OJ Grant Experiments For Energy Systems

T.A.
Marryshow Community College

School of Applied Arts and Technology
Associates in Electronics Engineering Technology
Research Title: Solar Module Experiments
OJ Grant, ELS
School of Applied and Technology [SAAT]
T. A. Marryshow Community College
Course Name: ELS 221
Instructor: Mr. Edward Heyligar
Date: 10th of December, 2017

T.A. Marryshow Community College
Panels and devices used:
Table 1.1: Measured values of a characteristic curve of a diode

UD (Volt) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.65 0.7
ID (mA) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.008 0.026 0.088
Curve of a Diode
0.1
0.088
0.09
0.08
Current ID (mA)
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.026
0.03
0.02
0.008
0.01
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Voltage VD (V)
Diagram 1.1: Characteristic curve of a diode in forward direction

Question 1: Determine the diffusion voltage from the recorded characteristic curve of the diode.
What is the basic material?
Diffusion Voltage: 0.6 volts Basic Material: Silicon
Question 2: Name at least two applications using diodes using diodes on the field of photovoltaic
applications
Application: Solar Cells/Panels
Blocking Diode- to block the flow of electric current from other parts of an electrical solar circuit.
Bypass Diode - they are wired in parallel with individual solar cells or panels, to provide a current path
around them in the event that a cell or panel becomes faulty or open-circuited.
Application: Photovoltaic Arrays
Blocking Diode- blocking diodes are connected in “series” with the PV panels to prevent current flowing
back into them.
Bypass Diode- bypass diode are used in parallel with either a single or a number of photovoltaic solar cells.
Solar cells exposed to sunlight overheat and burn so bypass diodes are place in the cells to providing a
current path around the bad cell.
Question 3: One of the three types of diodes names below has a very low dissipation and is therefore
often used in smaller PV systems.
 Schottky diodes are used a lot in smaller PV systems and between the schottky, the zener and
the germanium diode it possesses the lowest dissipation.

Table 1:2 Measured values of a diode series connection

UD (Volt) 5 10 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5
ID (mA) 0 0 0.019 0.028 0.041 0.065 0.116 0.175
Curve of a Diode in a series connection
0.2
0.175
0.18
0.16
Strom ID (mA)
0.14
0.116
0.12
0.1
0.08 0.065
0.06
0.041
0.04 0.028
0.019
0.02
0 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage UD (V)
Diagram 1:2: Characteristic curve of a diode series connection in forward direction.

Question 4: The adjoining diagram contain the characteristic curve of a diode series connection.
Please complete the diagram with the characteristic curve of a solar module. The current and voltage
rates are the same.
Curve of a Diode in a series connection

0.2
0.175
0.18
0.16
Strom ID (mA)
0.14
0.116
0.12
0.1
0.08 0.065
0.06 0.041
0.04 0.028
0.019
0.02 0 0
0
0 5 10 15 20
Voltage UD (V)
Explanation:
When the diode is in forward biased, anode positive and cathode negative a forward positive current
passes through the diode. Starting from zero the curve gradually increases but the forward current and
voltage are extremely small but when the forward voltage exceeds the diodes p-n junction internal
barrier voltage, which for silicon is about 0.6-0.7 volts, avalanche occurs and the forward current
increases rapidly for a very small increase in voltage producing a non-linear curve. The “knee” point on
the forward curve.
Question 5: Is it possible to record the characteristic curve of a “completely” shaded solar module
(no irradiation)?
Solution:
Yes
If yes, what is the characteristics curve called?
Solution:
Dark Curve: It a curve that is measured when there is any sun light/ in the dark also known as the Dark
I/V characteristic Curve.
Question 6: The setup of a solar simulator is depicted below. Use the circuit diagram and the diagram
drawn previously to describe it’s mode of operation
No-load- when there is no output( output= 0)
Short Circuit- when the current is max
Question 7: Which operational case shows the highest load for the diode series connection?
Solution:
MPP (Max Power Point)- This is the point where the solar module operates at maximum power.
Table 2:1: Measured values of a characteristic curve of the module mono

Us (Volts) 0 5 10 12 14 15 16 17 18
Is (mA) 0.376 0.344 0.316 0.293 0.206 0.164 0.107 0.055 0.022
Ps (W) 0 0.001945 0.00386 0.04.128 0.004102 0.002835 0.002064 0.001496 0.000666
Current and Voltage
0.45
0.396 0.389 0.386
0.4
0.344
0.35
Current Is (mA)
0.293
0.3
0.25
0.189
0.2
0.15 0.129
0.088
0.1
0.037
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20
Voltage Us (V)
Diagram 2:1: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module mono (Current and Voltage)
Current and Power

0.0045 0.0041020.004128
0.00386
0.004
0.0035
0.002835
0.003
0.0025
Power
0.002064 0.001945
0.002
0.001496
0.0015
0.001 0.000666
0.0005
0
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Voltage
Diagram 2:1: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module mono (Current and Power)
Voltage and Power

0.0045 0.0041280.004102
0.00386
0.004
0.0035
0.002835
0.003
0.0025
Power
0.002064
0.001945
0.002
0.001496
0.0015
0.001 0.000666
0.0005
0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage
Diagram 2:1: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module mono (Power and Voltage)
Question 1: Which types type of cell is used in the module that was measured?
 The type of cell we suppose to use was mono-crystalline but poly- crystalline was used
for this experiment.
Question2: Use the two characteristic curves to determine the values for current and voltage
occurring in the ideal operation point of the module (slight deviations possible).
 Voltage: 12v
 Current: 0.293 mA
 Power: 0.004128 w
Question 3: What is the percentage of the measured no-load voltage in relation to the ideal
operation point of the module (slight deviations possible)?
Percentage= Current in No-load (-) Current in ideal operation (*) 100

Voltage in ideal operation (-) Voltage in No-load
= 0.396 – 0.293
12 – 0 * 100
= 0.103 * 100
12
= 0.009*100
= 0.9 percent

Table 2:2: Measured values of a characteristic curve of the module poly.
Us (Volts) 0 5 10 12 14 15 16 17 18
Is (mA) 0.246 0.244 0.239 0.234 0.229 0.196 0.154 0.089 0.019
Ps (W) 0 0.00122 0.00239 0.002808 0.003206 0.00294 0.002464 0.001513 0.0342
Current and Voltage
0.3
0.246 0.244 0.239

0.25 0.234 0.229
Current Is (mA)
0.196
0.2
0.154
0.15
0.1 0.089
0.05
0.019
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage Us (V)
Diagram 2:2: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module poly (Current and Voltage)
Voltage and Power

0.0035 0.003206
0.00294
0.003 0.002808
0.00239 0.002464
0.0025
0.002
Power
0.001513
0.0015 0.00122
0.001
0.0005 0.000342
0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage
Diagram 2:2: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module poly (Power and Voltage)
Current and Power

0.0035
0.003206
0.00294
0.003 0.002808
0.002464 0.00239
0.0025
0.002
Power
0.001513
0.0015
0.00122
0.001
0.0005 0.000342
0
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Voltage
Diagram 2:2: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module poly (Power and Current)
Question 1: Which types type of cell is used in the module that was measured?
 The type of cell used in the module that was measured is poly- crystalline.
Question2: Use the two characteristic curves to determine the values for current and voltage
occurring in the ideal operation point of the module (slight deviations possible).
 Voltage: 14 volts
 Power: 0.003206 w
Question 3: What is the percentage of the measured no-load voltage in relation to the ideal

= 0.246 – 0.229
14 – 0 * 100
= 0.017 * 100
14
= 0.0001*100
= 0.01 percent

Table2:3: Measured values of a characteristic curve of the module amorphous

Us (Volts) 0 5 10 12 14 16 18 19
Is (mA) 0.164 0.162 0.159 0.160 0.155 0.161 0.140 0
Ps (W) 0 0.0008 0.0016 0.00192 0.00248 0.00258 0.00252 0
UI and UP - Curve of solar module
0.180.164 0.162 0.159 0.16 0.161

0.155
0.16
0.14
0.14
Current Is (mA)
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
0 5 10 15 20
Voltage Us (V)
Diagram:2:3: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module amorphous( Current and Voltage)
Voltage and Power

0.003
0.002580.00252
0.00248
0.0025
0.00192
0.002
0.0016
Power
0.0015
0.001 0.0008
0.0005
0 0
0
0 5 10 15 20
Voltage
Diagram:2:3: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module amorphous( Voltage and Power)
Current and Power

0.003
0.00252 0.00258
0.00248
0.0025
0.00192
0.002
0.0016
Power
0.0015
0.001 0.0008
0.0005
0 0
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Voltage
Diagram: 2.3: UI and UP characteristic curve of a solar module amorphous ( Current and Power)
Questions 1: Which type of cell is used in the module that was measured?
Solution:
 The type of cell we suppose to use was amorphous but poly-crystalline was used for this
experiment.
Question 2: Use the two characteristic curves to determine the values for current and voltage
occurring in the ideal operation point of the module(Slight deviations possible).
Solution:
 Voltage: 16 volts
 Power: 0.00258 w
Question 3. What is the percentage of the measured no-load voltage in relation to the ideal
Solution:

= 0.164 – 0.161
16 – 0 * 100
= 0.003 * 100
16
= 0.0002*100
= 0.02 percent
Question 4: What is the reason for the difference between the measure values and the data on the
type label and the measure values of the solar modules mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline.
Explanation:
 The difference between the measured values and the data on the type label is that the type
label data is ideal situation it does take into any interuptions/noise consideration any noise.
 The reason is that mono-crystalline cells are more efficient that poly-crystalline.

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T.A.

Marryshow Community College

Research Title: Solar Module Experiments

School of Applied and Technology [SAAT]

T. A. Marryshow Community College

Course Name: ELS 221

Instructor: Mr. Edward Heyligar

Date: 10th of December, 2017

Panels and devices used:

Table 1.1: Measured values of a characteristic curve of a diode

Diagram 1.1: Characteristic curve of a diode in forward direction

Diffusion Voltage: 0.6 volts Basic Material: Silicon

Application: Solar Cells/Panels

Application: Photovoltaic Arrays

Panels and devices used:

Table 1:2 Measured values of a diode series connection

Curve of a Diode in a series connection

Diagram 1:2: Characteristic curve of a diode series connection in forward direction.

Curve of a Diode in a series connection

If yes, what is the characteristics curve called?

No-load- when there is no output( output= 0)

Short Circuit- when the current is max

Panels and devices used:

Table 2:1: Measured values of a characteristic curve of the module mono

Current and Voltage

Current and Power

Voltage and Power

Percentage= Current in No-load (-) Current in ideal operation (*) 100

Panels and devices used:

Table 2:2: Measured values of a characteristic curve of the module poly.

Current and Voltage

0.246 0.244 0.239

Voltage and Power

Current and Power

Percentage= Current in No-load (-) Current in ideal operation (*) 100

Panels and devices used:

Table2:3: Measured values of a characteristic curve of the module amorphous

UI and UP - Curve of solar module

0.180.164 0.162 0.159 0.16 0.161

Voltage and Power

Current and Power

Percentage= Current in No-load (-) Current in ideal operation (*) 100

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