21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE

PRESENTED BY: HANNAH BONAOBRA & KHIM ANNE GABUCO STEM-12-DEMOCRITUS

Literature came from the Latin word litteratura 2. Mythology (ex: Saturn Devouring his
which means “writing formed with letters” Son)
story about gods and goddesses
I. Definition 3. Legend (ex: Mariang Makiling)
a. pieces of writing that are valued as works of story about the origin of a place or a
art thing
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s English 4. Novel (ex: The Alchemist by Paulo
Dictionary) Coelho)
b. the body of written works produced in a a long narrative with an organized
particular language, country, or age, or the plot usually with a maximum of 500
body of writings on a particular subject pages
(Merriam Webster’s Dictionary and 5. Parable (ex: The Prodigal Son)
Thesaurus) story used by Jesus in teaching the
Good News
II. Literary Standards 6. Allegory (ex: Allegory of the Cave by
There are seven literary standards William J. Plato)
Long has stated in his book, “English story that uses symbolism to
Literature: Its History and its Significance for represent an idea
the Life of the English Speaking World” 7. Fable (ex: The Tortoise and the Hare)
a. Universality story that uses animals as characters
Literature appeals to everyone and with moral lesson
b. Intellectual Value 8. Short story (ex: The Lottery by Shirley
A literary work stimulates critical thinking, Jackson)
making man realize the fundamental of truths a narrative with an organized plot
of life and its nature usually with a maximum of 100 pages
c. Spiritual Value ii. Non-fiction
Elevates the spirit by bringing out the moral form of any narrative, account, or other
values of a person or situation communicative work whose assertions
d. Artistry and descriptions are understood to be
A quality that appeals to our sense of beauty factual
e. Suggestiveness 1. Autobiography (ex: The
This is associated with the emotional power Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin)
of literature life story of a person written by
f. Permanence himself
Literature endures across all time and draws 2. Biography (ex: Alexander Hamilton by
out the time factor Ron Chernow)
g. Style life story of a person written by
This is the peculiar way in which a writer sees another person
life, forms his ideas and expresses them 3. Newspaper (ex: Philippine Daily
III. Importance of Literature Inquirer)
(Breanna Sahr, 2015) collection of news articles about
a. Expanding horizons various current events
b. Building critical thinking skills 4. Journal (ex: Field Journals)
c. A leap into the past daily record of personal events
d. Appreciation for other cultures and beliefs 5. Magazine (ex: Time Magazine)
e. Better writing skills collection of articles regarding the
f. Addressing humanity lifestyle of man
IV. Forms of Literature 6. Planner
a. Oral Literature daily record of business commitments
literary works transmitted from one 7. Anecdote (The Moth and the Lamp)
generation to another verbally a brief, revealing account of an
b. Written Literature individual person or an incident
literary works in printed form b. Poetry
c. Visual Literature division of literature which covers a literary
literary works presented in front of an work expressed in verse, measure, rhythm,
audience sound, imaginative language and creates an
V. Divisions of Literature emotional response to an experience, feeling
a. Prose or fact
most typical form of language, applying i. Narrative
ordinary grammatical structure and natural form of poetry which tells a story, often
flow of speech rather than rhythmic structure making use of the voices of a narrator and
i. Fiction characters as well;
any narrative or informative work that usually written in metered verse
deals with information and events that 1. Epic (ex: Biag ni Lam-ang by Pedro
are NOT factual Bucaneg)
1. Fairytale (ex: Hansel and Gretel) a narrative poem about supernatural
story about kings, queens, princes and powers possessed by heroes and
princesses with a touch of magic heroines
 2. Ballad (ex: Forevermore by Side A
Band)
a narrative poem with harmony and
rhythm
3. Idyll (ex: By the Pasig River by Dr.
Jose Rizal)
a narrative poem about rustic life
4. Metrical Romance (ex: Ibong Adarna ,
Florante at Laura)
a narrative poem dealing with the
emotions or phase of life and the story
is told in a simple, straightforward
and realistic manner
ii. Lyric
expresses personal and emotional
feelings;
lyric poems were sung in the ancient
world;
does not have to rhyme
1. Song (ex: Bayan Ko by Jose de Jesus)
a lyric poem intended to be sung, with
melodious harmony and rhythm
2. Sonnet (ex: Laura by Francesco
Petrarch)
a lyric poem consisting of 14 iambic
pentameter lines
3. Ode (ex: Ode to the West Wind by
Percy Shelley)
a lyrical poem praising or glorifying
an event or individual, describing
nature intellectually as well as
emotionally
4. Elegy (ex: Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard by Thomas Gray)
a lament for the dead
iii. Dramatic
specific mode of fiction represented in
performance;
directly influenced by collaborative
production and collective reception
1. Historical (ex: Richard II by William
Shakespeare)
a theatrical play with historical plot
2. Comedy (ex: Twelfth Night by William
Shakespeare)
a theatrical play with a happy ending
3. Tragedy (ex: Hamlet by William
Shakespeare)
a theatrical play with the death of
some major characters
4. Melodrama (ex: A Midsummer Night’s
Dream by William Shakespeare)
a theatrical play with the combination
of comedy and tragedy which usually
ends on a happy note