohm 8 SPEAKER 8 3" TWEET i music centre, give real hi.h. and
HANG UP PHONE won't clutter up your desk or workbench. current model, has push button dialling. last number
for only £4 pair
recall internal alarm etc., Ex B.T. in good condition and fully working ready to plug in. £5
WANT TO EXPERIMENT WITH DISC DRIVE You can have a double sided LAP made model. brand new for only £10!
HIGH VOLTAGE CAPS if you use these ask for our 1-10 Kv Capacitor list, we have over Ili million in stock and Why, because it was made fora very compact unit and consequently uses a small non standard disc. (We stock
might save you a lot of money. these at £2 each) it requires 5V 330mA power supply (we can supply). The drive is nicely cased and has output
Prices include V.A.T. Send cheque, postal order or ring and quote credit card number. Add £3 post and packing. and input leads, originally listed at over £100, so it's a real bargain.
Orders over £25 post tree, unless postage quoted separately. TIMES TEN IONISER using transformers and novel circuitry, our ioniser emits at least ten times as many ions as
does any other kit on offer, nor do vie know of a ready built model that is as good, you don't need a tester to see if
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else to buy yours for £14 50.
12 Boundary Road, Hove, Sussex BN3 4EH ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER with Piero alarm, built into preformed case, is triggered by movement
disturbing reflected signal, intended for burglar alarm. car alarm etc. has many extras. time delay, auto reset,
Telephone (0273) 430380 Fax (0273) 410142 secret off device etc. A £40 instrument yours for £10.
Test Equipment. We hold a large stock of modern and old equipment- RF and AF signal generators -
Spectrum analysers - counters - power supplies chart recorders, all speeds single to muhipen - XY
-
Radar &
plotters A4 -A3- oscilloscopes - normal 8 storage.
- -
Tektronix 475 200MC S oscilloscopes tested from £400 less attachments to £700
G/W manual probes etc. Tektronix 475A - 250MCS - complete kit with probes £750.
-
Telequipment 0755 50MC S oscilloscopes tested CW 2 probes manual £250. -
Marconi TF2002AS.-AM-FM signal generator -10KCS to 72MG/S - £85 tested + probe kit 8 manual.
-
- Fibre -Optics
Marconi TF2002B AM-FM signal generator - 10KC/S-88MC S -£ 100 tested to El 50 as new - probes.
-
Marconi TF2008 - AM -FM signal generator - Also sweeper -10KC/S - 510MCS - from f350 tested to
£500 as new with manual- probe kit in wooden carrying box - £50.
HP Signature analyser type 5006A - £300.
HP DC Current source type 6177C - £300.
Training Equipment
HP Frequency counter type 5384A-225MC/S-£350.
HP Frequency comb generator type 8406A £400. -
HP Amplifier type 8447A -.1 to 400 MHzs -£300.
-
A full range of professional training
HP Sampling voltmeter (Broadband) type 34064 £200.
HP Vector voltmeter type 8405A £400 to £600.
HP Oscilloscope mainframe type 182C £300.
-
-
equipment now available from a leading
HP Oscilloscope mainframe type 181TR-£400
HP Signal generator type 8614A -8616A £400 to £800. - manufacturer including:
HP Frequency counter type 5340A-18GHZS -£1000.
HP Frequency counter type 53526-40GHZS- fí5500.
HP Synthesiserlsignal generator type 8672A-2 to 18GHZS £7500. -
HP Vector Impedance meter and probe type 4193A-£1500. Radar
HP Network analyser type 8754A - HP8502A test set £5000. -
HP Function generator type 3312A-£500.
HP Spectrum analyser plug-in - .01 to 350MC/S - option .001 - mainframe - £1000.
HP Mainframe type 8620A or C- £600 - £1200.
HP 3575A gain phase meter - P.O.R.
HP 8660B signal generator - mainframe -£1000.
HP B660C signal generator -1300MCS or 2600 MC/S - P.O.R.
HP 8505A network analyser -500KC/S-1.3GHz HP 8502A test set P.C.R. - -
HP 8640A signal generator -OPT 001 -002 .5MC/S-1024MCS -£1000. - Fibre optic
HP8558B- 1MCS-1500MCIS+ mainframe -P.O.R.
Racal Dana digital multimeter type 5001- £250.
Racal/Dana interface type 9932 -£ 150
Racal/Dana GPIB Interface type 9934A-£100.
Racal/Dana RMS meter type 9301A í300. -
Racal/Dana RMS voltmeter type 9303 £600. -
Raw /Dana trmerlcounter type 9500 (9515 OPT 42)- 1250MC/S - £750.
Racal Thermionic store 4 recorder £300. -
Racal frequency standard generators type MA259 - 600KC/S -1 MC 8 5MC/S - £200.
Marconi AF power meter type 8936- £300. Analog & Digital Comms
Marconi bridge type 2700 - £250.
Marconi attenuatortype TF2163S -1 GHZ £250. -
-
Maroon' Saunders signal sources types 6058B -6070A -6055B- 6059A -400 to t OGHZS.
Marconi/Saunders microwave sweep oscillator type 6600A 18 to 40GHZ plug -ins - P.O.R.
Thurlby convertor 19 -GP-IEEE -488 £150. -
Philips logic multimeter type PM2544 £200. -
Gould J36 audio signaVgenerator £250. -
Microwave systems MOS/3600 microwave frequency stabilizer - to 18GhZS 8 18 to 40GHZ -£1500. 1
a6- olt®
Tracor 599K VLF-LF receiver FX standard -£1000. -
Tracor 527A or E difference meter - £400-4500.
B 8 K 2019 analyser - 2305 level recorder- 2425 meter- 4220 piston phones etc. P.O.R.
hems bought from HM Government being surplus. Price is ex -works. S.A.E. For enquiries phone for
appointment or for demonstration of any items, availability or price change. VAT and Carr- extra.
CIRCLE NO. 113 ON REPLY CARD CIRCLE NO. 114 ON REPLY CARD
equipment
Circuits
2N2222
0.01pF
XR-L555
120k
D= i 4.5V
Reference
I. Principles of Electronic Instrumentation
(2nd edn) 1990. Edward Arnold.
features usually seen only on colour monitors costing 3 times Ideal as exterior drives' Please specify 110 or 240 volts for AC tans.
our price' Ready to connect to most computers or video outputs. End of line purchase scoop! Brand new NEC D2246 8' 85 3 inch AC. 112' thick £ 8.50(B)
75Q composite Input with Integral audio amp 8 speaker. Fully megabyte of hard disk storagel Full CPU control and Industry 312 inch AC ETRI slimline.Oniy 1' thick. £ 9.95(B)
tested surplus. sold In little or hardly used condition with 90 day standard SMDInterface. Ultra hi speed transfer and access time 4 inch AC 110/240v 112' thick. £10.95(B)
full RIB guarantee. deal for use with video recorder or our leaves the good old ST506 Interface standing. In mint condition 4inch AC 112' thick £ 9.95(B)
Telebox SI . and other audio visual uses. £99(E) 3/£775(G) and comes complete with manual. Only £399(E) 10 inch AC round. 312 thick. Rotron 110v £10.95(B)
HI-DEF1NIT1ON COLOUR MONITORS 10 inch As above but 230 volts £24.95(8)
MAINS SUPPRESSORS & FILTERS 62 mm DC 1' thidk.No.812 for 6/12v.814 24v. £15.95(A)
Brand new Centronic 14' monitor for IBM PC and compatibles
at a lower than ever pricel Completely CGA equivalent. Hi -res
Roxburgh SDC 021 2 amp mains RFI liter. Has an extrawide 80 mm DC 5 v. Papst 8105G 4w. 38mm. RFE. £19.95(A)
Mitsubushi 0.42 dot pitch giving 669 x 507 pixels. Big 28 Mhz frequency range of 150 khz to 30 mhz. Can type, solder lug 92 mm DC 12v. 18 mm thick. £14.95(A)
connection. Duality manufactured to RS 613 standards. Dims 4 inch DC 12v. 12w 112' thick £12.50(B)
bandwidth. A super monitor in attractive style moulded case.Futt 4 inch DC 24v 8w. 1' thick. £14.50(81
90 day guarantee. Only £149 (E) 1-1/2"D x 1-314'H £3.95 or 3 for £10 (A) 10 for £28 (B)
20",22" and 26" AV SPECIALS Roxburgh SDA 013/25 Similar to above rated at 1-1/2 amps. THE AMAZINGTELEBOX!
Superbly made UK manufacture. PIL all solid state colour Dims 1-1/2"D x 1-3/4"H £3.25 or 3 for £8.50 (A) 10 for 4B) Converts your colour monitor into a
monitors, complete with composite video & sound Inputs. Attrac- Suppression Devices SD5 A10. Extra compact general pur-
tive teak style case. Perfect for Schools,Shops,Disco, Clubs. pose suppressor. Plastic moulded case with single bolt lying OUAUTY COLOUR TV11
In EXCELLENT lithe used condition with full 90 day guarantee. and snap connectors. Rated at 230 vac 5 amps. Dims 1-3/47 -TV SOUND 1
x 1-1/8'W x 5/8'H.. £3.95 or 3 for £10 (A) 10 for £25 (B)
20''....£135 22"....£155 26"....£185 (F)
Belling -Lee type 12127 3 amp mains RFI filters. Has a built in
& VIDEO
TUNER!
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS mains cable (English coding), and a three pin miniature non-re-
Hitachi LM052L 16 chars by 2 lines. Integral ASCII controller. versible socket and a mating plug. to go to the equipment. Ideal Brand new high quality, fully cased, 7 channel UHF PAL TV tuner
for those who are bugged by RF interference. Very compact. system. Unit simply connects to your N aerial socket and colour
5vdc. Registe r for external instructions.3'x 1.'119 .95.3/£49.954A)
Epson EG-2801 large capacity. 2801A uses normal LCD tech- Dims 3.1/8' x 2.5' x 1.5' £3.95 each or 3 for £10 (Al video monitor turning same into a fabulous colour TV. Dont worry
if your monitor does nt have sound. the T ELEBOX even has an
nology. 2801S uses Super Twist. Both have enormous 32,768 RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES integral audio amp for driving a speaker plus an auxiliary output
dots. 512x64 and use multiplexing. Display area 9-3/4' x 1.1/2'. for Headphones or Hi Fl system etc. Many other features: LED
Uses +5vdc. Contrast controlled by -4 lo -17vdc. Perfect for
LEAD ACID Status indicator, Smart moulded case, Mains powered, Built to
Maintenance freese sealed long file. Type A300. safety specs. Many other uses for 1V sound or video etc.
graphics or chars. EG-2801A £69 (A) 38199 (B) 10/£595 (C) 12 volts 12 volts 3 £1395() 8S BRAND NEW with full 1 year guarantee.
Regular £ 136. EG-2801 S £95 (A) 3/£275 (B) 10/£850 (C) 612volts 6 volts3o amp/hoursamp/hours £Á95(A) Supplied
Telebox ST for composite video input monitors £29.95(B)
COMPUTER SYSTEMS volts Centre tapped 1.8 amp hours. RFE. £ 5.95(A)
Telebox SU as ST but with integral speaker £34.95(B)
12 volts 12 volts 24 amp hours. A200. RFE. 42 &0(8)
Telebox RGB for analogue RGB monitors £65.951B)
TATUNG PC2000. Big brother of the famous Einstein. The NICKEL CADMIUM NOT suitable for IBM or Clone type colour monitors. PAL
IPC2000 Professional 3 piece system comprises: Quality high Quality 12v 4ah cell pack. Originally made for the Technicololor
resolution Green 12" monitor. Sculptured 92 key keyboard and overseas ver.ion please call. SECAM / NI SC not available.
video company. Contains 10 GE top quality D nlcad cells In a
plinth unit containing Z80A CPU and all control circuits. PLUS 2 smart robust case with a DC output connector. Ideal for portable BRAND NEW PRINTERS
Integral TEAL 5.25 80 track double sided disk drives. Generous equipment. Brand new. £19.95(B)
other features include dual 8' IBM format disk drive support. Ex -equipment NICAD cells by GE. Removed from equipment EC
1 Starwriter Model FP1500-25 daisywheel printer renowned
Serial and parallel outputs. lull expansion port, 64K ram and and in good, used condition: D size 4ah 4 for £5(B) for Its reliability. Diablo type print
mechanism gives superb
ready lo run software. Supplied complete with CPMI, Wordstar F size 7ah 6 for £8(B1 registration and quality. On board microprocessor gives full
and Basic. Brand new and covered by our famous 90 day Lliablo/Oume command capability. Serial RS -232C with hull
' SPECIAL INTEREST
guarantee and backup. Normal price of this unit is over £14001 handshake. Bidirectional 25 cps, switchable 10 or 12 pitch, 136
Our price .... only .......£299 (E) Tektronix 1751 WavetormNector monitor 47750 opt In Pica, 163 in Elite. Friction or tractor feed. Full ASCII
Trio 0-18 vdc bench PSU. 30 amps. New £ 470 including £ sign. Font and ribbon Diablo compatible £199(E)
DEC VAX11r750Inc. 2 Meg Ram DZ and full DED DPG21 miniature ball point pen printer plotter mechanism
V22 1200 BAUD MODEMS documWe in brand new condition £3900 with full 40 characters per line. Complete with data sheet which
9 of a tremendous buyY on further stocks of thispopular DEC VAX Stationon, 100 £ 295 includes dreull diagrams for simple driver electronics £49(8)
Master Systems 2/12 microprocessor controlled V22 full duplex DEC LS/02 CPU board £ 150 Centronics 150 series. Always known for their rellabilty in
1200 baud modem - we can now bring them to you at halt last Calcomp 1036 large drum 3 pen plotter £ 650 continuous use - real workhorses In any environment. Fast 150
advertised price! Fully BT approved unit, provides standard Thuriby LA 1608 logic analyser £ 375 cps with 4 fonts and choice of Interlaces at a fantastic pricel
V22 high speed data comm, which al 120 d:s. can save your 1.5kw 115v 60hz power source £ 950 159-4 Serial up to 9.5' paper, tan fold tractor £ 99.001E)
phone bill and connect time by a staggering 75%1 Ultra slim 45 Tektronix R140 NTSC TV test signal standard. £ 875'50-4 Serial up to 9.5' paper. tractor. roll or s/sheet £129.0(kE)
are In used but good condition. Fully tested prior despatch. with Trend 1-9-1 Data t ansmission test set £ 525
'VISIT OUR SHOP FOR BARGAINS
i
data and a full 90 day guarantee. What more can you ask for - Kenwood DA -3501 CO tester, laser pickup simulator £ 350
and at this price!' ONLY £69 (D)
.
LARGE QUANTITIES OF OSCILLOSCOPES AND TEST GEAR ALWAYS AVAILABLE - CALL NOWT
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o
e
e N
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LONDON SHOP
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: e
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Dept WW, 32 Blggln Way,
Open Mon -Sat 9-5.30
. . 215 Whitehorse Lane, 300 bc 081-879-1888,
Upper Norwood, 1200/75 bd 081-679-6183, Fax- 081-679-1927
London SE19 3XF. South Norwood,
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pit es for UK Mainland UK customers add 15% VAT to TOTAL order amount Minimum order 1:10. PO orders from Gone ment.Unrversolies.Sd,00ls goods supplied wb)ed to our
welcome minimum aocouol order f25 Carnage stooges (A)=1:2 00 (B) -C4.50. (C)=CB 50 (D) -m1 50 (E)=e14 00 (F)=C 18 00 (G).Call NI
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standard Co dNons of Salo and unbars otherwise stded guar arfeed br 90 days. An gkarartees on a return to base basis we
wxrxx poor nobce Orders accepted subpct to stock.Ouotdronx: wrlmxgty given for high. qusrtibes than those stated Bulk surplus always requred ion cash
CIRCLE NO. I I.5 ON REPL1 CARD
CIRCUIT IDEAS
2 3 6 5 6 7 8
Busy
Clock Clock
Start
Comparator
SAR DAC Analogue o/p
Start J
Analogue Busy \f
i /p
DO -D7
Result 580 Result
Start - - Do
2R
Hell: Synchronous asynchronous, all speeds ARO -6. spec. ARO -version
Fax: Weather charts, photographs wi:h 16 grey ARO -S ARO 10005
We also sell Bipolar and Gang Programmers, EPROM Emulators and
Erasers and a universal cross -assembler for IBM PCs and compatibles. scales at 60.90. 120. 180.240 rpm ARO-Swe: CCIR 518 variant
Morse. Automatic and Manual with speed ARO -E. ARO 1000, ITA 2-p Duplex
indication ARO -N: ITA 2 Duplex
Write or phone today for Free Information Pack Press OPA Fib spec.. 300 Bd ASCII ARO -E3. CCIR 519 ITA 3
Tel: (0666) 825146 Fax: (0666) 825141 Wirtschaftdienst: F7b spec.. 300 Bd ASCII AR0-6: 5 6 character 90 and 98
Sport Information: F7b spec., 300 Bd ASCII POl-ARO spec. ARO -variant
Ír,~) MQP ELECTRONICS, PARK ROAD CENTRE
llll, Autospec Bauer: ITA 2 including 3 modes TDM 242: CCIR 242 2,4 channels
Baudat. ITA 2 plus all types of Bit inversion, at FEC-S FEC 1000S ITA 3
any speed
CIRCLE NO. 116 ON REPLY CARD
SITOR Automatic Mode A and B ARO and FEC
Digital milliohmeter
Ordinary 3.5 -digit ntultimeters do not sured voltage drop is 36mv then Rs V
have the resolution needed to measure would equal 3(mi12
very low resistance values; conse- The LM350K is an adjustable posi-
quently, a DMM will not measure tive voltage regulator capable of sup-
anything under lit with any degree of plying 3A over a 1.2 to 33V output
accuracy. range. Its output is the voltage of the 555 with less than
When an unknown value resistor Rs adjustment terminal plus I.2V; if the
is connected between the output of the adjustment terminal is grounded the 1:1 M/S ratio
op -amp and the inverting input, the device will act as a 1.2V regulator. In the arrangement shown, a 555 will
negative feedback holds the inverting A current of IA is pumped through operate as an astable multivibrator
input at 0V or virtual ground. Since Rr Rs by the LM35OK and is sensed by Rs, with less than 50% duty cycle.
has a fixed voltage of 2V across it, the a 2.499 resistor. With IA flowing
current through Rr is constant and through Rs, a voltage drop of 2.49V
tlows through Rs to give an output will appear at the inverting input of an
voltage which is sent to the succeeding LM30IA op -amp, which is configured
A -to -I) converter. Obviously, this cur- as a I)C error amplifier, the 2.5V
rent is too small to produce an apreci- reference voltage at pin 3 being pro-
able voltage drop across an Rs of less vided by an LM385Z-2.5 precision
than 19. reference. Since the op -amp, regulator
A solution to this problem is to pump and Rs comprise a negative -feedback
a relatively large current through Rs control system, the voltage at the
and to use a I)VM to measure the inverting input of the LM30I A is equal
voltage drop across it. In this design, to Vrcr. Therefore, 2.5 volts will be
current of IA was chosen to avoid maintained across Rs, forcing IA of The high -output state is timed by
conversion factor; readings are in current to flow through RN. The max- R1C1, while R,C2 time the low state.
direct units. For example, if the mea - imum size of Rs is limited by the To gate the output, return Rr to a
LM350K's output voltage minus 2.5V. gating signal instead of the supply line.
A IN4148 diode is used to clip any It pin 4 is connected to the supply, pin 3
negative voltage from the op -amp. The remains high when the gating signal is
LM35OK is required only to provide A I low, first going low at the end of the
and the power dissipated by Rs is only first RIC, period. If it is connected to
FI To scaling
-2V and/or A -to -D 2.49 watts. yet I used a 20 watt resistor. the gating signal, pin 3 stays low when
converter These components were deliberately the gate is low.
200k
oversized so that very little thermal D. 13 ridge n
drift would occur. Santiago
200k FET input
OP amp
Mike McGlinchy Chile
Los Altos
California
USA
F 2A V,,,
LM350K
1
+J
FWBR
LM7815T ADJ
130n
t/4 W 5%
DVM
-._ 470171
NF
35V 33pF 470k
1/4 W 5%
25.2VCT 2
2A
R.S. 273-1512 4700NF LM301A
4 amp '35V IN4148=
\4 + 2.49_n_ 1%
100P.I.V. 20 W
LM3852
0 -2.5
LM7915T
200-1s/div b 0.2s/div sweep rate >c:es5 Visa American Express D ners Club
DC to 5001c1-1z X tandvvicRh
T3 :he sum of £310.50
X/Y ooeratiPn using Y channel6
X/Y piase shft <3° at 20k1-té Na nc. Mi. Ms (with Initials)
á cn x 1G cn display area Adiress.
.^,alibratio-) accuracy better Can 3%
1kFtziintefra. calibrator Scta:ure
Epecibl video sigral trigger msdes
Rise-tme <17.5rs
.
Graticule :Ilamination
111,11.-
Two r 10p-cbe kts indudec
Uneqivocal guarntee
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150mA. Saturation voltages are 0.35V memory supported using standard The compact in -line single/multimode Four-module din controls. A
(PNP) and 0.25V (NPN) at 500mA 8Ons drams for zero wait state products are designed for use with D4; standard version three- or four-way
collector. Zetex plc, 061 627 4963. FC and FC/PC; ST and ST/PC; multisocket Dis-board with integral DIN
operation at 12MHz. 120ns drams for
SMA905 and SMA906 connectors. The 43 880 housing will accept any
LCS-BUD series are configured into a standard DIN rail mounting module up
Cartesian-to-magnitude/phase processor, the POSP16330 from Plessey. bulkhead adaptor design with either to four modules wide. Aphel Ltd, 0788
. _ FC, ST or d4 bulkhead adaptors. Fibre 832488.
or/ Optech Ltd, 0767 600800.
SM plastic chip carriers. The surface
I y h 1, 71.-1 1.
a a
J 1
i4 a 1
a a ii ! Passive components
mount chip carrier socket accepts post-
moulded plastic chip carriers
:`-
Ai. w
conforming to Jedec specification MO -
ylI
Resistor networks for dram
Is r ü damping. The 4800P range of 047. The sockets offer a protective
1
;!.`* ,.-i
package in both through -board and
t`L
=
'j Tf'1-F'i s
,,¡,
surface -mount resistor networks now
includes 20-pin and dual -terminator surface -mount configurations for
`
' vapour -phase soldering. High-
`r' 'z -
1 - versions available with gull -wing leads
'; R. for easy mounting on 8.9mm wide land pressure contact eliminates gold
plating. Methode Electronics,
patters. Tape -and -reel or tube
R packaging. Bourns Electronics Ltd,
- Backplanes for VME-bus and STE-
0276 692392.
bus. These backplanes are supported
Cermet trimmers. The 12 -turn by ancillary components including
Mepcopal 8026 series industrial-type termination networks and extender
0.25in square trimmers have cermet cards. Reliable maintenance even
resistance elements with infinite under full loading is claimed through
multilayer construction. Noise -critical
#
resolution. Sealed aga nst moisture in
a vibration proof housing. Meets AC
lines are fully surrounded by screening.
and HF requirements of MIL R-22097 Press-fit technology employed. Sub
and MIL-R-39035. Greenwood Rack System Products, 0279 418401.
r§tr#
k #i
'
Electronics, 0734 595843.
11: 0>J
dielectric types) to -750±120 (N750).
Young Electronic Services, 06285
31417.
amplifier and a servo -measurement
function with frequency table included.
Advantest, 081 336 1606.
Cigarette pack sized converter. The boards and assemblies. High point
PWR-82400 triple output DC/DC forces will penetrate any patina build-
converters (3.2 x 2.4 x 0.6in) operate up around the test pads during field
over -55°C to +125°C, supply 5W, use. 0.25 and 0.4 -in probe travel sizes:
and give a power density of 19.4W/in3. interchangeable in the same industry
The series has been expressly standard socket configuration. Teknis
omCio:7-1 designed not to derate to zero at Ltd, 0344 780022.
ATT.
1 t
..,~No ..
k
1
designed for low rate discharge. Laser
welded sealing for a ten year seal life.
programmable via HP-IB (IEEE 488),
-1 G_
Operating range is -30 to +75°C with
short term excursions to -40 to
+85°C. Varta Ltd, 0460 72320.
and allows testing to be fully
automated. The 8642B ranges from
100kHz to 2.1 15GHz and provides
SSB phase noise at 20kHz offsets of
-13dBc/Hz at 1GHz. Carston
Advantest R9211C FFT servo analyser.
Production test Electronics, 081 943 4477.
equipment
Alternating voltage calibration. Interfaces Interceptor for board testing. Transducers and
Model 4920 alternating voltage Keyboard for medical system. A Interceptor runs on IBM compatibles to sensors
measurement standard can measure membrane keyboard has been troubleshoot on linear or digital ICs and Precision pressure transmitter. The
signals from 1Hz to 1.25MHz with total introduced, designed for advanced other types of components including BL flush diaphragm pressure
uncertainties to ±28ppm in stand- ultrasound medical systems. It capacitors and wound components. transmitter is a two -wire component
alone measurement mode, ±14ppm in combines both membrane and electro - DCA Technology, 0730 60699. receiving excitation voltage and
AC/DC transfer mode (one year ± 5°C). luminescent technology, w th transmitting current output over the
Datron Instruments Ltd, 0603 404824. embossed polyester overlays, Three point approach to testing. The same pair of cables. Signal output is
polyester tactile domes and RFI QA XX08 three needle point. spring the standard 4 to 20mA into 0 to 20001!
VME-bus analyser. Vbat board, shielding. Dart Electronic Controls, loaded test probes are designed for loop resistance. Control Transducers,
plugged into any VME system, can 0296 24478. diagnostics of returned printed circuit 0234 217704.
continuously monitor all bus traffic,
screening for protocol violations. It VME-bus and STE-bus backpaees from Sub Rack System Products.
allows designers of VME boards to Production equipment
check compliance and provides simple
Durable protective wrist strap. The
debugging.
Charge Guard 2240, a Speidel "Twist -
0 -Flex" metal expansion band, has an
Temperature and humidity insulating capped exterior to overcome
indicator. Operating from a standard fear of burn or shock associated with
9V battery, the Model 525 lightweight
non -insulated metal bands and
portable instrument provides
jewellery. Spring -loaded snap system
temperature and humidity readings via
holds the ground cord securely. 3M
a single LCD display. Detachable f
pulse periods and signal -to -signal the sensing element, offset calibration,
delays. Time -interval measurement is 79-5 TEST STGNAL
GENERATOR I." 2_5_4 temperature compensation circuitry
instantaneously converted to voltage. and signal amplification on a monolithic
The resulting waveform can be viewed silicon chip. It is said to be the first
real-time on any oscilloscope. It will rail -to -rail integrated pressure sensor.
convert up to 2.5million consecutive Output scalef ácalibrated from 0.5V to
timing measurements per second. 4.5V. Motorola Inc, 0101 602 952
Tektronix UK Ltd, 06284 6000. 3856.
Test signal generator. The TSG has Miniature loadcell. Model 31
two independent oscillators, A,
miniature loadcell's tripled stack design
continuously variable via the front
panel. A frequency and level meter ` LE JP: eliminates off -axis loading and false
load measurements. Welded stainless
Gc
ensure these are set up accurately. steel construction. Typical diameter is
There is a pulse generator section, 19mm. Mechanical overload stops,
where the mark and space time can be precision calibration to 0.15%
set. Overall length of pulses is also stabilising diaphragms and pressure
selectable. Tele -Products Ltd, 0904 compensation included. RDP
659583. Electronics, 0902 57512.
1:3 1:2
Computer board level
Computer -aided design products
Microwave design system. 10000
Digital I/O card.CIO -DIO 48 low-cost 8000
Microwave Musician handles front -to -
high density board (for PC/XT/AT5) is
back design of monolithic microwave e. 00
an enhanced compatible equivalent of
circuits and hybrid devices. Schematic
the Metrabyte PIO 12/PIO 24. It is
óV41puT 00
capture, libraries, simulator interfaces lW attal 2p00
actually is one PIO 12 and one PIO 24
and microwave -specific layout and
together on one half length card.
physical verification tools included.
Amplicon Liveline Ltd, 0273 608331. 20pO
Libraries of theoretical or ideal
microwave components, and foundry 4c00
Fast series das boards. The Fast
components are available. Cadence
Design Systems, 0628 826821.
series high speed, precision, analogue `3pPENIa .soto
input boards for IBM PC/AT l e000
compatibles offers speeds from 14 -bit,
PCB design. A suite of cad/cam tools
1 and 2MHz, to 16 -bit 1MHz and Version 6.0 of D1.3000 graphic programming tool from Precision Visuals.
for electronics engineers from Excitech
complements the existing 12 -bit
is made up of four programs under the
name Satcam; schematic capture,
boards. Four differential input channels Multiplexer for Unix systems. Software
with software programmable ranges Designed to turn standard 386 or 486 Asic design goes Solo. ES2's PC
circuit board layout, post processing, AT compatibles into a high
and four -channel simultaneous sample version of its Solo 1400 v3.0 software
and a database containing symbols
and hold. Optional memory for on- performance multiuser Unix or Xenix has most of its capabilities but runs on
and packaging information. Autocad
board storage. Consort Electronics, system, the PC01 is the first 16 -line IBM -AT compatibles. It has a 32 -bit
drawing editor. Excitech Computers,
0252 871717. multiplexer board supporting speeds of Definicon coprocessor card. Chips can
0635 66767. 38.4kps on all lines with minimal host be designed for manufacture by ES2 in
Signal conditioning modules. The degradation. Emulex Ltd, 0734 either 1.7 or 1.11,m c-mos. The library
Circuit synthesis program. PCLD-770 links industrial sensors to 772929.
RFSynthesist from Ingsoft runs on the includes basic cells, macro cells, I/O
PC data acquisition cards. Carrier cells, 74 series equivalents, analogue
Macintosh. Calculations included are
board includes a cold junction sensor, cells, and compiled megacells of rom,
filter synthesis, transmission line
characteristics from physical
multiplexer and screw terminals. Eight Development and ram and PLA. ES2, 0344 525252.
dimensions, synthesis of microstrip
DIN sockets mate with separate signal evaluation
conditioning modules. Breadboard
lines, and coupled transmission line Z80 debugger. The SourceZ80
module available. Ten PCLD-770s can Fast file finder for PCs. Fleetfinder
characteristics in stripline and supports the IAR/Archimedes C
be linked to one PC card, providing 80 combines hardware and software to
microstrip configurations. Use alone or compiler and Ashling's CT series of
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CIRCLE NO. 121 ON REPLY CARD CIRCLE NO. 120 ON REPLY CARD
B. and to a lesser
lass
extent class A13, amplifiers
are notorious for the gen-
eration of switching or
crossover distortion at high
frequencies. related to the switching
Distorting
power
speed of their push-pull output stages.
These distortions are present as a spray
of high -frequency harmonics and much
effort has been expended by designers
in reducing or eliminating these audibly
objectionable distortions.
supplies
While some manufacturers espouse
the need for pure class A operation in
their promotional literature, others
have concentrated on reducing the
levels through the use of class AB,
higher speed devices such as mosfets
and innovative circuit techniques.
Here. I wish to draw attention to The first term constitutes a DC level
another, often overlooked, source of a
When is crossover shift due to the single -sided current
similar type of distortion which is distortion not being drawn from each power supply.
Remaining terms are harmonically
generated as a result of the class 13
amplifier's interaction with the power crossover distortion? related and compose the half -wave -
supply impedance and which could rectified supply -current waveforms, the
easily he mistaken for crossover distor-
When it comes from coefficients of each representing its
tion when observed in the residual
distortion waveform.
the power supply, level as part of the waveform makeup.
\
I L=Gv;/Z_,
+(Gv;sinrr ft 1Z,_
R.
-2Gv;/rrZ, [cos2(27rft)/3
Figure 1 shows a typical Class B Z.
amplifier interacting with its power
+cos4(27rft )/ 15 \v` Xci
+cos6(27rft )/35
supply when driven by a sine wave. +cosn(27rft)/((n-1)(n+1))...1
where v; = vsin2rtft, G is amplifier (n even)
gain. R, and L5 are resistance and fr Frequency
inductance of wiring, fuse and capaci-
tor, C, is pure power -supply capaci- Simplifying the coefficients with 1=Gv;/
tance and Zr is the complex speaker Z1. and truncating this infinite series at Fig. 2. Variation of supply impedance
load impedance Z1, (CO). the tenth harmonic of f as the higher with frequency.
The input signal V, is amplified by G tennis become less significant, gives
and applied across the load as GV;
sin2rtft, demanding a current from the It =1/7r relatively low frequencies.
class B output stage of It =(GV;/ +I/2[sinwt Consider the case where fr=-ikHz,
Z,)sin2rtft. This output current is -0.-324cos2(ot the test sine -wave frequency used ear-
drawn from the positive or negative -0.013-1cos4(ut lier is 2kHz so that its 10th harmonic
power supply for half the output wave- -0.036cos6(ot occurs at 20kHz and we have the
form cycle, depending on the phase -(L02cosf3ott worst -case inductive -supply impe-
angle of the load, resulting in the -0.013cos 1Owt dance. The voltage developed across
Table I. Effect on gain at each harmonic frequency ofpower supply impedance. to power -supply impedance (capaci-
tance) for acceptable low -frequency
Frequency 2kHz 4kHz
performance. curve (b) is characteristic
8kHz 12kHz 16kHz 20kHz
Phase +26.6° +45° +63.4° +71.6° +76° +78.7°
of operational-amplifier design techni-
Gain 1.12 1.42 2.23 3.16 4.123 5.10 ques and, for the purposes of our
Harmonic fundamental 2nd 4th 6th 8th 10th argument. constitutes the worst -case
condition.
This type of PSRR response is
decreasing at 6d13/octave throughout
the supply impedance due to +1t, or- with the second harmonic being pre- most of the audio spectrum and sub-
-Ir depends on the supply impedance sent to 54% and the 4th, 17% of the stantially alters the harmonic structure
Z, at each frequency. and Table I shows level of the fundamental. of the power -supply voltage modula-
the effect on each harmonic indi- tion. Associated with this 6dB/octave
vidually of the rising impedance with Power -supply rejection ratio decrease in PSRR is a fixed 90° phase
frequency. Practical amplifiers are not totally shift (well above the corner frequency)
Applying the effect of this supply insensitive to power supply modula- which affects all harmonics equally and
impedance Z, to the individual terms in tion, a measure of their insensitivity is thus added to the fixed phase shift for
the harmonic series for the supply being their power -supply rejection each harmonic. Because the PSRR
currents yields a similar series for the ratio (PSRR) which is generally decreases at 6dB/octave with increasing
voltage developed across the supply expressed in decibels. a typical
In t. we can consider this as, in effect,
impedance due to the pure sine -wave amplifier, the PSRR function of the
is a extra gain for the higher harmonics and
output from the amplifier. thus design and may he a very high figure the effect on our truncated Fourier
V, modulation = K1sin(wt+26.6) (say over I50dB) or a much lower series for the supply voltage modula-
-0.54cos(2wt+45) figure, depending on the designer's tion is shown in Table 2.
-0.17cos(4o t+63.4) awareness of PSRR as a factor in Applying this emphasis to the supply -
-(l. l cos(6wt +7 I.6) achieving the desired level of perform - voltage harmonic series, normalised to
-0.074cos(8wt+76) unity for the fundamental. gives the
-0.59cos(1(Iwt +78.7)1 harmonic structure of the waveform
which is presented at the amplifier
where K is a normalising constant on
input through the finite PSRR of the
the magnitude of the fundamental and amplifier, is amplified by the gain G
the phase shifts applied are those for an and appears across the load.
inductively rising power -supply impe-
dance.
virssn=( K/PSRR ) lsin(wt+ I 16.(1)
Plotting this function as in Fig. 3
shows the transformation of the halt -
- .(I}3cos(2wt+ 135)
I
-(1.68cos(40t+ 153.4)
wave -rectified supply current wave- -0.6cos(6wt 161.6)
form (a) into a supply -voltage modula- -0.59cos(8wt+ 166)
Frequency
tion waveform (b) resulting from the -0. S9cos(1(kot+ 168.7)1
inductive supply. This latter waveform
is superimposed on the DC supply Fig. 4. PSRR of open -loop amplifier.
The higher harmonics have been
voltage. As can be seen, this voltage Curve at (a) is that of low feedback
heavily emphasised by comparison with
waveform is enriched with high -order design, while (b) is a curve for high -
the original half-wave -rectified supply -
harmonics of the fundamental outpu feedback amplifier of similar gain/
current waveform. Plotting this func-
requency f (2kHz in the exa nple) bandwidth.
tion and also that for the same function
::.
..N
.MM...
.............
r,.,1: ... ance and his ability to achieve an
with the fundamental frequency sub-
tracted give the results in Fig. 5.
..rr..Na ri....a adequate figure. The two curves and the series for
amaz.. \ Almost invariably, the PSRR of an v;PsRR show that the second -harmonic
/M.N.IL\..M..MM.mazorm
WE
,MESSES/SI
.Ñ/./..11
M amplifier falls with open -loop gain at component is of similar level to the
N %
C.1 high frequency at typically 6dB/octave. fundamental. while all the higher order
was 1.1 as shown in Fig. 4. In an attempt to harmonics considered in our truncated
.Z.: .IAC cover extremes of design philosophy, I
0 .IL series are at 59% to 68% of the level of
(a )
have shown two curves. (a) being the fundamental. This signal (reduced
typical of low -feedback designs and (h) to a magnitude dependent on the level
...rM ............. more characteristic of high -feedback of the PSRR at f) will he amplified by
/.,, designs of similar gain/bandwidth pro-
EaUM. .M.w r the gain G to appear at the output
Ñ..a
WA
.MESSM....M
111111,41.11MIZ duct. While those in curve (a) may across the loudspeaker load. Even with
..M.EMI.....M....r.
..M...I :: i
have relatively poor PSRR at low
frequencies and thus be very sensitive
an output stage free from crossover
distortion, a waveform as in Fig. 5(a)
N...n.....
n "WWI .....
.MM...1 I .N..
..r C
Frequency 2kHz 4kHz BkHz 12kHz 16kHz 20kHz
(b) Gain 1 2 4 6 8 10
Fig. 3. Supply -current waveform at (a) Harmonic fundamental 2nd 4th 6th 8th 10th
and consequent supply -voltage
modulation. Table 2. Effect on gain at each harmonic frequency of power supply impedance.
N aN.¡:
II':ÑIÍ
I
1i1A/
I
.'II'l\\n1,Ii\111\
I
:::
11r1
IN
M IÍI.1
: Walla II
1
i'
./.N/MY MMMMMMN.M.
N.NIN..I111/
II
.//1,.I.'a11
I:.
NI-
.
.'a Ir.,1 I
\' 1
Í the audio frequency range, thus elimi-
nating the harmonic emphasis due to
supply fuses and wiring in the crosstalk
waveform. The capacitive impedance
(assuming low ESR and ESL) will
reduce, at 6dB/octave, the harmonics
.......W.=
UMW MMO
::1::::L.
IMNZEE
NIMM///\
.,WHIM.
I IN I
in the half -wave -rectified supply -
current waveform which develop the (a)
(a)
supply -voltage modulation on the capa-
Í:: //ÍIIÍ Í11: Íi Í I citors. hut they will resurface in the
Ni!'::'i=.1:: '::::::
Arlan ^h::q:::11
! other channel due to the 611B/octave
ImmaN IL /MI,
,. :
Ai ,,.oNWrJ \"../. emphasis resulting from its declining
Kt I1.N.NaI1,.'NMI MOWN ,I
::
Malawi ,.\I 1I WNMdI,I \I
NMN.M1I IM.NMMM\',IMI .N.HI"I
1ale
I PSRR. Thus the injected cross-
rI
ÑN:ÓQ:N..M.I ::N MMM.N/../ talk waveform will have the same
:ÑNMimiM.M.M makeup as the -II waveform earlier.
:::.: k:.::::.:::M::Ñ::: v,0,,= K(sincot (b)
(b) -0.42coslot Fig. Crosstalk components resulting
7.
Fig. S. Input voltage al amplifier input -0.1)S4cos lot from a pure sine wave input waveform (a)
due to PSRR (a) and the residual -0.1)3ñcos6ot and waveform with fundamental pure -
waveform after subtraction of -(1.02coslimt tone subtracted.
fundamental. -0.1)13cosIIhot . , .1
A plot of this, shown in Fig. 7(a), is account has been taken of impedance
will appear output and, if a THD
at the that of the half -wave -rectified current variations in the loudspeaker load
analyser is used, at frequency f the waveform shown earlier. Crosstalk, impedance (unknown), Z1 (f.0). which
residual in (h) will he present. however, is generally considered to be could easily exacerbate the problem if
pure -tone fundamental appearing in there were substantial dips in its impe-
Common power supply the adjoining channel due to a signal in dance at higher frequencies. resulting
Many commercial power amplifiers use the first, while the remaining injected in higher current demand from the
a power supply which is common to harmonics are not considered. despite supply.
both channels. as in Fig. 6. In this case, their presence at substantial levels. If This distortion mechanism, responsi-
there will he a degree of interaction there is a crosstalk figure of, say. 66dB ble for generating a spray of high -order
between the two channels due to com- at 5kliz, there will be -73.5dB (or harmonics in response to a pure -tone
mon power -supply impedance and, 0.021%) of 10klfz component and sine -wave, input is deemed responsible
while the cross -talk introduced may he -87.5/113 (or (1.0114%) of 20kHz, due for masking the spatial and timbral
at an acceptable level. it may he well solely to a pure tone of Ski in the detail in an audio signal and is likely to
below the level of harmonic distortion adjoining channel. The waveform, with contribute to the perceived harshness
introduced in each channel by the the fundamental pure -tone crosstalk of many class B (and low -bias class
mechanism described earlier. The pre- subtracted, looks like the graph in Fig. AB) designs.
sence of any significant level of cros- 7(b).
stalk gives a rough indication of This introduction of harmonics to the Reducing the problem
inadequate PSRR in the amplifier pure -tone crosstalk is for best -case. The rectified waveform can be com-
proper, since the common supply impe- high -quality (negligible ESR and ESL) pletely eliminated very simply by hay-
dance is likely to be only part of the reservoir capacitors and is only depen- ing the output stage operating at a
overall supply impedance seen 1w
either channel.
As the common components of the
dent on the PSRR of the amplifier
declining at 6dB/octave with increasing
frequency. While not all amplifiers
ded by the loudspeaker -
current always in excess of that deman-
i.e. by
operating the amplifier in pure class A!
supply are usually only the reservoir have a declining PSRR to emphasise Since no high harmonics are then
capacitors, with good design these can the harmonics in the current waveform, generated in the power supply, the
remain capacitive to well in excess of not all power -supply capacitors exhibit distortion is eliminated. This solution is
pure capacitive reactance at high audio impractical in many applications and
frequencies. particularly large single certainly where high power and cost-
V+ L, R,
types. so this is far from a worst case. effectiveness are required. Crosstalk
R, ,
While interchannel crosstalk wave- will still occur, but can be eliminated by
forms are easily observed in the output using separate power supplies or
of the undriven channel, intra-channel monoblock construction.
higher -harmonic distortion waveforms Worthwhile improvement can he
induced by the power supply are not achieved by using multiple. paralleled
and could easily be interpreted as part power -supply capacitor banks (of smal-
of the crossover distortion. Since the ler types with better high -frequency
supply impedance seen by each channel characteristics), eliminating supply
will generally be higher and different in fuses and using short, heavy supply -to -
nature to the pure common capaci- module cable runs. Some manufactur-
tance, this source of distortion will ers use massively oversized transfor-
Fig. 6. Stereo amplifier with common probably be substantially higher than mers and capacitor banks for a further
power supply, impedance of which the crosstalk in proportion to the ratio small improvement at great size.
causes crosstalk. of Z, to \, at any given frequency. No
Expiry date ( I
To the sum of £1953.85
in up tc eight colours with a reproduction accuracy of
0.1 mm. Used together, the instruments provide a Please senc pore ink rmatior I '
OX752C DEGISCOPE
Analocue mode bandwidth 20MHz
if Storage Tode sample rate 20MS/s
Two idertical Y channels
Sensi:iviy mV tc 20V/div
1
Signaling . _
-- _ T------ - . . 0,.752ó
4 á
. lie
tí/ 1.`e.:.
y1
I -
.l 'n 1 .c tM
15.-
r /
' t- t
AUDIO DESIGN
weight and cost penalty. For example, understood, a more elegant solution is
a four -times oversize power supply can possible, with virtually perfect isolation
achieve a 12d13 improvement, hut this being achievable at minimal cost, and
is usually swamped at high frequencies depends on a very high PSBR in the
by practical wiring needs. This amplifier proper so that all power -
approach is common among manufac- This distortion supply -borne interactions are pre-
turers who subscribe to the low loop - vented from appearing at the amplifier
gain, low -feedback concept (now mori- mechanism, input at any significant level. These
interactions can easily he reduced by
bund) where the PSBR is poor at low
frequencies and substantial improve-
responsible for 30, 40 or even 100dB simply and
ment is experienced in bass perform- generating a spray of inexpensively by competent design and
reduced to well below the spot noise
ance where supply capacitance easily
dominates supply impedance. high -order floor of the amplifier. Given the con-
Active regulation of the power sup- troversy surrounding a trained ear's
plies with low -impedance regulators is harmonics in ability to perceive distortion below the
noise floor, this is considered a worth-
an alternative, expensive method of
reducing power -supply impedance,
response to a pure - while goal. This design approach in no
which can achieve far lower supply tone sine -wave way compromises dynamic headroom
impedances at low frequencies, but is
rarely as effective as a quality capacitor
bank at high frequencies due to stabil-
input, ...
is likely to
and desensitises the module to supply
wiring, tuses or capacitance.
Elimination of this audibly nasty
ity requirements, particularly in high -
contribute to the distortion permits performance of a
power applications. Substantial supply -
voltage losses occur, which are wasteful
perceived harshness standard commensurate with the best
class A monoblocks in a class AB
of amplifier dynamic headroom and of many class A common -supply stereo power
produce an amplifier which is less amplifier, while retaining the full dyna-
capable of responding to the power designs mic headroom of the design.
demands of modern musical prog-
ramme.
Once the mechanisms are properly
Toroidal va KESTREL va
Transformers
As manufacturers we are able to offer a range
iII;lliir tl ELECTRONIC
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`1 I 1
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COMPONENTS LTD.
Toroidal Price List * All items guaranteed to manufacturers'
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Quantity prices Exclude VAT & carriage
Quantity Price Excluding VAT & Carriage
* Many other items available.
VA Mail Order 2+ 10, 25. 10. 100. 'Exclusive of V.A.T. and post and package'
15 12.16 8.51 6.89 5.17 5.02 4.87
30 13.37 9.36 7.35 5.68 5.51 5.35
50 14.86 10.40 8.17 6.32 6.13 5.94
60 15.02 10.51 8.26 6.38 6.20 6.01 1+ 100+ 1+ 100+
80 14.98 10.50 8.25 6.38 6.19 6.00 Z8530 1.00 0.50 2732A 2.00 1.50
17.58 12.29 9.88 7.48 7.24 7.02 1.35
100 Z80A CPU 0.80 0.65 2764A.25 2.00
120 17.95 12.57 9.87 7.63 7.41 7.18
21.65 15.16 11.81 9.20 8.93 8.66 Z80B CPU 0.90 0.70 27C 128.25 2.40 1.95
150
160 19.86 13.90 10.92 8.44 8.19 7.94 Z80A CTC 0.50 0.35 27128A.25 2.10 1.60
225 25.09 17.56 13.80 10.66 10.35 10.00 0.75 0.55 27256.25 2.20 1.70
Z8OB CTC
300 28.60 20.02 15.73 12.16 11.80 11.44
Z80A P10 0.60 0.50 27C256.25 2.10 1.60
400 38.49 26.94 21.17 16.36 15.88 15.40
500 42.07 29.45 23.14 17.88 17.35 16.83 Z8OB (CMOS) CTC 1.00 0.80 27C512.25 3.00 2.60
625 44.24 34.47 27.08 20.93 19.31 18.70 74LS02 0.13 0.06 6116LP.150 1.00 0.70
750 48.66 38,86 28.98 22.38 21.72 21.06 6264LP.150 2.00 1.55
74LS32 0.13 0.07
1000 65.67 45.97 36.12 27.91 27.09 26.27
68.71 48.10 37.78 29.2o 28.34 27.48 74LS83 0.16 0.10 62256LP.120 3.60 3.10
1200
1500 87.58 61.36 48.17 37.22 36.13 35.03 74LS123 0.18 0.12 6821P 0.70 0.50
2000 114.45 80,11 62.95 48.64 47.21 45.78 74LS125 0.14 0.10 6850P 0.68 0.48
2500 135.87 95.11 74.73 57.71 58.04 54.35 1.10 0.80
74LS138 0.14 0.09 8251A
1hese prices era for single primary with two equal secondaries with 8 -colour coded fly leads. 74LS148 0.30 0.20 8255A 1.20 0.95
Each transformer Is supplied with a mounting kit, consisting of one steel washer, two neoprene 74LS154 0.28 0.15 82C55A 1.30 0.95
pads, and a nut and bolt. 74LS174 0.16 0.10 6502P 2.20 1.56
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Available from stock in the following voltages: 6-0-6, 9-0-9, 12-0-12, 15-0.15, 74HC32 0.12 0.09 6551A 2.80 1.75
18-0-18, 22-0-22, 25-0-25, 30-0-30, 35-0-35, 40-0-40, 45-0-45, 50-0-50, 110, 220, 240. 0.16 0.10
,,.---
74HC86 0.16 0.12 LM324
Primary 240 volt. 74HC132 0.20 0.14 74HCT125 0.18 0.13
Dis-Assemblers £99
Loads 27512 in under 8031/51 In -Circuit
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S MARTCOMMUNICATIONS
2 Field End, Arkley, Barnet, Herts EN5 3EZ. Telephone 081-441 3890
CIRCLE NO. 138 ON REPLY CARD
iOMM:
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081-6811
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118 I -667 E)463 I' : \ X Science Park, Coventry, CV4 7EZ.
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December r
99
CIRCLE NO. 139 On REPLY CARD
1089
PIONEERS
PIONEERS
Walter Schottky
1886-1976
Barriers, defects,
emission, diodes and
noise.
In the parlance of electronics heart of much of modern physics.
engineers "Schottky" has passed Tony Atherton Schottky could hardly have wished for
from being a man's name into a better start to a career as a physicist.
being a technical term in very Walter Schottky (1960), courtesy After receiving his Ph.I).. Schottky
of
wide use. That is not a unique Siemens AG. went to Jena, some 45 miles south-west
honour but it is perhaps an accolade of Leipzig. where he worked under
which stands ahme medals, awards and
citations from learned societies, presti-
gious as such things are. Walter Schott-
ky's name is associated with thermionic
emission. noise, detects in semiconduc-
tors and the Schottky diode. It is
perhaps hest known now in the context
of Schottky TTI. (Transistor -Transistor
Logic), so named because of the mod- 6
ification of standard Y1l by the addi- =p
tion of a metal -semiconductor or
Schottky diode.
Schottky's career spanned the ages
of both thermionic valve electronics
and solid-state electronics, and he
I
made major contributions to both. I-Ic
worked in both industrial and uni-
versity research laboratories, and was 1[-
known as a modest and selfless charac- 1
ter who avoided the centre stage.
He was horn on July 23. 1886 in
Zurich. Switzerland. but he spent his
life in Germany. He died on March 4.
1976 in his 911111 year, at Pretzteld (near
Erlangen), the town to which he had
retired in 1958. His death came just
two years after his old employer. Sie-
mens. had begun commercial manufac-
ture of Schottkv diodes for microwave
use.
Schottky's father, Friedrich. was a
university mathematician. As a result
of his career mope from Marburg to
Berlin. Schottky attended schools in
both places and entered the Humboldt N.,
University in Berlin in 1904. where he
studied physics. In 1912. he was
awarded a doctorate in Berlin for his r
thesis on the Special fheor\ of Relativ-
ity which Einstein had announced only
seven years earlier. Schottky's tutor
was flax Planck. the originator of the 1
Max Wien. It was here that he turned career, becoming Professor of Theore- The ribbon microphone dates from
away from relativity theory and turned tical Physics at Rostock. He was then in 1924 and was invented jointly with
-
to what was to become his life's work
the interaction of electrons and ions
in vacuum and solid bodies. To put it
Iris late thirties. Finally in 1927, at the
age of 411 or 41, he moved for the last
time, hack into industrial research,
Erwin Gerlach. They used an
extremely thin concertina rihhon of
aluminium placed between the poles of
another way: electron physics. rejoining Siemens AG. There he a permanent magnet. Reversing the
For the next 15 years his career stayed until his retirement. physical effects led them to invent a
pattern was to he one of movement ribbon loudspeaker as well, also using a
between university and industrial Three -halves law thin rihhon of aluminium. The inven-
research. Finally he settled for indust- Schottky's achievements can he loosely tion of the superhet is usually credited
rial research with Siemens AG. divided into two phases: the first being to the American Edwin Armstrong,
The pattern began with a couple of research into vacuum electronics and but Schottky independently discovered
years with Max Wien at Jena, after the second, starting in 1929, covering the same principle of the superheter-
which he joined the Siemens industrial semiconductor electronics. Of course, odyne with IF amplification in 1915.
research laboratories in Berlin, staving there were side issues to these two Coming second, it would seem, does
there until 1919. In 19211 he returned to generalisations, some of which would not provide lasting fame, except
university life, this time under Wilhelm alone have guaranteed him a place in perhaps in one's home country.
Wien at Würzhurg. It was there that he the history hooks. The invention of the At Jena, where Schottky began his
qualified as a university lecturer. W. rihhon microphone was one, the super - work on electron physics, he per-
Wien is chiefly remembered for his het another. formed both theoretical and
work on black -body radiation, for experimental studies of the space -
which he received the Nobel Prize in Schottky's original curve showing the charge effects of electrons emitted
Physics in 1911. After three years with 1912 law for the thermionic diode (1913), from cathodes in vacuum tubes. In
Wien, Schottky advanced his academic courtesy of Siemens AG. 1913/14, at about the same time as
Irving Langmuir in America, he inde-
pendently discovered the basic law
t..r
/ts -Sto
Ml relating the current in a valve to the
i
r, 2(14- ?o 746 Nt applied voltage; the V312 law. Flere, at
least, he gained more lasting fame than
. .c., .
Noise
At Siemens, Schottky further
developed his interests in electronic
r valves. Though he was there only from
1915 to 1919, he seemed to reel oft a
series of discoveries or inventions. His
invention of the screen -grid valve or
tetrode (which apparently he originally
called the protection grid tube) was a
major invention in electronics vet, in
the light of hindsight, it was possibly
overshadowed by his prediction of
thermal and shot noise, two of the
fundamental classes of noise in electro-
nic devices.
During the early years of electronic
Ta ,fc_..! circuitry. especially around the period
of WWI, engineers and physicists were
trying to solve problems involved in
making better vacuum valves. Whilst
many of the problems were related to
design and manufacturing techniques,
suca as inadequate vacuum pumping,
/ mechanical resonance, poor welds and
the like, the fundamental problem of
noise was gaining recognition. Some
scientists were trying to discover what
" ! y L 7 i / (O ti the ultimate performance of valve
amplifiers might he, once all manufac-
turing problems were solved and only Schottky became known as the Schottky effect.
fundamental problems of physics
remained. J.13. Johnson and Harry
Nyquist, Swedes working at Bell
diode
\ B E
In practical thermionic diodes it meant
that, even when the current saturated.
there would still be some increase in
Laboratories in America, were to pro-
vide sonic of the answers in the 1920s,
but the classic paper on noise in valve
p
n+
i current if the anode voltage was further
increased. However, unless very high
anode voltages were used the Schottky
amplifiers was published by Walter effect could be neglected.
Schottky in 1918 in Germany. Cross section of an integrated Schottky If we regard the filament in a ther-
More than 50 years later, Johnson diode connected in parallel with the mionic valve as part of a metal -vacuum
was to remark on the tact that a paper collector -base junction of an integrated "junction" then the Schottky effect
of such quality and technical import- n -p -n transistor. B is the diode, anode theory can be extended to a metal -
ance should come out of a Germany and the transistor base contact. semiconductor junction. The "barrier
facing military defeat and economic lowering" (as it is then called) that
collapse[. In fact, though the paper was gathered material which eventually takes place is less than in the equivalent
published in 1918, Schottky had been appeared in 1929 in a book on thermo- metal -vacuum "junction" but the effect
working on the problem of noise since dynamics. It was written in collabora- is profound. Schottky used this as the
1915. tion with H. Ulich and C. Wagner and basis of his explanation of the metal -
Schottky had reached the conclusion presented the thermodynamic theory semiconductor rectifier, work that was
that there would be two sources of of solids with very low impurity content published in 1938. Other work by H.A.
noise of a fundamental nature in an or with small deviations from 13ethe, Neville Mott, 13. Davidov and
amplifier. The first would occur in the stoichiometry. It led him naturally to others further clarified the conduction
input circuit and would result from the the study of semiconductors. processes within metal -semiconductor
random motion of charge caused by the His other achievement of the period rectifiers, hut even so the term
thermal motion of the molecules in the was in finding a wife. Ile married Schottky diode seems to he used
conductors. This we know as thermal Elizabeth Lintz in 1923. They had three synonymously' with metal -
noise, Schottky called it the lViirmeff- children. semiconductor diode.
ekt. Because this noise originated in the Two further examples of Schottky's
input circuit it would be amplified and Schottky diode vision are worth recounting: one to do
appear at the output. He deduced that The Schottky diode is made from a with electronics, one not.
it would be proportional to the Bolt- junction between a metal and a semi- Schottky's obituaries recount that, in
zmann constant (k) multiplied by the conductor instead of a junction 1929, whilst studying semiconductors,
absolute temperature. In the mid - between two pieces of semiconductor. he perceived or anticipated what we
1920s, Johnson experimentally iden- Metal -semiconductor junctions are also now call "holes"3. Ile wrote: "To a
tified thermal noise and Nyquist analy- used for non -rectifying (ohmic) con- certain extent the places available for
sed the discovery mathematically, pro- tacts to semiconductor devices. conduction electrons are occupied by
ducing a formula of 4kT watts per unit Ferdinand Braun is usually credited static electron space charges and thus
of bandwidth, confirming Schottky's with the first systematic study of metal - the passage of conduction electrons is
deduction. semiconductor rectifiers, work which blocked." These static space charges he
Schottky called his second fun- was published in 1874. Point -contact called "defect electrons". It was
damental source of noise, suggested in metal -semiconductor rectifiers were another two years before Werner
his 1918 paper, the Schrotef ekt. This, used from the early years of this cen- Heisenberg clarified the phenomenon
he suggested, would be internal to the tury, but it was not until 1931 that the of holes using quantum mechanics.
valve and would be caused by the theory of current flow in semiconduc- Again Schottky's work paralleled that
randomness of the emission from the tors was placed on a modern basis by of someone else. Rudolph Peierls. at
cathode and the randomness of the
velocity of the emitted electrons. \Ve
know it as shot noise and it was first
A.H. Wilson. Seven years later,
Schottky published his diffusion theory
of current transport in metal -
ceived the same idea -
Bell Telephone Laboratories, con-
also in 1929.
The final example of Schottky's
experimentally identified and mea- semiconductor junctions. It was from vision relates to man's use of natural
sured in Schottky's laboratory2. Later this theory that modern understanding resources. In the preface to his 1929
studies showed it was linked to [actors grew, hence a metal -semiconductor hook on thermodynamics he com-
such as the material and design of the diode is usually known as a Schottky mented: "The time when man could
cathode. Better understanding of these diode. Their importance lies in the dispose freely over the resources of
sources of noise led to better valves speed with which they can he switched energy and materials given to us by
and, in the semiconductor age, to off from the saturated state. Being Nature will one day appear to belong to
better solid-state devices. majority carrier devices they do not an era past, probably in the lifetime of
This work on noise and thermionic suffer from the minority carrier storage our children." The world is now witnes-
emission in valves represents one of the problems which slow down p -n ¡unc- sing the truth of that prophecy.
great periods of Schottky's work. It was tion switching.
near simultaneous with his more In thermionic valves, the current References
engineering contributions of valve and emitted from the metal cathode into 1. J.13. Johnson. "Electronic noise, the lirst
circuit developments, notably the the vacuum depends, in part, on the two decades." IEEE Spectrum, Feb. 1971.
superhet. The next great period of his 2. M.D. Fagen (Ed). "A Ilistory of
metal's work function. Schottky disco-
work was to he with semiconductors, engineering and science in the Bell Sys-
vered that this work function was
tem," Vol. I, Bell Labs. 1975.
but before that he turned his attention lowered from its "normal" value by the 3. H. Welker, Solid-State Electro tics. Vol.
to thermodynamics. presence of image forces and by the 19. 817-818. 1976. and Physics Today, Vol.
Throughout the 1920s Schottky electric field at the cathode. This effect 29.63-64. June 1976.
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CIRCLE NO. 141 ON REPLY CARD CIRCLE NO. 142 ON REPL CARD
CFA: working
assumption?
adio antenna design has tra- magnetic field II, in A. turns /m. The
ditionally been based on it possible to
Is fields employed are intense, but the
techniques stemming from
Hertz's original use of
synthesise the crossed field antenna is small, typically
3% of a wavelength. The initial wave -
resonant halt -wavelength Poynting Vector fronts generated are therefore corres-
rods. Rut Poynting vector synthesis. pondingly small, but like all uncon-
and the crossed field antenna are directly? CFA strained waves they naturally expand.
demonstrating good early results for an
alternative approach.
designers M C Waves created by the CFA are thus
just as useful for radio communication
In the crossed field antenna an
intense electric field is stimulated using
Hately, F M Kabbary as the waves generated by classical
antennas.
one half transmit power. and an intense and B G Stewart Previously the circular magnetic field
magnetic field is separately stimulated has been stimulated by a capacitor.
using the other half of the power. The claim innovation in This was done to ensure the field lines
two fields are carefully synchronised in
time and crossed in geometry so that
compact aerial of the E field were not "shorted out" by
zero -resistance current -carrying con-
together they synthesise a powerful systems. ductors lying in the electric field zone.
electromagnetic wave according to the The approach was based on stimulating
theory of the Povnting vector: a magnetic field by a capacitor follow-
ing the Maxwell law.
S=Ex11
This is a vector equation stating that S, c11)/dt = Oxll
the radiated power density in W/m`' is Fig. I. Experimental medium -wave
the vector cross product (symbol x ) of meaning that a vector curl II results
ground plane CFA radiating 25kW on
the electric field E, in V/m, with the 350m under lest in Egypt. from there being a change of displace-
ment charge with time. In other words,
an RF electric field causes an RF
magnetic field with all the geometric
properties of the curl.
To cover fully the principles of the
CFA in the patent application, the
concept of origination of the magnetic
covered -
field by a stimulating coil has been
and does work to a certain
extent. 13ut for first production and
experimental versions. development
effort has been concentrated on forms
of CFA using a D -plate capacitor to
originate the magnetic field.
Experiments commenced with HE
antennas small enough to be carried
through a doorway, using fields of
sufficient intensity to radiate the full
power allowed by the UK amateur
licence (4(1(1W PEP). A few initial
calculations showed that -10(1W waves
from a small device did not need
unreasonably high voltage values, and
xf! later measurements confirmed that
plate voltages are of the order of 300V.
The Maxwell form of CFA is also
` N_ 10
Fig. 4 CFA ground plane Jbrm for HF
\ 25
Dim's in cm
L4Ik
ry structed as isolating coils.
The input impedance of prime
interest to the antenna user is not that
at the electrodes, hut that at the single
feeder entering the phasing unit. Pro-
iriwynt.r
vided the phasing unit is well designed
it can produce voltage magnitudes and
phases able to synthesise the Poynting
vector around the CFA somewhere in
the interaction zone. The common
feeder impedance then is close to 500.
When the wavelength becomes very
long compared with the physical size of
the CFA it is more difficult to adjust
the "in -phase" situation for the incom-
ing fields at the interaction zone. In
fact if the antenna is set up to radiate
say 10MHz and then the transmitter
frequency changed, the error in phase
's angle caused by change in the phasing
Fig. 6. Barrel shaped CFA showing an -t0 unit internal impedances becomes evi-
unusually wide bandwidth. 21MHz. [xi dent first in depreciation of the field
synchronism at the interaction zone.
/ PHOTOGRAPH For a given CFA, the interaction zone
CHART
.
size is fixed. Proportion of the hand
which is in phase relates to the size of
the interaction zone as a proportion of
a wavelength. Thus the longer the
wavelength, the more critical must he
the phase accuracy to produce interac-
tion at the zone.
Working bandwidth
Fortunately Maxwell types of CFA are
not nearly as narrow band as might he
expected. Field stimulators are capaci-
tors and therefore when they go off
tune, they both tend to change in the
same 'direction so the resulting error
between them is minimised. Had a coil
been used for stimulus of the magnetic
field, the phase errors would have been
opposite and their difference, presum-
ably, more severely affected by fre-
quency change.
A typical Smith chart of the mea-
sured single feeder input impedance
normalised to 500 on a network ana-
lyser shows a hand of frequency around
21 MHz and an unusually wide band-
width (Fig. 6). The antenna used was
barrel shaped with dimensions given in
Fig. 3. For operation anywhere within
-1.0 the amateur telephony band of 21.15 to
A6í)1
21.45 it is unnecessary to alter the
Fig. 7. Barrel shaped CFA. 3.6MHz.
phasing control of the antenna. At a
-¡ ; /
,.
of the ground plane atenna again at the
3.6MHz band where bandwidth is
defined to be the frequency hand with
\ I , \\
" . ,--
,
/321..\ \ -
.
As an experiment the phase accuracy ,, \ - ,v
of the feed stimuli were deliberately
\Yr
1
\ \
';i
\
' r \-------.----1-,:,
.
for the full range of frequencies of HF `ó
(Fig. 9.) clearly confirms that the phase
accuracy requirement becomes more
3.1
.l
10
\:
1.5 12 13 4 5
severe as frequency goes down, at o
longer wavelengths. Figure. 10 shows
,/', f
the effect of deliberate phase error on
the single -feeder SWR measurements
3.7
';'%( /' _ i
i
' I?
demonstrating that the CFA is a com-
paratively easy device to adjust.
3.3
i .f
/`- -....h
v
CFA vs conventional r jI
Two questions inevitably arise: if the ,?)
CFA fields are so modest, why are the
fields around a classical antenna so
fierce and extensive? And if the CFA is
so small, why do classical antennas
,
'6
have to be so large?
-.8
The answer to the first lies in the -1.0
cycle by cycle inefficiency of classical
wire antennas revealed in the typical Q
of the average half -wave dipole of
around 10. Almost all the energy Fig. 8. Ground plane CFA. 3.6MHz.
stimulated by the classical antenna is
stored in the induction fields (alter- There is a very small induction field located a significant distance away -a
nately electric then magnetic) and around the device; the interaction zone fortuitous accident ensuring success.
returned to the system four times each field(s). This can be verified by experi- It may be explained using Fig. 11.
cycle. Only a fraction of the induction
field is radiated.
In the CFA most of the energy gets
of SWR -
ment or by consideration of the values The magnetic field flux spreads from
almost I for correctly the wire in a radial manner. Rut the
phased input energies. The phasing electric field lines spread from the
away as radiated field each cycle. unit can typically arrange correct phase conductor parts well away from the
for the feeds over a 10 to frequency centre of the wire antenna along cir-
I
Phase advance is +time; phase delay is -time. All effects move with velocity of
light c.
The crossed fields successfully launch a Poynting vector from a compara-
E, l travels tively narrow annular interaction zone (IZ), distance r from the dipole, where the
\
`
rscircumferentiatly phase error is zero. It is desired to calculate r.
E has come from charges ±q stationary at the instant shown, distance r
Charges along the conductors, having entered the dipole time +r/c before, from the
iq here r; balanced feeder on the left. The E field travels circumferentially around the
7S--ÉxH paths rr/2 r long and arrives at the IZ delayed by additional time -err/2c.
Initiate magnetic.
field /sin time H has come from moving charges ±q which entered from the feeder half a
Interaction
zone
\
location
ynchronism cycle earlier; at time +-J2c. This magnetic effect has expanded radially,
distance r, to reach the IZ as shown also delayed by -r/c.
E r, Totalling all the effects to zero time error, r can be calculated:
y
[umferentialty
l-I:1
-E field travels
0 = +
r _r,r+ . - r _rrr
-q upwards C 2c 2c c 2 2
irr
Fig. 11. Radiation by a half-wave dipole. 0=-+
2c 2c r = `
7T
shows an experimental ground plane phasing unit setting affects the received
quarter cycle the induction -magnetic or CFA adjusted to radiate 25kW. The signals. the setting for maximum
induction -electric fields collapse back original antenna used for this service received signal is the same as that for
to the antenna giving it self inductance was a tuned monopole about 75m high. low SWR at the input to the phasing
and self capacity.
Transmission is satisfactorily received unit and maximum transmitted power.
13y contrast the properly adjusted
in day -light at a range of 9(1km, and has Any station using the CFA for transmit
CFA has good cycle -by -cycle effi- a wider band width than the mast and can always hear the target stations. The
ciency, a low O, wide bandwidth, and its tuning unit.
fair efficiency with comparatively low CFA is therefore a practical two way
The CFA total height is 2m and the radio communication antenna.
plate voltages. Performance limitations
ground plane is only -fin in diameter.
of the CFA are set by impedance and Ground conditions at the site are nor-
phase variations with frequency. Future applications
mal moist earth, as the locaton is in the
Given a sufficiently adaptable phas- Nile delta area. The CFA will he of immediate interest
ing unit, a single CFA can he adjusted for radiating from city centre sites on
In a letter, Mahmoud Khattah, Head
to radiate any frequency. within a HF, for example diplomatic and
of Projects at the Egyptian Radio and
decade (or more), and is, in this sense, amateur stations. MF broadcasting
Television Union has reported some
an aperiodic antenna.
initial results: applications are also expected to
"The half-balanced CFA using a develop rapidly since it is small enough
Equivalent CFA circuit ground plane could he designed and to he sited on a building in the centre of
Two points should be noted: adjusted successfully to get an input a city, and so will he more appropriate
1. If either of the fields ceases, the pure resistive impedance of 3-112. 5012 to provision of a satisfactory service.
radiation stops.
2. If the phase of the feed to one of the
electrodes is reversed, the action
(or more) antenna input impedance
can he easily reached by the same
arrangements..
they are required -
Highest signal strengths will he where
in the city centre
where RF noise levels are highest.
ceases, because the electrodes develop "In our case the transmitter output Radiating to a city from outlying
high impedance and refuse to accept impedance was 250i2, matched to the suburban sites, necessary for siting
power. The CFA does not pile up ground plane CFA radiating 25kW at huge antennas for efficiency and pro-
energy inside itself as has been sug- MF, with no power reflection. tection of nearby listeners from strong
gested. "More field measurements and sig- induction fields will he unnecessary.
A proper equivalent circuit for the nal monitoring with modulation are On long wave, LF antennas can he
CFA has not yet been evolved hut will under evaluation at different loca- made more efficient, wider in band-
he the electrical equivalent of a chem- tions." width and less fussy in tuning, than
ical reaction or a thermodynamic present antennas.
change of state. Departure of power to "Transmission is Experiments are proceding with
space from the two interacting fields users of modest powers at LF for
represents a unique form of load. The satisfactorily received in navigation aids.
prime fields interact to produce radio daylight at a range of ELF users may he interested when
waves which fly away to the infinite the system is fully proved, since their
energy sink of space. \n appropriate 90km, and has a wider antennas are very large, expensive and
equivalent circuit must behave in a bandwidth than the 75m inefficient.
manner exactly similar to these unusual It is also apparent that since waves
characteristics. mast and tuning unit" emanating from the CFA are so small,
they can he deflected by a small reflec- the fact that it works, indicates its basis radiating the same frequency set on the
tor. Experiments have been performed is credible. Furthermore. the theory south side of a flat reflecting screen of
using a CFA 20cm in size radiating on may he said to have passed the most similar size would direct most of its
the 15m amateur hand, located at the severe test of a new hypothesis in that it energy southwards simultaneously pro-
focus of a I .5m parabolic dish. The can be used to design new devices. viding a different language service for
result was not only front to back ratio I oynting vector synthesis has univer- the south region.
but also directivity. sal application as a design method for On short wave a moving reflector -
Before the CFA, sources of radiation compact. efficient, electrically-small CFA system could be used to radiate to
were always so large that this experi- antennas. with demonstrated successful different target areas at different times
ment could not be attempted. The application at MF and I IF, and experi- of the day. As the CFA can he phased
traditional belief that a surface must he ments at VHF and LF. The technique to radiate any frequency, within a
a large fraction of a wavelength before could provide the solution to the diffi- decade, even changes required night -
it can he used to reflect radiation will cult problem of efficient ELF radia- to -day can he accommodated, all on
require modification: "a reflector must tion. the same antenna on a small site, or on
he a large fraction of a wave -front In addition the property of small - a city roof top.
before it can reflect energy". reflector directivity introduces some
interesting possibilities. For instance a
Frequency re -use medium wave broadcaster could
Crossed field antennas look to have achieve frequency re -use. For example
major advantages over conventional in the north -midland of a country, a
antennas in terms of size, efficiency, ground plane CFA (probably only 4m
and lower working voltages. The CFA in size) radiating 3(1(Im set on the north
is not a resonant antenna as its struc- side of a flat reflecting ,screen some
ture is substantially smaller than the 20m high and 20m wide. would direct
radiated wavelength, and it is low O most of the radiation northwards and
and broad handed. provide a service for the audience Reference
Fundamental differences to conven- speaking the language spoken by the I. Maxwell's equations and the crossed field
tional wire antennas mean it is not people in the north. antenna. F M Kabbary, M C Hately. and B
surprising that the CFA has attracted In the south -midland (say about G Stewart, Electronics World & Wireless
hostility from some experts. However I(10km distant) a ground plane CFA World, March 1989 pp. 216 to 218.
Bovinger House,
exactly what you should have to hand with the system hung, drive light on programmer hardware and displayed
in the package. and a re -hoot needed to start. the opening menu. Software menus
The specialised PC card does require This gave me cause to think. I were adequate, if a little garish. There
you to find a free slot inside the PC and decided that the best approach would is no colour and the program has an
to ensure that the selected address used be to go into my PC setup menu and annoying habit of leaving the "typema-
for the programmer does not conflict tell it to pretend that it did not have a tic" (software key clicking) on after you
with any existing PC accessories. Two drive B, which might allow it to do leave it. All the important features of
separate parts make up the package, what all self-respecting single -drive the software are here, though. I help is
the programmer module itself ami an PCs do about drive B, which is to available on each menu choice by
"Adapter package", both of which are prompt for a disk change in drive A. pressing Fl, and all device types with
needed to install and use the program- This did not work, since the PC bios which the unit is compatible are avail-
mer, although the intention would could see the drive B anyway and I was able from within the one menu shell,
appear to he that future, additional not prepared to go one stage further both eproms and PLDs.
programmer '`pods" could be supplied and start disconnecting drive cables.
for use with a common PC card. I decided to cheat. would take the
I Operation
Following the installation procedure, second disk, copy it to a 3.5in disk and Devices are selected by first choosing
I inserted the card into the PC and be able to use both drives as requested. manufacturer ami then choosing the
connected the cable, which was a little This worked but took ages, since disk 2 type number from the presented menu;
disappointing in that, at full stretch, it contained numerous device files; I was there is a useful type -number search
only just reached around to the front of consoled by the thought that there facility too. I prepared two data files
my full-size PC; I like to use this PC cannot be more than 128 files in a root for programming: one a PLD JEDEC
mounted vertically under the desk and directory. One last try: disk I in Drive file intended for a 16V8 logic device
would have preferred a cable of about A, type "XP6005" and return. and another 32Kbyte eprom binary file.
1.5m to allow this. I connected the Yes! It worked, but a note to soft- Selecting a National Semiconductor
programmer pod. switched on the PC ware authors about installing software: PLD I6V8 from the list gave me an
and was reassured
a successful by bear the average, simple-minded user error message that this file was not
boot -up. Fairly often,
one is con- in mind when designing your software. available, hut was prompted to insert
I
fronted by a message such as "I lard I spent about 30 minutes on this prob- the relevant disk into the drive "D:/
Disk Failure", or "Cannot load corn- lem and use very advanced PC techni-
I PROJECTS/PROG" which, of course,
mand.com, system halted", but there ques every day. At the very least. such was rather difficult. Manually copying
were no problems here and I pro- problems cause more telephone calls to the disk files from the remaining two
ceeded to install the software. the supplier than necessary, they cause disks into my hard disk directory cured
annoyance and tag "low-cost" equip- the problem.
Installation impasse ment with a poor image. If you must With the 16V8 PLD selected, I was
This was where the first snag appeared: supply an automatic installation prog- able to load my JEDEC file into
the manual stated that "a PC with 5.25" ram. at least explain how to take short memory and program the device. I was
disk drive and hard disk is required". cuts. For example, found later that if
1
very pleased to see that test vectors can
No problem here. however, the soft- copied the entire contents of both disks he applied to the device. This feature is
ware installation program said "Insert onto the hard disk the program would not popular with low-cost equipment
disk #1 into drive A and disk #2 into run with no problems immediately. and yet it is an important aid to the
drive B". I do have a drive B, but it is a Running the software identified the production of correctly functional
3.5in drive, common on many ATs. As devices. Test vector checking PLDs is
a result the software happily saw that in addition to the read -back verification
my drive B existed and promptly fell LabTOOL eprom dump display (left). that is done immediately after prog-
over when expecting to be able to read Devices are selected by manufacturer and ramming the device, and operates by
the second 5.25in floppy in it. The type number, picture on right being the applying Is and Os to the input pins
falling over was not too helpful either, list of makers. while monitoring the device outputs to
FILENAME:
PART TYPE: EPROM
NS PART a: 27C256i11,DR4 FAMILY,PIM CODE: 078 / 013 FILENAME: PART TYPE: EPROM
MnnUFACTURER:
1,0 FURTT: D1uaí31J ltt!r RAM: 038b152 ¢%es 8AMUFACTURER: NS PART 8: 27(256'11'11M'C FAMILY/PIN CODE: 872 013 i
1'0 10RMAT: BInaa1J Uyer RAM_ 838$152 byte:
-
00 01 02 03 01 05 06 07 08 09 OA 011 8C OD OE 02 ASCII
MANUFACTURER LIST Page 1 of 1
00250 BD BA 50 72 62 67 72 61 6D 20 72 75 6E 20 61 61 ftProqru roo ad 83) ATMEL 84) HYUNDAI 25) 0E1 36)
88268 61 72 65 73 73 20 21 62 3A 20 61 72 65 20 79 6F dress $o: are yo 01) CATALYST 15) ICT 26) RICOH 37)
08270 75 ZO 73 75 72 65 31 20 79 21 51 6E 51 38 20 24 u sore? yi1n1: $ O5) CYPRESS 16) INTEL 271 SAMSUNG 38)
00280 Al 82 08 A3 21 80 81 FB 11 26 00 BA 01 3C FI 75 ill 4$ 1'11 é< u 861 EA E7) LATTICE' 28) SEEQ 39)
88290 13 83 C6 06 81 FE 56 00 75'F1 8D 36 DB 02 EB 0E MaMiaU u116PIR 07) EURO LB) MICROCHIP 29) SGS-THOMSON 10)
08200 OC E9 99 FD 81 1E 00 00 89 SC 01 89 7C 02 IO CC P e"eIB 08) EXEL 19) MITSU 30) SIGMETICS 41)
ewes 1E 8E DD 8A 2S 88 85 IF BB FF 88 01 88 61 01 18 At'r.tN' 88401 89) FUJITSU 20) MM1 31) TI 12)
101 GI 21) MOSTE0 32) TOSHIBA 13)
Device address: 210 Correct device: 1 Current set: 1
Select Manufacturer: m
-11-t1: Oboe Cereor PBIFD: Up 1 PPDe: Doo. 1 Page
Pape 22: Deters to Male
1.1: Pete end Hem: Pap basis CtrIbd: Defter eel CtriNoee: Duffer bugle Type tw-dl9lt The peso
autor cogrelpsedias to selectioc. Thes PTO 11>),
TI: Goto. FS: Search atria, fib: Teeple ASCII,111 f!: Seeped 21: Help PgD,: Next Page PgI,: Previous Page ESC: Previous Menu Ft: Help
F9: Suspend to DOS 25: Menu/Pert a Search F2: Return to Main
generated by the designer as a list of cost tools. This software allowed me to using a National Semiconductor
expected outputs against the required select whether to verify fuse map only, 27C256 256K prom for the test. I
inputs. Many of the more expensive test vector check only. or to check could not find the exact type number
items of programming equipment can both. from the many presented, but chose
accept this test vector information and I found it annoying that I could not the nearest. I lesitant about this. I
`oc
"áiElo
would have liked to see the exact software to allow for the many non-
programming conditions for the device; eprom device pinouts available in the Supplier
for example, the programming one fixed -wired socket. This lookup
voltage and the algorithm about to he operation often competes with the The unit supplied is the XP6005 LabTOOL
used. The 32K binary tile took about 5s programming algorithm as the domi- universal programmer from DUX (UK) Ltd,
to load and translate into the program nant factor in program execution time. Bovinger House, 172 Winchester Rd, Four
memory buffer. Choosing the (P)rog- As an example, I set my PC to its full Marks, Alton, Hants, GU34 5HZ. Tele-
ram menu, the usual eprom options speed (25MHz) and the programming phone 0420 63724. Cost of supplied pack-
were displayed, for example data start time on the same device droped to 62s. age: £776 + vat.
and end address, data width and To investigate the handling of large
verification options. To read the device memory devices, I chose a very large
took 20s (at 8M1 Iz), with another 20s eprom device, the 27C4001. This use to most users, it does demonstrate
for a repeat read which verifies the requires a lot of memory, and I found the versatility of the unit. Of more
device. Programming took 140s, with a that the memory had available was
I relevance is the calibration software,
further lOs to verify. not sufficient, despite having both free which both tests and calibrates the unit,
It is here that it would be useful to EMS and extended memory available allowing the user to set up the prog-
see the programming algorithm being on the machine. The need to cater for rammable voltages on device pins.
used, since this time may not he the devices larger than the memory avail-
optimum for this device. I however, my able is presumably the reason for this Conclusions
experience of universal programmers is software's ability to read and write The DUX XP6005 is a nicely built unit
that they often have a speed penalty directly from device to disk. with a lot of de\ ice capability; ideal for
compared to dedicated eprom prog- As well as the necessary features for the lab., but also adequate for limited
rammers when handling eproms, since device programming, the software also production programming. The soft-
for each of the many locations to provides the ability to test traditional ware has all the necessary facilities but
program, the pin patterns for address logic devices and memory parts. While its use and feel is only average and this
and data need to be generated in this feature is not likely to he a great rather lets down the nice hardware.
Edit File
L tMln menu help(
Assemble file
[ Edit File
Edit rose tip
Assemble file
Program device p
Edit fuse Map 'vice at top of -ocket
Device at top of sachet
Select device Type 6AL16t10 Family: bit IS Program device tally: : Semi
E Select deJice Type becksu.: 73sC
base device Checks..: 737E
1 [rase device oto secure: or
/lad deck Acto severe: KF 1 Plank the:k am/?knout: D/KS
lead device Fam'Fl.omt: IDS U lead device Igna tu re: "
Verify device Slpat.re: '
S Verify device rose cycles: e
Set wearily Ease Erase cycles: IQ
Set security fuse
Device identification menu'
Device Identification gels
J JEDEC file menu
JEDEC file menu
c Configuration menu
Conf igaration menu
Documentation Utilities
Doculsutat ion Utilities
I DOS coe.aads
DOS commands
Quit
Quit Q
Select kelp required
ABEL or PALASM for generating "With simpler program operations. There are other
logic device files. useful support facilities. such as the
'Installation of the card is quite easy hardware, costs are ability to print an outline of the final
although. as with all internal PC card device. ideal for subsequent logic prob-
systems, a possible conflict of I/O
now such that, even
ing. The logic assembler itself took
addresses should he avoided. The unit with a dedicated PC, under Is to assemble a 16V8 source
comes set to the IBM prototype card file.
address of 300(hex), but can be easily
the total package price A facility that is missing is an ability
changed if required. That even these can be lower than that to perform test -vector checking. an
simple problems can occur was demon- omission in which this unit is by no
strated by my installed software refus-
of many previous means alone. I ant sure that a number
ing to see the card after installation. I stand-alone products." of users will wish to use the MPE unit
had not checked the DIL switch to with their own JEDEC tiles instead of
confirm the default address as specified the supplied logic assembler. particu-
in the manual and subsequent inspec- larly as they graduate to the more
tion showed that the switch was set for complex (and expensive) PAL software
380(hex), possibly due one switch bit tools. These often contain existing test -
having been knocked during my vectors and although the fuse -map
installation. file of one of my I6V8 PLD designs as verification after programming does
With this corrected, the software, used for the previous test. which was provide good confidence of a success-
"PLUS identified the card and dis- originally produced by the logic com- fully programmed device, there have
played its opening menu. Choosing the piler CUPL. Loading the file was easy been situations where problems with
Select Device Type option, I was pre- and showed attention to the house- the fuse -map generation by particular
sented with a menu of the newer. often keeping tasks that become important design tools have shown up at the point
erasable PLDs, such as the I 6V8 and when such a device is used regularly, where the (correct) test vectors did not
5C031. My initial reaction was that, by such as the facility to list directories provide the expected device outputs
comparison with the other programmer away from the current one. following successful programming and
products. this list seemed a poor selec- As the file loaded, its header was verification.
tion. Examination of the device types displayed in a window which allows you While the incidence of this is low
chosen, however, showed that all were to check that it is the correct file. but I enough to argue against the need for
of the newer EPLD types, with each found that, with my 386 at its default test vectors. I know from personal
device capable of being programmed to speed, the lifetime of the information experience that they really do concen-
operate as one of the many early was too short to be of use. With PC trate the mind wonderfully and almost
bipolar parts, where some 20 different speeds constantly increasing and disk always result in a successful PLD going
devices used to be required. For exam- caches and ram disks becoming com- into the PC13 simply due to this techni-
ple, the newer 16V8 PLD architecture mon, the range of users' speed capabil- que of applying a software logic -probe
is able to replace directly any of about ity is widening all of the time. to the design before any hardware has
20 of the old bipolar metal -fuse I'ALs With the file loaded and the device in been tested. If the decision is main-
such as the I6L8, 1688 and 1686 and is the socket, programming took about 6s tained to leave the test vector checking
also electrically eraseable. Where the at 81V Hz. falling to 2s at 25MHz. out of the programming process. then it
user does not need to retain capability Repeated programming of a batch of really should be by provided within the
for these older devices, it makes good parts was very easy. with only a single logic assembler as a simulation tool.
sense to standardise on one of these key press necessary for each program-
newer parts and eliminate the need to ming operation.
stock a mixture of devices. A very useful feature of this software
Conclusions
Powerlogic is a neat unit. It only
A reduced device count has also that I would like to see provided on
programs a limited number of the
allowed MPE to concentrate on sup- other systems is the ability to run the
newer PLDs, but the devices are well
porting all of these devices with their programmer software front a hatch file,
chosen, newer parts with a lot of
logic assembler. included in the pack- thereby "automating" the program-
age, which avoids the need to obtain
capability. All the software is good,
ming processes. For all the virtues of
robust and fast. The logic assembler
third -party PLD software tools to PLDs. with their flexibility and versatil-
provides a complete logic development
enable you to translate your source ity, this can too easily be undone at the
package and there is no need to purch-
logic equations into JEDEC files for last minute by a simple error in the
ase anything else. It is ideal for users
programming and is therefore ideal for hands of inexperienced or careless
new to PLDs, but it does lack the
users just getting started in programm- users during programming. Driving the
simulation capability of more tradi-
able logic. This assembler software is programming process from a batch file
tional PLD tools.
supplied separately to the traditional allows one simple filename to set all of
programming software and generates the important setup parameters. leav-
JEDEC files that are then imported ing the user merely to insert the device Supplier
into the software for device program- in the socket and press P.
ming. Since it is intended to be used with The unit supplied is the MPE PowerLogic
Programming software is easy to use, the supplied logic assembler, the prog- development system from Microprocessor
is menu driven and provides help at ramming software has options to trans- Engineering Ltd, 133 Hill Lane, South-
each step. It is fast and I understand fer to either your own named editor or ampton, SO1 5AF. Telephone 0703
that it is written in Forth. in which the MPE assembler itself. This transfer 631441. Cost of supplied package: £495 +
MPE have been specialists for some vat. Additional device pods (e.g. for Cyp-
worked very cleanly and made for a
ress 22V10 device) £145+vat.
time. I used the same existing JEDEC very tight loop of edit/assemble/
digital signals to the home, or to modulation and demodulation sub- suitable for reception on car radios.
moving vehicles, even under severe systems. Convolution coding is used in Reception quality of the Crystal
multipath conditions. OFDM com- conjunction with a Viterbi maximum - Palace tests showed that quality, in
prises a large number of carriers likelihood decoding algorithm to give a general, was uniformly high except
equally spaced in frequency, with each coding gain in excess of 20d13 at a hit close to the coverage limit, where the
carrier digitally modulated (for exam- error ratio of 10-3. onset of failure tended to be total.
ple, using QPSK). The spectrum of At IBC90. C.P. Bell and J.H. Stott However, during static assessments in
each modulated carrier is arranged to (BBC) reported trials of mascam/ fringe conditions, reflections from large
overlap the spectrum of its neighbour- cofdm in south London this year from moving vehicles had a significant effect.
ing carrier in such a way that the Crystal Palace with an on -channel In the coverage area, the system was
information content of each carrier is repeater (active deflector) at Kenley found capable of operating satisfac-
mutually orthogonal. OFDM is spec- using the French/German Geneva torily in multipath conditions which
trally very efficient and very tolerant of demonstration equipment. Active - caused in -band amplitude variations
the short-term echoes that can prove a deflector techniques with a relay using exceeding 20dB in the RF spectrum.
major barrier to digital broadcasting the same frequency channel as the The adoption of OFDM techniques
from terrestrial transmitters or from main station are possible because to provide digital -video TV signals to
space to car receivers. codfm makes constructive use of multi - the home from terrestrial 8MHz
As noted in EWW (March 1989, path reflections. "taboo" channels is being investigated
page 316) the cofdm system developed As currently implemented, the sys- by the IBA Engineering Division
by CCETT (OFDM with convolutional tem carries up to 16 stereo pro- (shortly to become National Transcom-
coding C), France, was successfully grammes, plus a data channel, in an munications) with 625 -line TV plus
demonstrated at Geneva during the overall bandwidth of 7M1Iz, but it is stereo sound and teletext signals con-
WARC-ORB88 conference in conjunc- also foreseen that further development tained in a 13.5Mbit/s digital multiplex.
tion with the German -developed mas - would permit at least 12 stereo pro- In this application, OFDM is not only
cam (Masking -pattern adapted sub - grammes in a 4Mliz hand, giving extremely bandwidth -efficient but
hand and multiplexing) audio bit -rate appreciably better spectrum utilisation allows its spectrum to be tailored to
reduction technique which enables a than current FM pilot -tone stereo ana- minimise interference both to and from
complete high -quality stereo sound logue transmissions. existing PAL transmissions in adjacent
programme to be carried as a 256kbit/s BBC tests have confirmed that mas- channels.
multiplexed digital system. cam/cofdm would he capable of satis- The project is clearly at a less ad-
Cofdm was designed to overcome fying the stringent requirements for vanced stage than the digital audio
the multipath changes in amplitude and high -quality reception of digital audio broadcasting project and the chances
phase of a signal received in a moving signals from either satellite or terrest- that it will ever be implemented in the
vehicle. It is claimed to he virtually free rial transmitters even in a mobile situa- manner envisaged by Arthur Mason at
of the multipath and inter -symbol tion. The BBC paper concludes: "Col- IBC90 must be considered as less than
interference that impairs digital recep- laborative studies to define the system a racing certainty, since there are rival
tion in the presence of short-term fully and to implement the receiver as a demands for use of the taboo UHF
echoes. consumer product are continuing channels. Receivers would have to
cope not only with the new and com-
Channel frequency -time response for mobile reception (left) and spectrum plex decoding of the digital signals, but
arrangement for interleaved, multi -carrier sound signals using OFDM techniques. also the handling of conventional PAL
analogue signals. There would seem,
Programme carriers
Locally nvv,ant
ceonnellsmdl Programme 2
1 N
however, to be little doubt that, tech-
,ch,are>_ nically, the compression of a TV broad-
Hlr,r) Programme P
~
I
e : 1
cast channel into a 13.5Mbit/s bit
P+4
k=O 1 2 3 4 P 2P 2P4-4
stream using such techniques as
motion -compensated hybrid discrete
AiAiAA1 Frequency
-
cosine transform (DCT) coding is feasi-
ble and could be delivered to homes -
I
,.,...
'
of it dating hack to the early 1970s
when some models of American colour I.'"..-__....'"-.211~
TV sets were shown to radiate X-rays
at levels above the then accepted safety
level. Although this was often ascribed ;.r ,..
to the cathode-rav tube, in fact the
prime cause was the so-called damper -
diode (efficiency diode) in the El IT
generating circuit. This problem was
never experienced in Europe, where
even the early valve colour sets were
found to radiate only negligible ionised
radiation, but the idea that Vl)Us emit
significant levels of ionised radiation
dies hard. More recently. it is being
suggested, with no convincing evi-
dence, that low -frequency, non -ionized
radiation could explain those studies
that have indicated (though not consis-
tently) that there may be an increased
rate of miscarriages and general health
problems among those whose work
involves many hours in front of a VDU
screen. Rather than EM radiation, it is now suggested that interline flicker might be the cause
There is, however, an alternative of health problems from VDUs when viewed al close range.
possibility that is receiving increasing
attention. This suggests that stress,
migraine headaches, nausea, etc. may this subject and expressed his belief ques providing displays with 11$)1íz
he the result, not of EM radiation, hut that viewing text as presented on VDU progressive (sequential) scanning?
flicker at the 5O11z or 2511z (interline) screens could aggravate headaches, Another alternative to EM radiation
rate that is present when a CRT display eyestrain and dizziness. Ile pointed out affecting some keyboard/VDU oper-
is viewed relatively close to the screen. that we read text by making a series of ators is the still -controversial medical
Medical circles recognized many accurately positioned eye movements, condition RSI (repetitive strain injury).
years ago that a small minority of but that the 50Hz pulsations of VDU While sonic doctors still refuse to
people are particularly sensitive to text disrupt this process: "When words accept that RSI really exists, there
flicker (photo-sensitivity) and that are closely spaced horizontally and seems some evidence that it is the
some sufferers from crilepsy could vertically, there is little unambiguous re-emergence of what was once known
have attacks triggered by sitting close global information to guide the eye at as "telegraphist's cramp", or more col-
to high -contrast TV screens or when the level of detail used for controlling loquially as "glass arm" or "brass arm".
approaching the set to adjust controls. eye movements: the text is more or less This affected a minority of Post Office
More recently, migraine headaches homogeneous ... the appropriate telegraphists using manual keys in the
have sometimes been ascribed to TV
flicker or the 1(1(111z striking rate of
fluorescent strip lighting.
clarity" he added. teleprinter -
spacing of words is therefore critical for days before the introduction of the
although a few cases of
The Applied Psychological Unit is teleprinter "keyboard cramp" were
For example, in January 1988, a currently extending their work to experienced in the 1930s. It seems that
report in The Observer noted that Dr evaluate whether VDU screens made such "cramp" or RSI tends to affect
Arnold Wilkins of the Applied of coloured glass ease the perceptual people who do relatively monotonous,
Psychology Unit of the Medical problems of computer script. repetitive work while under stress in a
Research Council at Cambridge had It may well be that further investiga- fixed position. The risk factors appear
said that fluorescent lighting flicker tion of the effects of barely perceptible to he bad working posture, high fre-
affects only a small number of people, flicker, both from strip lighting and quency of hand movements, often cou-
though these could suffer considerably. from TV/VDU displays, could prove pled with a degree of forceful exertion
He believed the problem could he more rewarding than the present con- and stressful, poorly organised work
overcome by fitting the more expensive centration on the potential hazards of processes. Telegraphists' cramp was
"non flicker" lamps powered by Ski Iz
I low-level electromagnetic radiation. rare, affecting only one or two per cent
switched -mode power units, which Just why, for instance. are a few people of telegraphists, hut it could be severe
cause the lights to "strike" at 30kllz. so much more sensistive to flicker than enough to force an operator to give up
At this year's meeting of the British others? To what extent would these the job altogether.
Association, Dr Wilkins returned to benefit front the use of I IDTV techni- RE Connections is by Pat. Hawker
the pack, finally a short description. 30P7 described below A real bargain at only (57,00. Order ref. 57P1. metal plate for easy fixing. New. (5.00 each. Our ref 9166.
REAL POWER CAR SPEAKERS. Stereo pair output 100W each aOhm
MICROWAVE TURNTABLE MOTOR Complete with weight sensing
602 spurs provide a fused outlet to a ring main
5 13A impedance and consisting of 6'," woofer, 2" mid range and 1"
electronics that would have varied the cooking time. Ideal for window
where devices such as a clock must not be tweeter Ideal to work with the amplifier described above Price
per pair 130 00 Order ref 30P7 displays, etc Only f5 DO Oue ref 5P165.
switched off
BD9 2 6V 1A mains transformers upright mounting with VIDEO TAPES These are three hour tapes of superior quality, made PC STYLE CASES 18" X 18" X 6" Complete with fan and
grill mimated power switch and IEC filtered power input plug Priced at only
fixing clamps. under licence from the famous JVC Company. Offered at only (3 each.
(1500 Ret 15P38
BD13 12 30 wan reed switches, It's surprising what you can Our ref 3P63. Or 5 for (11. Our ref 11P3. Or for the really big user 10 for
make with these -burglar alarms, secret switches. (20. Our ref 20P20. VERO EASIWIRE PROTOTYPING SYSTEM. Ideal for design.
relay. etc., etc ELECTRONIC SPACESHIP. ing protects on etc Complete wnh tools wire and reusable board Our price
Sound and impact controlled, (600 Ref 6P33
D022 2 25 watt loudspeaker two unit crossovers.
8030 2 Nicad constant current chargers adapt to charge
responds to claps and shouts and MAINS AXIAL FANS. Brand new 5 damerer powerful silent fans
reverses when it hits anything. Kit with shaped pole motors Yours for 1300 Ref 3P112
almost any nicad battery with really detailed instructions. Ideal AA CELLS Probably the most popular of the rechargeable NICAD types 4
B032 2 Humidity switches, as the an becomes damper the present for budding young electri- for Ed 00 Our ref. 4P44.
membrane stretches and operates a microswitch. ban. A youngster should be able to
5 13A rocker switch three tags so on/off, or change
20 WATT 4 OHM SPEAKER With built in tweeter. Really well made unit
BD42 assemble but you may have to help with the soldering of the compo-
which has the power and the quality for hill 6K' dia. Price (5.00. Our ref.
over with centre off. nents on the pcb. Complete kit £10 Our ref. 10P81
5P155 or 10 for (40.00 ref. 40P7.
13045 24hr time switch, ex -Electricity Board, automati-
COMPUTER KEYBOARDS Brand new, uncased.13.00 each. ref 3P89
1
cally adjust for lengthening and shortening day. MINI RADIO MODULE Only 2in square with ferrite aerial and solid dia.
tuner with own knob. It is superhet and operates from a PP3 battery and
original cost (40 each.
12" HIGH RESOLUTION MONITOR. Arnberscreer would drive a crystal headphone. Price (1.00. Our ref. BD716.
B049 5 Neon valves, with series resistor, these make good 1 5 amp supply TT1
beautifully cased for free standing, needs only 12V BULGIN MAINS PLUG AND SOCKET The old and faithful 3 pin with
night lights Price (22 00
input separate svncs Brand new in makers canons screw terminals The plug is panel mounted and the socket is cable
13056 I Mini uniseleetor, one use is for an electric jigsaw -
Order ref 22P2
mounted 2 pairs for (1.00 or 4 plugs or 4 sockets for (1.00. Our ref. 60715,
puzzle, we give circuit diagram for this One pulse
BD715P or BD715S.
into motor, moves switch through one pole
SINCLAIR C5 WHEELS MICROPHONE Low cost hand held dynamic microphone with oruof
8067 Suck or blow operated pressure switch, or it can
1
2.5mm plug. Only
switch n handle. lead terminates in 3.5mm and 1 1
be operated by any low pressure variation such as Including inner tubes and tyres 13' and 16' diameter spoked poly
El 00 Ref. 90711.
water level in water tanks carbonate wheels Finished in black. Only (6.00 each.
13" Ref 6P10, 16' Ref 6P11 MOSFETS FOR POWER AMPLIFIERS AND HIGH CURRENT
BD103A I 6V 750mA power supply nicely cased with mains
DEVICES taoy 100 wan pan made by Hitachi Ref 2SJ99 and its comple-
input and 6V output leads
COMPOSITE VIDEO KITS These convert composite video into separate ment 2SK3d3 Only 1400 a pair Our ref 4P51
B0120 2 Stripper boards, each contains a 400V 2A bridge
H sync, V sync and video Price (800. Our ref 8P39.
TNIE AND TEMPERATURE LCD MODULE A 12 hour clock a Celsius
rectifier and 14 other diodes and rectifiers as well
LINEAR POWER SUPPLY Brand new 3A. '1-12v IA Com-
5v and Fahrenheit thermometer a too hot alarm and a too cold alarm Appose
as dozens of condensers. etc
plete with circuit diagram Shen Circuit protected Our price 11200 Ref 50x20mm with 12.7mm digits Requires 1AA battery and a few switches.
90132 2 Plastic boxes approx Sin cube with square hole
12 P21 Comes with full data and diagram. Price C9 D0. Our ref. 9P5.
through top so ideal for interrupted beam switch.
3'hjn FLOPPY DRIVES We still have two models in stock: Single
130134 10 Motors for model aeroplanes, spin to start so needs with REMOTE TEMPERATURE PROBE FOR ABOVE. 0.00. Our ref. 3P60. .
sided, BO track, by Chinon. This is in the manufacturers metal case
no switch PAPST Ian 80 s BOmm 2300 Our ref 9P7 Price C9
leads and IDC connectors. Price (40, reference 40P1. Also a double
B0137 6%inch 4 ohm speaker 10W rating reference
sided, 80 track, by NEC This is unused. Price 60P2.
1
(60.00, DAP$T Lott 120 a 120mm 2300 Our ref 6P6 Price 16
BD139 6 Microphone inserts -magnetic 400 ohm also act Both are brand new. 600 WATT AIR OR LIQUID MAINS HEATER Small coil heater made for
asspeakers 10 MEMORY PUSHBUTTON TELEPHONES These are customer heating air or liquids Will not corrode, lasts for years. Coil size 3" x 7
B0148 4 Reed relay kits, you get 16 reed switches and 4 coil returns and 'sold as seen'. They are complete and may need slight mounted on a metal plate for easy fixing. 4' dia. Price 0.00. Ref. 3P78 or 4
sets with notes on making c/o relays and other attention. Price 16.00. Ref. 6P16 or 2 for 00.00. Ref. 10F'77. 8T approved. for 00 DO Our ref. 1OP76
ideal
gadgets
INDUCTNE PROXIMITY SWITCHES These will detect ferrous or EX -EQUIPMENT POWER SUPPLIES Various makes and specs.
BOt49 6 Safety cover for 13A sockets -prevent those inqui nonferrous metals at appro.. 10mm and are 10360 operation Ideal for bench supply Only 03 00 Our ref. 8P36.
since little lingers getting nasty shocks. alarms position sensors. etc RS price is 164.00 each! Ours 02.00. Ref. ACORN DATA RECORDER Made for the Electron or BBC computer but
130180 6 Neon indicators in panel mounting holders with 12P19. suitable for others Includes mains adaptor, leads and book. 112.00. Ref.
lens 12P15
BD193 6 5 amp 3 pin flush mounting sockets make a low BOSCHERT SWITCHED MODE POWER SU3.
P L ES 5V at 15A - 12V at 34 -12V at 2A 24V al 2A 2200 or 110V
cost disco panel I
SOLDER
input Brand new and guaranteed Retail price is (180" Ours 120 Rei 20P30
80199 Mains solenoid, very powerful, has Lin pull or could
1 22 SWG 60/40 resin cored solder, %KG reel. top quality (400 Ref 4P70
push if modified TV SOUND DECODER. cased maim cowered KO
Weir
130201 8 Keyboard switches -made for computers but have smat speaker directly or could be fed into HI PI system etc NEW PIR SENSORS Infra red movement sensors will switch up to
channe,s Will drive a
many other applications 11200 each Ref 12P22 1000W mains. UK made. 12 months manufacturers warranty. 15-20m
Eiectnc clock, mains operated, put this in a box ano -
130211 1 range with a 0.10mm timer. adjustebie wall bracket Our re! 25P15 Price
you need never be late PC POWER SUPPLIES Brand new with built in fan and power
(25
12 12V 150 wan made by AZTEC US 00
5 IPV alarms, make a noise about as loud as a cat switch on the sack 5 5
-
130221
each Ref 25P18
GEARBOX KITS Ideal for models, etc. Contains 18 gears 12 of each size).
horn Slightly soiled but OK 4 x SOmm axles and a powerful adjustable speed motor. 9120 operation.
B0252 t Panostat, controls output of boiling ring from sim. VERY POWERFUL 12 VOLT MOTORS.'hrd Horsepower. Made to All the gears, etc. are 2mm push fit. (300 for the complete kit. Ref. 3P93.
mer up boil drive the Sinclair C5 electric car but adaptable to power a gokan. a
MINI HIFI SPEAKERS Made for televisions, etc. Two sizes available.
mower, rail car, model railway. etc. Brand new. Price 120 Our ref 70P22
SO Leads with push -on 'Ain tags -a must for hook
a
80259 70mm y 57mm 3W 8 ohm, 2 for 0.00. Ref 3P99. 127mm x 57mm 5W 8
ups - mains connections etc AS ABOVE with gearbox 140 Ref 40P8 ohm, I for (3.00. Ref 3P100.
B0763 2 Oblong push switches for bell or chimes, these can
TELEPHONE EXTENSION LEAD 5m phone extension lead with plug on
mains up to 5 amps so could be foot switch if fined PHIUPS LASER one end, socket on the other White Price £3.00. Our ref. 3P70 or 10 leads
Into pattress. This is helium -neon and has a power rating of 2mW. Completely for only (19 00! Ref. 19P2.
BD268 I Mini wan amp for record player Will also change
1
safe as long as you do not look directly into the beam when eye LCD DISPLAY 4'h' digits supplied with connection data (300. Ref. 3P77
speed of record player motor damage could result. Brand new, full spec. 135. Our rel 35P1 or 5'or C10 Ref 10P78
BD305 Tubular dynamic mic with optional table rest Mains operated power supply for this tube gives 81ry striking and
1
CROSS OVER NETWORK 8 Ohm 3 way for tweeter midrange and
1.25kv at 5mA running Complete kit with case (15
2 Miniature driver transformers. Ref. L744. 20k to 1k woofer nicely cased with connections marked. Only 22.00. Our ref. 2P255
80653
centre tapped. Or 10 for 11500. Ref. 15P32.
PANEL METERS 270 deg movement New 1300 each Our ref 3P87
130548 2 3.5V relays each with 2 pairs changeover contacts BASE STATION MICROPHONE Top quality unidirectional electret
SURFACE MOUNT KIT Makes a super high gain snooping amplifier on a
90667 2 4.7 of non -polarised block capacitors, pcb mounting condenser mic 600r rmpedence sensitivity 16.18KHz - 68db built in Mime
PCB less than an inch square, C7 00 Our ref 7P15.
complete with mrc stand bracket. (15.00. Ref. 15P28,
There are over 1,000 items in our Catalogue. If CB CONVERTERS Converts a car radio into an AM C8 receiver E4 00
MICROPHONE STAND Very heavy chromed mic stand. magnetic base
you want a complete copy please request this Our ref 4P48. 4' high C3 00 If ordered with above mrc Our ref. 3P80.
when ordering. GEIGER COUNTER KIT Includes PCB, tube, loudspeaker, and all SOLAR POWERED NICAD CHARGER 4 Nicad AA battery charger.
components to build a 9v battery operated geiger counter Only C39. Charges 4 batteries in 8 hours Price (600. Our ref. 6P3.
METAL PROJECT BOX Ideal for battery charger, power supply etc. Our ref 39P1
YUASHA SEALED LEAD ACID BATTERIES. 6V104H
4' 4'h" Louvred for ventilation. Price 13.00. Ref.
Sprayed grey size 9' x x
12V TO 220V INVERTER KIT This kit will conven 12v DC to 220, AC onvf900 each or 2 for (1500 Rel 15P37
3P75 will supply up to 130 walls by using a larger transformer As supplied it
h
STC SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY. 7200 or
FLOPPY DISCS 55. pack of 10 15 00 Ret 168 3% pack of 15 will handle about 15 watts Price is 112 Our ref 12P17
110V operation giving 51, at 2A " 24V at 0 25A - 12V at 0154 and - 900 at
(1000 Ref tOP88
0 4,1 112 00 eath Ref í 2P27
5Y5" 360K DISC DRIVES. Brand new HALF hiEIGHTdisc drives made
PERSONAL STEREOS Again customer returns but complete and with by Mitsubishi Limited quantity available at (3500 Ref 35P5 SOLDERING IRON STAND Price C3.00. Our ref. 3P66.
stereo head phones A bargain at only 0.00 each. Our ref 3P83 INCAR GRAPHIC EQUALIZER/BOOSTER Slimline 7 band with built in
HIGH RESOLUTION MONITOR white, used Philips
Rin black and
MICROWAVE CONTROL PANEL Mains operated, with touch switches. 30 watts per channel amplifier. 12V operation, twin 5 LED power
This unit has a 4 digit display with a built in clock and 2 relay outputs - tube M24/360W Made up in a lacquered frame and has open sides, Made
for use with ORO computer but suitable for most others, Brand new E20.
indicators, 2021KHz with front and rear fader plus headphone output!
one for power and one for pulseo power level Could be used for all sorts Brand new and guaranteed. Only 05.00. Ref. 25P14.
Our ref 20P26
of timer control applications Only 16.00 Our ref 6P18
12 VOLT BRUSHLESS FAN. Japanese made The popu at
MODEMS Dial up brand new units Made by GEC No data available but
EQUIPMENT WALL MOUNT Multi adjustable metal bracket ideal for good value at (1800 Ref 18P6
speakers, lights, etc. 2 for 05 00 Our ref 5P152 square shape 1411ín 4'hins lIainl The electronically run fans not
only consume very little current but also they do not cause interference CAR IONIZER KIT Improve the air in your car, clears smoke and helps
NEW MAINS MOTORS 25 wan 3000 rpm made by Framco. Appro. 6- prevent fatigue Case reo Price (12.00. Our ref. 12P8
as the brush type motors do Ideal for cooling computers, etc., or tier a
x 3' x 4'. Priced at only 14 00 each. Our ref 4P54.
caravan El each Our ref 8P26 NEW FM BUG KR New design with PCB embedded coil 9v operation.
SHADED POLE MOTORS Approx 3' square Available in 24V and Priced at 1500 Our ref 5P158.
240V AC. Both with threaded output shaft and 2 fixing bolts. Price is C2 00 MINI MONO AMP on p.c b sue 4' x 2' (app.'
Fined Volume control The amplifier has three NEW PANEL METERS SOUA movement with three different scales that
each 24V Ref 2P65. 240V Ref 2P66
SEND6
k CATALOGUE NO
-W -S EFÓR FREE COPY
BLE PLEASE
10P93
European Scrambling and haker circuits £29. ONE MILLION VALVES IN STOCK OBSOLETE TYPES A SPECIALITY!
SPECIAL PRICES FOR WHOLESALE QUANTITIES. EXPORT ENQUIRIES WELCOME
1991 Satellite Annual £33. FAX OR PHONE FOR IMMEDIATE QUOTE.
UK post included. Airmail Europe + 10%. beyond + 20%. Access/Vict/COD.
liaylin Publications, 24 River Gardens, Purley, Reading. BILLINGTON VALVES
oOskendene Industrial Estate. Cowlold. Nr. Horsham. Sussex RH13'BAZ.
.
from August
1947.
Hewlett Packard 3 6 to 7 6 GHr Source
AC Stab,ser 2kVA Cetronic 11% stability
HP64000 Micro P. Des System As seen. Ic clear [190
Osnlbscope.Thandar SC110A 10MH7. battery.
unused
Barrier Unrts 101V Serd, 65738M. tor data/ telephone
C95
£55
'essex
New C105
5 -day
Southampton. Hampshire SO4 600
ARTICLES WANTED
WANTED
Test equipment, receivers,
WANTED
Receivers, Transmitters, Test
STEWART OF READING
110 WYKEHAM ROAD,
READING, RG6 1PL.
valves, transmitters, Equipment, Components, Cable WANTED: VAI.VIFS TRANSISTORS TEL: 0734 68041
and Electronic, Scrap. Boxes, t Us (especially types KT66. KT88 FAX: 0734 351696
components, cable and PCB's, Plugs and Sockets, PX4. I'\25). Also plugs, sockets and TOP PRICES PAID FOR ALL
electronic scrap and quantity. Computers, Edge Connectors. complete factory clearance. If possi- TYPES OF SURPLUS TEST
Prompt service and cash. TOP PRICES PAID FOR ALL TYPES OF ble, send written list for offer b£ EQUIPMENT, COMPUTER
M & B RADIO ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT return. Billington Valves. phone 11403 EQUIPMENT, COMPONENTS
86 Bishopgate Street, A.R. Sinclair, Electronics, Stoc<holders, 8651115. Fax: 11403 8651116. Sec adjoin- etc. ANY QUANTITY. 103
Leeds LS1 4BB. 2 Normans Lane, Rabley Heath, Welwyn, ing advert.
Tel: 0532 435649 Hens AL6 910. Telephone: 0438 812 193.
Fax: 0532 426881 Mobile: 0860 214302. Fax: 0436 812 387
9956
780
APPOINTMENTS 081-661 8640
DISPLAY APPOINTMENTS
£29 per single col. centimetre (min. 3cm).
Full page £2311 1/2 page £1271 1/4 page £693
...:...
'
..... .........
....
' .
8748 8751 Series Programmer RS -23.^ RS -422 BrDvectional Interface Converter ..... £79
Digital 8 Memory Tester RS-23Z RS-485131 -Directional Interface Converter £99
Universal Device Programmer RS -23:- 20mA Current Loop Bi-Directional Converter
PC RS 232 Repeater ... .... .
£79
.I'ID'A
i
MISCELLANEOUS
Voice I/O Card PROTOTYPE CARDS
Bar Code Reader PC Un versal Card
Magnetic Card Reader £59
PC Extension Card + 3 Slot Board
PC System Design Toot
f69
.
£259
I-Mex Business Park, Upper Villiers Street, Wolverhampton, WV2 4NU. Tel: (0902) 20267. Fax:
(0902) 28439.
CIRCLE NO. 747 ON REPLY CARD
IBM COMPATIBLE XT and AT MOTHERBOARDS, CARDS AND
.NEWMATMOS.286 and 386 1
KEYBOARDS
COMPATIBLE.COMPUTERS '- 1
12 MHz. AT mother board. 80286 cpu. B expansion slots, full AMI bios with diagnostics etc.. 80287
socket, manual. Landmark speed of 16 MHz. accents up to 4 Meg of RAM on board. E99 001carr (3.501
1 Meg of RAM for above £4950
MATMOS 286 AND 386 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPATIBLE 16 MHz 80387 maths co -processor £199
10 MHz 80286 maths co -processor (120
COMPUTERS AT UP card, parallel, serial. game. £17 50
16MHz 286 system: £399 plus VAT AT floppy disk controller £15
A quality system using the industry standard 80286-12 processor, running at a Landmark speed of Mono graphics card £17 50 (all carr £2)
16MHz; clock speed 12MHz Complete with 1 Mbyte RAM expandable to 4 Mbytes. Serial and parallel 10 MHz XT motherboard. 8C88 processor, 8 expansion slots, legal bios. 8087 socket £49 50 (carr, £4)
(Centronics) ports, 101 keyboard, mono graphics card. 1.2 Mbyte 525 inch floppy drive. floppy and 640K RAM for above £39.95
hard drive controller. eight expansion slots (3.8 bit. 5.16 bit(. AMI bios with full setup routine and 102 key compatible AT and XT keyboard £34.50
diagnostics including HOD formatting, well made stylish case with space for up to three 5.25 drives and XT compatible quality keyboard at very low price £14.95 Icarr E3 50)
two 3.5 inch drives; lock, front panel switches and LEDs. full manual included.
MONITORS - MONO
33MHz 386MHz system: £979 plus VAT 12 inch Xerox Hercules paprrwhite; very smart case with tilt -and -swivel base, particularly good.
Same system as above but with state-of-the-art 386 motherboard Uses full spec. Intel 80386 25 mother user-fiendly high res. display £59.95 (carr (6.501.
board running at a Landmark speed of 33MHz; clock speed 25MHz This is not a 386sx but has a full 32 12 inch Hercules amber, 12 volt supply voltage (Ps. needed/E34.50 Icarr £5).
bit CPU. Comes with Mbyte of RAM upgradable to 8 Mbyte Also available in quality full height tower
1
14 inch VGA paperwhite, srran case, tilt -and -swivel base E89.50 (can E6.501.
case at £1079 plus VAT
Carriage on systems C14 plus VAT. See below for add-ons. MONITORS -COLOUR
FLOPPY DRIVES Famous name 12 inch high resolution analogue ROB monitor; high definition (80 column, 0 28 dot
pitch), modern, very stylish case with tilt -and -swivel base. Available modified Ito 50Hz vertical) for use
Internal with a BBC. Amiga etc at £139 or un -modified 160 Hz vertical) at L119 Icarr Et0). The modified version
7206 3.5 INCH DISK DRIVE. AMAZING NEW LOW PRICE TO CLEAR WAREHOUSE! can be used on Atares if sync signals ate combined
Excellent Japanese low component. half -height chassis drives. Ex almost new systems. 80 track double 14 inch VGA Ex demonstration totally compatible 640.480 colour monitor. Good quality display £179
sided £29 95 Icarr £3) Easy fit kit for Amstrad 1512/1640, IBM XT and AT, etc, including adaptor board Icarr 010113m guarantee/.
and cradle for 5.25 inch slot. £8.49 Box of ten 3.5 disks £9.95 )carr £11. NB Drives work with virtually all 14 inch EGA Ex demonstration compatible monitor £139 (carr £10113m guarantee)
computers including Amstrads. IBM XT and AT compatibles BBC's etc nor Araris and Amigas 14 inch 1024 768 VGA Latest multi sync VGA. 28 dot pitch. Displays up to 1024.768 at a very high
360K 5 25 inch Standard quality IBM hall -height chassis drive £29.95 (cart £3.50) quality L299 Icarr £10)
720K 3.5 inch NEC FD1036 30mm drive E32.50 (carr C3). Fitting kit for 5.25 inch space £8.49 Hitachi CAD monitors CM1636A; 16 inch 64KHz ultra high resolution (not VGA) £395; (cart E20).
1.44 Mbyte 3.5 inch Citizen OSDA 45A 3.5 inch slim 125mml drive £49 50 Icarr (3) Fitting kit for 5.25
inch space C8 49
720K version of above £39.50. Icarr. £31
PRINTERS
IBM standard floppy disk drive cable E4. Olivetti Dy200 Modern, office quality, bidirectional daisywheel printer. Complete with manual,
daisywheel, ribbon and standard Centronics interface Prints at 25 cps. variable pitch; 132 characters in
External 12 pitch, proportional spacing. Full IBM and Diablo emulations. £89.50 )carr (6.50). Cut sheet feeder
720K cased Standard 720K 3 5 in smart case with cables to suit Amstrad 2286 series of machines but £45. tractor feeder £35 Icarr £6.50).
cables can be adapted for standard XT/A1 applications. £39.50 (can £3.50) Laser printer DP LZR 1200 12 p1mm, HP Laserlet II compatible, ex.dem. E599 (cart (201.
palmos
NB
Visa & Access VAT and carriage must be added to all items (quotes for carriage overseas)
VISA Everything new and guaranteed 6 months unless stated
phone service Access and Visa telephone service
MATMOS LTD, UNIT 11 THE ENTERPRISE PARK, LEWES ROAD, LINOFIELD,
WEST SUSSEX 8H16 2LX.
0444 482091 and 0444 483830 (Fax 0444 484258)
Matmos Ltd. have been successfully trading since 1976.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
PAGE PAGE PAGE
Airlink Transformers 1088 ICOM (UK) 1063 Roline Systems 111 1
Printed in Great Britain by Carlisle Web Offset, Caxton Road, Newtown Trading Estate, Carlisle, Cumbria ('A2 7NR. and typeset by Marlin Graphics, Sidcup, Kent DA 14 51)T, for the
p oprietors, Reed Business Publishing Ltd. Quadrant ((lioso', The Quadrant, Sut tun, Surrey SM25AS. It Reed Publishing Ltd 19911,E/een...nits and Wireless World can be obtained from t he
following: AtJSTRALI 1 and NEW Zir XI. 1N I): Gordon & I otch I.td. INI)I1: \.I). \%%crier & Co, (' %NAl)A. The Wm Dawson Subscription Service Ltd.; Gordon & Gotch Ltd., SOUTH
A 1.'1{t('A. Central N.,+s Agency Ltd., Stillsani Dawson & Sons (S.A.) Ltd.; UNITED STATES: Worldwide Media Services Inc., 115 East 2.32d Street, NEW PORK, N.Y. 101111. USA.
Electronics & Wireless World $5.95 17.15131.
.-
ttl`
'
'PR_ 111111111111 II
¡
copy command. Programs are supplied for 1 I I
{` i: `I (; `-LLzzf
S3 as a Development System...
£195
Omni -Pro comes with this Universal
Guarantee: it WILL program all the
parts you need. Or you can have your
alrámlin
The FR F.F. Terminal Prorrrun which comes v. lib money back.
S3 pros ides Full RenroteControl from your I'('. Lombard House, Cornwall Rd,
.\II ke\ board timer ions are supported - Such as What you get with Omni -Pro... DORCHESTER, Dorset 1)I I 1R\.
Editing. Bite and Block Shitting. Split & An I:\cellent \lanual in Plain Enlish. A Phone 0305-268066
Shuttle. Seek and CheckSum. S3 is also a duality 40pin TI.\TOOL Double"-Width Socket.
\lemon Emulator - it will substitute ROM Fax 0305-264997
or FREE Technical Support by Phone. Fax or BBS.
RA\1 in -circuit. You can tr; on program Telex 418442
FREE Soft v. cue l pgrades by BBS and a Ft'I.L
before committing it to PROM. It BS (Bulletin Board ) 0305-251786
1 EAR'SGtlARA\TEE.
31111/12(1(1/2400.N.8.I (2 1hr)
cow] I xO. 111.1 0\ Kt I'1 ( AKI)