The Philippines of Rizal’s Time

1. Instability of Colonial Administration

2. Corrupt Officialdom
3. No Philippine representation in Spanish Cortes
4. Human rights denied to Filipinos
5. No equality before the law
6. Mal administration of justice
7. Racial discrimination
8. Frailocracy
9. Forced labor
10. Haciendas owned by the friars
11. Guardia civil

CHAPTER 1 Advent of a National Hero

Dr. Jose Rizal

- Many-splendored genius
- Physician (ophthalmic surgeon)
- Hero and political martyr

Birth of a Hero

 Born on Wednesday June 19, 1861 in a Calamba, Laguna Province, Philippines

 Baptized in catholic church on June 22, 1861
 Fr. Rufino Collantes- priest who baptized rizal
 Fr. Pedro Casanas- Godfather
 “Jose”chosen by his mother from San Jose
 Lt. Gen. Jose Lemery- Gov. General of the Philippines when rizal was born
1. Fostering cultivation of cotton in the provinces
2. Establishing the politico-military gov. in Visayas and in Mindanao

Rizal’s Parents

Francisco Mercado Rizal

- Born in Binan, Laguna on May 11, 1818

- Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila
- After parents death move to Calamba and became a tenant-farmer
- Died in Manila on Jan 5, 1898 at 80 y/o
- “a model of fathers”
 Teodora Alonzo Realonda

- Born in Manila on November 8, 1826

- Studied at the College of Santa Rosa
- Died on Manila on August 16, 1911 at 85 y/o
- “my mother is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she knows literature and speaks
Spanish better than I. She corrected my poems and gave me good advice when I was
studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician and has read many books.”

The Rizal Children

1. Saturnina
- Neneng
- Married Manuel T. Hidalgo
2. Paciano
- Immortalized him on his first novel, Noli Me Tangere, as the wise Pilosopo Tasio
- Joined Phil revo
- Died on April 13, 1930
- Severina Decena(mistress) 2 kids
3. Narcisa
- Sisa
- Married Antonino Lopez (son of Father Leoncio Lopez)
4. Olimpia
- Ypia
- Married Silvestro Ubaldo
5. Lucia
- Married Mariano Herbosa ( nephew of Fr. Casanas); deproved of Christian burial because he
was a brother in law of Rizal
6. Maria
- Biang
- Married Danied Faustino Cruz
7. Jose
- Pepe
- Josephine Bracken (Irish girl from Hong Kong)
- Had a son named Francisco
8. Conception
- Concha
- Died at the age of 3
- Her death was Rizal’s first sorrow
9. Josefa
- Panggoy
- Died an old maid at 80 y/o
10. Trinidad
- Trining
- Died an old maid at 85 y/o
 11. Soledad
- Choleng
- Married Pantaleon Quintero
- Is said to be not a real sibling of Jose instead she is the daughter of Saturnina and Jose
Alberto.

Rizal’s Ansestry

 Negrito
 Indonesian
 Malay
 Chinese
 Japanese
 Spanish

The Surname Rizal

 The real surname of the family was MERCADO which was adopted by Domingo Lamco in 1731.
 Acquired a new surname- RIZAL- given by a Spanish Alcalde Mayor of Laguna who was a family
friends.
 Rizal- means a field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again.

The Rizal Home

 One of the distinguished Stone-House in Calamba

 2 storey building rectangular in shape, build of Adobe stones and hard-woods, and roofed with
red tiles.

A good Middle-class Family

 Rizal’s family belonged to the Principalia

 One of the distinguished family in Calamba
  They have farms were the harvested rice, corn, and sugarcane
 Dana Teodora managed a general goods stire and operated a small flour-mill and a home-made
ham press.
 They owned a Carriage, which was a status symbol of the Illustrados in Spanish Philippines and a
private library.

CHAPTER 2: Childhood Years in Calamba

Calamba, the Hero’s Town

 Hacienda town belonged to the Dominican Order

 Covered with irrigated rice fields and sugar lands
 South- Mt. Makiling
 East- Laguna de Bay
 North- Antipolo shrine of the Miraculos Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
 Un Recoredo A Mi Pueblo ( In Memory of My Town)

Earliest Childhood Memories

 First memory: happy days in the family garden

 His father build a nipa cottage for him to play in in the day
 A kind old woman was employed to be an Aya(nurse maid) to look after his comfort
 Another childhood memory: daily Angelus prayer
 Also remembered: happy night at the Azotea after the rosary
 Another memory: nocturnal walk in the town
 “thus my heart fed in sombre and melancholic thoughts so even while still a child, I already
wandered on the wings a fantasy in the high regions of the unknown.”

The Hero’s First Sorrow

 The death of his beloved younger sister Concha, died at the age of three on 1865 due to
sickness, bought him his first sorrow

Devoted Son of the Church

 At the age of three he began to take part in the family prayers

 When he was five he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible
 Called as Manong Jose by the Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras.
 Fr. Leoncio Lopez- town priest, rizal use toi visit an listen to his stimulating opinions on current
events and sound philosophy of life

Pilgrimage in Antipolo

 On June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left Calamba to go on a pilgrimage in Antipolo to fulfil his
mother’s vow.
  Rode on a caso(barge)
 After praying at the shrie of the Virgin of Antipolo they visited Saturnina who was then a student
in La Concordia College in Santa Ana.

Story of the Moth

 The Children’s Friend (El Amigo de los Ninos)

 “see that you don’t behave like the young moth. Don’t be disobedient, or ypou may get burnt as
it did.”

Artistic Talents

 At the age of five he began to make sketches

First Poem by Rizal

 At the age of eight Rizal wrote his first poem in the native language entitled “Sa Aking mga
Kababata”

First Drama by Rizal

 At eight years old he wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog Comedy
 Staged first in Calamba Festival, then a Gobernadocillo from Paete purchased the manuscript for
2 pesos and bought it to his home town and was staged at Paegte’s festival.

Rizal as Boy Magician

 With his dexterous hands he learned various tricks, such as making a coin appear or disappear in
his fingers and making a handkerchief vanish in thin air.
 He read many books on magic and attended the performance of the famous magicians of the
world.
 In chapter XVII and XVIII of El Filibusterismo, he revealed his wide knowledge of magic.

Lakeshore Reveries

 Accompanied by his pet dog, Rizal used to meditate at the shore of Laguna de Bay on the sad
conditions of his oppressed people.

Influences the Hero’s Boyhood

1. Hereditary Influence
 Malayan Ancestors- inherited his love for freedom, his innate desire to travel, and his
indomitable courage
 Chinese Ancestors- derived his serious nature, frugality, patience and love for children/
 Spanish Ancestors- elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to ladies.
 From his Father- inherited a profound sense of self-respect, the love for work and the habit of
independent thinking
 From his Mother- his religious nature, the spirit of self-sacrifice and the passion for arts and
literature.
 2. Environmental Influence
 The scenic beauties of Calamba and the beautiful garden of the Rizal Family stimulated the
inborn artistic and literary talents of Jose Rizal.
 The religious atmosphere in his home fortified his religious nature.
 His brother instilled in his mind the love for freedom and justice
 His sisters, where he learned to be courteous and kind to women.
 The fairy tales told by his aya awakened his interest in folklore and legends.
 Tio Jose Alberto- inspired him to develop his artistic ability.
 Tio Manuel- encourage him to develop his frail body by means of physical exercise.
 Tio Gregorio- intensified his voracious reading of good books.
 Fr. Leoncio Lopez- fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty.
 The Sorrow in his family; death of concha and the imprisonment of his mother in 1871-74,
contributed to strengthen his character, enabling him to resist the blows of adversity
 The Spanish abuses and cruelties, the unjust tortures inflicted on innocent Filipinos, awakened
his spirit of patriotism and inspired him to concentrate his life and talents to redeem his
oppressed people.

3. Aid of Devine Providence

 A person may have everything in life but, without the aid of Devine Providence, he cannot attain
greatness in the annals of the nation. He was destined to be the pride and glory of his nation.
God had endowed him with versatile gifts of a genius, the vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and the
valiant heart to sacrifice for a noble cause.

CHAPTER 3 Early Education in Calamba and Binan

The hero’s first teacher

 His first teacher was her mother.

 At the age of three he has learned the alphabet and the prayers
 Maestro Celestino-
 Maestro Lucas Padua-
 Leon Monroy- instructed jose in Spanish and Latin

Jose Goes to Binan

 On June 1869 he left Calamba for Binan with his brother Paciano.

First Day in Binan School

 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz

Painting Lessosns in Binan

 Juancho- old painter near rizal’s school in Binan.

 Jose Gueverra- classmate of rizal who also love painting.

End of Binan Schooling

 In 1870 before Christmas. Jose received a letter from Saturnina informing him of the arrival of
steamer Talim what would take him from Binan to Calamba.
 Dec 17, 1870, he left Binan
 Arturo Camps- a Frenchman who took care of him on board

Martyrdom of GumBurZa

 Night of Jan 20, 1872 about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite Arsenal under the
leadership of Lamadrid, rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual privileges.
 Spanish authorities magnified the failed mutiny into a “revolt” for Philippine Independence.
 Executed at sunrise, February 17, 1872
 Mariano Gomez
 Jose Burgos
 Jacinto Zamora
 The martyrdom of the GumBurZa in1872 truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny
and redeem his oppressed people.
 In 1891 he dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo to GumBurZa

Injustice to the Hero’s Mother

 Before June 1872 Dona Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her
brother, Jose Alberto, tried to poison the latter’s perfidious wife.
 Jose Alberto- rich illustrado. Brother of teodora. Would go on bus. Trips and his wife would
leave their home and children and live with other man.
 Fodder
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario- Calamaba’s gobernadorcillo who helped on arresting Dona
Teodora.
 Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida
 Manuel Marzan
 Dona Teodora was in prison for 2 and a half year.
Chapter 4 Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)

 4 monthas after the Martyrdom of the GumBurZa, Rizal was sent to Manila and he had not yet
celebrated his 11th birthday.
 Ateneo Municipal formerly known as Escuela Pia ( charity school) school for poor boys in Manila.
 1786 Jesuits expelled from the Philippines
 1859 Jesuits returned in Manila and given the management of Escuela Pia whose name is
changed later on to Ateneo Municipal.

Rizal Enters Ateneo

 June 10, 1872 Rizal went to Manila accompanied by Paciano.

 Took entrance exam in the College of San Juan de Letran.
 Fr. Magin Ferrando- college registrar of the Ateneo Municipal
Reasons why he refuse to admit Rizal:
1. He was late for the registration.
2. He was sickly and undersized for his age.
 Manuel Xerez Burgos- nephew of Fr. Burgos who helped him to be admitted in Ateneo.
 Jose was the first in his family to adopt Rizal.
 First boarded a house outside Intramuros on Caballo Street. The BH was owned by a spinster
named Titay who owed the Rizal fam money amounting to 300 pesos.

Jesuit System of education

 More advanced
 Rigid discipline and religious instruction
 Students divided into 2
1. Roman Empire
- Consists of internos ( boarders)
- Banner: RED

2. Carthaginian Empire
- Consists of externos (non boardeds)
- Banner: BLUE
 Student Ranking in an EMPIRE
- Emperor
- Tribune
- Decurion
- Centurion
- Standard-bearer
  Banner Position in case of Defeat
First Defeat- banner of losing party will be transferred to the left side of the room.
Second Defeat- inferior position on the right side.
Third Defeat- inclined flag was placed on the left.
Fourth Defeat- reversed and returned to the right.
Fifth Defeat- reversed flag was placed on the left.
Sixth Defeat- banner was changed with a figure of a donkey.
 Uniform consist of:
- Hemp- fabric Trousers
- Striped cotton coat (coat material was rayadillo)

Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo (1872-73)

 First day in atenoe June , 1872

 Belonged to a class composed of Spaniards, Mestizos, and Filipino.
 Fr. Jose Bech- fist professor in Ateneo
 Rizal was an externo and was assigned to the Catharginians.
 At first he was considered inferior and was put at the bottom of the class but in just a span of
One month he became an emperor.
 He received a religious picture as a reward of being an emperor.
 Took private lesson in Santa Isabel College to improve his Spanish.

Summer Vacation (1873)

 March 1873- returned to calamba for summer vacation

 Saturnina brought him to Tanawan to cheer him up
 Wen to Santa Cruz to Visit his Mother in Prison.
 After Summer Vacation he retured in Manila and Boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes
Street.
 Dona Pipay- land Lady.

Second Year in Ateneo (1873-74)

 New classmate 3 boys from Binan. This 3 was his classmate from Maesto Justiniano.

Prophesy of Mother’s release

 Interpreted his mother’s dream. Told her that she would be released in prison in 3 months time.
 Rizal’s Prophesy became true.
 His mother linked him to Joseph in the Bible that has the ability to interpret dreams.

Teenage Interest in Reading

  1874- Rizal began to take interest in reading romantic novels
 The Count of Monte Cristo - by Alexander Dumas. About Edmund Dantes escape in the
Dungeon od Chateau d’If and his finding of a buried treasure in the rocky mountains of Monte
Cristo and his revenge. It was Rizal’s first favourite Novel.
 Universal History by Cesar Cantu- persuade his father to buy the expensive set
 Travels in the Philippines
- by Dr. Fedor Jagor, a German scientist-traveler
- visited the Philipppines in 1859- 1860.
What impressed Rizal in this book:
1. Jagor’s keen observation about the defects of Spanish Colonization.
2. Prophesizing that someday Spain would lose Philippines and America would come to
succeed her as colonizer.

Third Year in the Ateneo (1874-75)

 June 1874 Rizal returned to Ateneo for his junior year.

 Won only medal in Latin
 March 1875 he returned in Calamaba for Summer Vacation.

Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-76)

 June 16, 1875- became an Interno in the Ateneo

 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez- inspired Rizal to study harder and to write poetry. Rizal
considered as best professor in Ateneo. “model of uprightness, earnestness and love for the
advancement of his pupil.”
 Topped all of his classmates in all subjects and won 5 medals at the end of the school term.

Last year in Ateneo ( 1876-77)

 Considered as the most brilliant Atenean of his time

 “pride of the Jesuits”
 Obtained the highest grade in all subjects

Graduated with highest Honors

 Rizal graduated as the head of his class

 Grades are all EXCELLENT
 March 23, 1877- commencement day
 Received a Degree of Bachelor of Art, with highest honors

Extra- Curricular Activities in Ateneo

  Emperor inside the classroom, campus leader outside.
 Active member and the secretary of the Marian Congregation, got accepted not only for his
academic brilliance but also due to his devotion to Our Lady of Immaculate Conception.
 Member of the Academy of natural Sciences.
 Agustin Saez- a famous Spanish painter. Rizal studied painting under him.
 Romualdo de Jesus- Rizal studied sculpture under him.
 Engaged in Gymnastics and Fencing under the upervision of his sports-minded Tio Manuel.

Sculptural Works in Ateneo

 Carved the Virgin Mary in a piece of batikuling with his pocket knife and the Jesuit father was
amazed by the beauty of it.
 Fr. Lleonart- requested Rizal to carve an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
 The Ateneo Boarding students placed it on the door of their dormitory reminding all Ateneans of
Dr. Rizal the greatest alumnus of their almamater.

Anecdotes on Rizal, the Atenean

 Felix M. Roxas- one of Rizal’s contemporaries in Ateneo. Related an incident in Rizal’s days in
Ateneo which reveals the hero’s resignation to pain and forgiveness.
 Manzano and Lesaca- guilty party
 Another Anecdote Relate by Manuel Xeres Burgos, illustrates Rizal’s predeliction to help the
helpless at the risk of his own life.
 Julio Meliza from Iloilo- one of the smallest boarders was crying because his kite was caught by
the vines growing on the belfry of the Manila Cathedral.

Poems Written in Ateneo

 Dona Teodora- first who discovered the poetical genius of Rizal. It was also her who first
encourage Rizal to write poems.
 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez- inspired Rizal to make full use of his God-given gift.
 Mi Primera Insperacion (My First Inspiration) – first poem written by Rizal dedicated for her
mother. He wrote it before he was 14 years old in the year 1874.
 In 1875 he wrote more poems:
1. Felicitacion (felicitation)
2. El embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes ( The Departure: Hymn to Magellan’s Fleet)
3. Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo ( And He is Spanish: Elcano, the
first to Circumnavigate the World)
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo ( The Battle in Uebiztondo, Terror of Jolo)
  1876 Rizal wrote more poems with topic like Religion, education, Childhood memories and War.
Tey are as foloows;
1. Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo ( In Memory of My Town) – about Calamba
2. Alianza Intima Entre la religion y la Buena Edicacion ( Intimate Alliance between religion and
Education)
3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria ( Through education the Country Receives Light)
4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prision de Boabdil ( The Captivity and the
Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil)- describes the defeat of
Boabdil, last Moorish Sultan of Granada.
5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada ( The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic
Monarchs into Granada) – related to victorious entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel
into Granada, last Moorish stronghold in Spain.

 1887 last year in Ateneo Poems.

1. El Heroismo de Colon( The Heroism of Columbus)- praises Columbus in the discovery of
Amarica
2. Colon y Juan II ( Columbus and John II) – relates how King John II of Portugal missed fame by
failure to finance the expedition of Columbus to the new world.
3. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune) – legend in verse of
the tragic life of Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los Colegiales ( A Farewell Dialogue of the Students) –
last poem written by Rizal in Ateneo, apigonant poem of farewell to his classmates.

Dramatic Works in Ateneo

 Fr. Sanchez asked him tp write a drama base on the story of St Eustace the Martyr. He wrote it
in Calamba and finishes it on June 2, 1876.
 Pass it upon the Opening of class on June, 1876 with the title, San Eustacio, Martyr.

First Romance of Rizal

 Julia- (minang) summer love. Los Banos. First Attraction

 Segunda Katigbak- 14 year old Batanguena from Lipa. Sister of Mariano Katigbak a good friend
of Rizal. Urged him to draw Segunda’s Portrait. Visits Segunda at La Concordia College, where his
sister Olimpia was a boarding student and also a close friend of Segunda.
 Manuel Luz- fiancé of Segunda
 December 1877, Thursday- last time they spoke to each other.
CHAPTER 5: Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

 After finishing the first year of a course in Philisophy and Letters (1877-78) he transferred to the
medical course.

Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education.

 Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher education but Dona Teodora
opposed to the idea.

Rizal Enters the University

 April 1877- entered UST, nearly 16

 Course on Philosophy and Letters.
1. His father liked it.
2. Still uncertain as to what career to pursue.
 Fr. Pablo Ramon- rector of Ateneo, asked for advice on the choice of career.
 (1878-79)- Rizal received the advice of the father rector to take up Medicine so he enrolled in
the course the following year. Another reason why he took medicine was to cure his mother’s
blindness.

Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo (1878)

 During his forst school year in UST he also studied in Ateneo.

 Took a vocational course leading to the title of Perito agrimensor (Expert Surveyor).
 At the age of 17 he passed the final examination in the surveying course.
 Could not be granted of the title because he was below the age.
 November 25, 1881- issued the title to him

Romances with other girls

 Jacinta Laza- Miss L, a teacher

 Leonor Valenzuela (orang)
- daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela.
- from Pagsanjan, Laguna
- Rizal’s neighbour when he boarded in the house of dona Concha Leyva in Intramuros.
  Leonor Rivera

- 12 years old(born April 11, 1872)

- His cousin from Camiling
- When he lived in Casa Tomasina at No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros. His landlord uncle
was Antonio Rivera.
- Known to be his greatest love.

Leonor Rivera’s Condition

1. Her mother will be beside her on her wedding day.

2. She will not sing/ play the piano ever.
3. Burned all the letters sent by Rizal.

Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality

 Freshmen year in UST

 One dark night in Calamba in 1878, he failure to recognize the Lieutenant of Gurdia Civil.
 Whipped out his sword and brutally slashed on Rizal’s back.
 General Primo de Rivera- Spanish governor general of the Philippines at that time.
 March 21, 1887- he related to his letters to Bluementritt, “I went to the captain general but I
could not obtain justice; my wound lasted 2 weeks.

“To the Filipino Youth”(1879)

 In 1879, the Licero Artistico- Literario (Artistic-Literary Liceum) of Manila- society of literary men
and artist, held a literary contest.
 Rizal, 18 years old, submitted a poem entitled A La Juventud Filipina ( To The Filipino Youth)
 Rizal won first price, which consisted of a silver Pen, feather shaped and decorated with a gold
Ribbon.
 A La Juventud Filipina- an inspiring peom of flawless form. Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to
rise from the lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter than the wind and descend with art and
science to break the chains that have long bound the spirit of the people.
 It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino.
 It expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners,
were the “fair hope of the fatherland”

“The Council of the Gods” (1880)

 In 1880 the Artistic-Literary Liceum opened another literary contest to commemorate the 4 th
centennial death of Cervantes, Spain’s glorified man of letters and famous author of Don
Quixote.
 Rizal, inspired by his triumph the previous year, entered submitting an allegoricall drama
entitled El Consejo de los Dioses ( The Council of Gods).
 Judges are all Spaniards.
 Awarded the first price to Rizal because of its literary superiority over others.
  The Spanish community, spear-headed by the Spanish Press howled in great indignation against
the decision because the winning author was an Indio.
 Despite all objection, the price was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on which was engraved the bust
of Cervantes.
 D. N. del Puzo- Spanish writer who won the second price.
 It was a literary masterpiece based of greek classics.
 It was aided by the kind father rector of Ateneo in securing the needed reference materials.
 The allegory established a parallel among HOMER< VIRGIL, and CERVANTES.
 Trumpet – Homer
Lyre- Virgil
Laurel- Cervantes

Other Literary Works.

 Abd-el-Ezis y Mahoma
-declaimed by an Atenean, Manuel Fernandez on the night of December 8, 1879 in honour of
the Ateneo’s Partoness.
 Junto de Pasig (Beside the Pasig)
- a zarzuela
- staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880
 A Filipinas
- 1880
- Sonnet for the album of the Society of Sculptors
- Urdge all Filipino artist to glorify the Philippines
 Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon
- 1881
- Expression of affection to Fr. Pablo Ramon, the Ateneo Rector, who had been so kind and
helpful to him.

Rizal’s Visit to Pakil Pangasinan

 My 1881, summer
 Rizal went to pilgrimage to the town of pakil in the shrine of the Birhen Maria de los Dolores
 Accompanied by his siters Saturnina, Maria, Trinidad
 Stayed at the home of Mr and Mrs Manuel Regalado, whose son Nicholas was Rizal’s friend in
Manila.
 Vincenta Ybardolaza- infatuated
 Made a side trip to Pagsanjan for 2 reasons;
1. It was the natibe tonw of Leonor Valenzuela
2. To see the world famous Pagsanjan Falls
 Rizal mentioned the Turumba in Chapter IV of Noli Me Tangere and Pagsanjan Falls in his travel
dairy.(United States-Saturday May 12, 1888)
Champion of the Filipino Students

 Champion if frequent fights with the Spaniards

 “Indio, chongo”
 “Kastila, bangus!”
 Rizal participated in student brawls
 In 1880 he founded a secret society for Filipino students in UST called Companerismo
(comradeship)
 Members are called “companions of Jehu”
 Jehu- a valiant Hebrew general who fought the Armaeans and ruled the Kingdom of Israel for 28
years.
 Galiciano Apacible- cousin from Batangas, his secretary
 Escolta in Manila- one of the fierce encounters where Rizal was wounded on the head and his
friends bought him in Casa Tomasina where he Leonor Rivera tenderly washed and dressed his
wounds.

Unhappy Days at the UST

 He was unhappy at the Dominican Institution

1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him
2. The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards
3. The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive
 In his novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the students were humiliated by their
Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was.

Decision to Study Abroad

 After finishing the fourth year of his medical course. Rizal decided to study in Spain.
 He could no longer endure the discrimination in UST.
 Did not seek his parents permission and did not bring Leonor Rivera with him.
 Rizal’s Parents, Leonor Rivera, and the Spanish authorities knew nothing of his decision to go
abroad in order to finish his medical studies in Spain.

CHAPTER 6: IN SUNNY SPAIN (1882-1885)

 Secret Mission: Observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and
commerce, and government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the
mighty task to liberate his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
 Austin Craig
 Wenceslao E. Retana
 Secret mission was disclose by Paciano in his letter to Rizal dates Manila May 20, 1892

Secret Departure for Spain

  People who knew:
Paciano
Antonio Rivera (father of Leonor Rivera)
Neneng
Lucia
Capitan Juan Valenzuela
Capitana Sanday Valenzuela
Leonor Valenzuela
Mateo Evangelista (compadre)
Ateneo Jesuit Fathers (gave letter of recommendation to members of their society in Barcelona)
Jose M. Cecilio (Chengoy)
 Used the name Jose Mercado
 Mar 3, 1882- departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for Singapore

Singapore (colony of England)

 There were 16 passengers

 He is the only Filipino
 Donato Lecha- ship captain from Asturias, Spain.
 Played chess with his fellow passengers
 May 8, 1882- streamer was approaching Singapore. Saw the beautiful island and remembered
Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga.
 May 9, 1882- Salvadora docked at Singapore
 Hotel de la Paz
 Botanical Garden
 Buddhist Temples
 Shopping districts
 Statute od Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles (founder of Singapore)

From Singapore to Colombo

 Transferred to another ship, Djemnah a French streamer on May 11, 1882
 Mr and Mrs Salazar
 Mr Vicente Pardo
 Jose Rizal
 He found out that his book in French which he learned at Ateneo could not be understand so he
had to speak in mixed Latin and Spanish supplemented by much gesticulation and sketching on
paper
 By conversing with French he was able to improve his knowledge of the French Language.
 May 17, 1882- Djemnah reached Pount Galle town in southern Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
 May 18, 1882- resumed the voyage towards Colombo, the capital of Ceylon.
First Trip Through Suez Canal
  From Colombo the Djemnah continued voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to the Cape of
Guardafui, Africa
 Aden- next stopover. Found the city hotter than Manila
 Proceed to the city of Suez, the red sea terminal of the Suez Canal
 Took 5 days for the Djemnah to traverse the Suez Canal
 Ferdinand de Lesseps- French diplomat engineer
 November 17, 1869- inaugurated

Naples and Marseilles

 June 11, 1882- Rizal reached Naples
 Naples pleased him because of its Business Activity
 June 12, 1882 – night time Djemnah docked at the French harbour of Marseilles
 Visited the famous Chateau d’If

Barcelona
 May 15, 1882- left Marseilles by train for Spain
 Crossed Pyrenees
 Stopped for a day at the frontier town of Port Bou
 June 16, 1882- reached Barcelona
 First Impression- ugly, with dirty little inns and inhospitable residents.
 Later he changed his bad impression and came to like the city due to its atmosphere of freedom
and liberalism.
 Las Ramblas- most famous street in Barcelona
 Plaza de Cataluna- place where they celebrate the welcoming of Rizal
 “Amor Patrio” (Love of Country) – first article written by Rizal on Spanish soil.
 Basilio Teodoro Moran- publisher of Diaryong Tagalog(first Manila bilingual newspaper).
 Laong Laan- pen name of Rizal
 August 20, 1882- Amor Patrio appeared in Print in Diaryong Tagalog
 M. H. del Pilar- translated Amor Patrio in tagalog.
 Los Viajes (travels)
 Revisita de Madrid ( Review of Madrid) wrote in Madrid on November 29, 1882. Failure to be
publishes on papers due to the lack of financing of Diaryong Tagalog.

Manila Moves to Madrid

 September 15, 1882- according to Paciano’s letter, the calamba folks are having afternoon
novenas to San Roque to stop the dreadful epidemic(Cholera)
 May 26, 1882- on of paciano’s letter. He Adviced his younger brother to finish the Medical
school in Madrid.
 1882- Rizal left Barcelona and established himself in Madrid.
Life in Madrid
  November 3, 1882- enrolled in University Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid)
 Medicine
 Philosophy and Letters
 Studied painting and sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando
 Took lesson in French, German, and English under private instructors.
 Practiced Fencing and Shooting at the Hall of Arms and Sanz y Carbonell.
 Led a Spartan life in Madrid.
 Rigidly budgeted his money and time
 Only extravagance was investing a few pestas for lottery ticket
 Spend his leisure time reading and writing and attending reunions of Filipino studenta at the
house of Paterno Brothers (Antonio, Maximino, Pedro)
 Don Pablo Ortega y Rey- had been City Mayor of Manila during the administration of Gov.
General Carlos Ma. De la Torre (1869-71) later promoted as vice president of the Council of
Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies

Romances with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez

 Composed a lovely poem on August 22, 1883 dedicated to her, entitled A La Senorita C. O.y P.
(To Miss C. O. y P.)
 Suddenly backout for 2 reasons:
1. Still engaged to Leonor Rivera
2. His friend Eduardo de Lete ws madly inloved with Consuelo

“They asked me for Verses”

 1882- Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle) a society of Spaniards
and Filipinos
 Upon the request of the society he wrote a peom “Me Piden Versos” (They asked me for Verses)
 He personally declaimed during the New Year’s Eve reception in Madrid on December 31, 1882.

Rizal As Lover of Books

 Favourite past time was reading.
 Senor Roses- owner of the second-hand book store where Rizal usually buy books
 The Bible
 Hebrew Grammar
 Lives of the Presidents of the United States from Washington to Johnson
 Complete Works of Voltaire ( 9 volumes)
 Complete Works of Horace ( 3 volumes)
 Complete Works of C. Bernard (16 volumes)
 History of French Revolution
 The Wandering Jew
 Ancient Poetry
 Works of Thucydides
 The Byzantine Empire
  The Character by La Bruyere
 The Reniassance
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Works of Alexander Dumas
 Louis XIV and his Court
 Books on medicine, philosophy, language, history, geography, arts, and sciences.

Rizal’s First Visit to Paris (1883)

 During his first summer vacation in Madrid he went to Paris
 June 17-August 20, 1883 – Paris
 Hotel de Paris on 37 Rue de Maubange – first stayed
 Latin Quarter on 124 Rue de Rennes- moved because its much cheaper
 Opera House
 Place de la Concorde
 Arch of Triumph
 Bois de Boulogne
 Madeline Church
 Cathedral of Notre Dame
 Column of Vendome
 Invalides
 Versailles
 Rizal improved his mind by observing closely the French way of life. And spending hours in
museums (Louvre, Luxembourg, Lannec Hospital)
 Dr. Nicaise- Rizal observed him in treating his patient and the Lariboisiere Hospital. He observed
the examination of different diseases of women.
 “Paris is the cosliest capital in Europe”

Rizal as Mason
 In Spain Rizal came in close contact with the prominent Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards
 Miguel Morayta- statesman, professor, historian and writer.
 Francisco Pi y Margal- journalist, statesman and former president of the short-lived First
Spanish Republic.
 Manuel Beccera- Minister of Ultramar
 Emilio Junoy- journalist and member of the Spanish Cortes
 Juan Ruiz Zorilla- parliamentarian and head of the republican Progressive Party in Madrid.
 Impressed by the way the Spanish Masons openly and freely criticized the government policies
and lambasted the friars.
 March 1883- he joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid.
 Reason: to secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines
 Intended to utilize Freemasonry as his shield to combat them.
 Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid)- he transferred where he became a master mason on Nov 15, 1890
 Feb. 15, 1892- awarded the diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris.
 Rizal played a lukewarm role being a <ason
  Marcelo H. del Pilar
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Mariano Ponce
 “Science, Virtue and Labor”- only masonic writing. Delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad,
Madrid

Financial Worries
 The manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the land cultivated by
the Rizal Family.
 Monthly allowance of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times when they never
arrived.
 June 24, 1844- touching incident happened. He was unable to take breakfast that day but still he
attended his classes and participated in a contest in Greek Language and won gold medal. In the
evening of the same day he was a guest speaker in a banquet in hinir for Juan Luna and Felix
Hidalgo at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid.

Rizal’s Salute to Luna and Hidalgo

 June 25, 1884- banquet held sponsored by the Filipino Community to celebrate the double
victory of 2 filipino artist
 Luna’s Spoliarium
 Hodalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace
 “genius knows no country, genius sprouts everywhere, genius is like light, air, the patrimony of
everybody, cosmopolitan like space, like life, like God”.

Rizal Involved in Student Demonstrations

 Nov. 20 21 22, 1884- serene city of Madrid Exploded in bloody riots by the students of Central
University.
 These demonstration was caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta at the opening
ceremony of the academic year on November 20. He proclaimed “the freedom of science and
the teacher”
 Condemned by the Catholic Bishops of Spain who excommunicated Dr. morayta and those who
applauded his speech
 Jose Rizal
 Valentin Ventura
 Doctor Creus- a very unpopular man, disliked by everybody.
 November 21, 1884- police lieutenant and secret service man wanted to seize Rizal and Ventura

Studies Completed in Spain

 June 21, 1884- conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de
Madrid
 1884-85 – passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine
 Not awarded his doctors diploma due to the fact that he did not present the thesis required for
graduation nor paid the corresponding fees.
 June 19, 1885(24th bday)- awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters
 Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters- qualified to be a professor of humanities
 Licentiate in Medicine- became a full-fledged physician, qualified to practice medicine.
 November 26, 1884- “My doctorate is not of very much value to me because although it is useful
to a university professor, yet I believe they [Dominican Friars] will never appoint me as such in
the College of Santo Tomas”.