“INDIA-CHINA RELATIONSHIP”

FINAL DRAFT OF LEGAL METHODS AND RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

MR. VIJYANT SINHA NIKHIL HANS

TEACHER ASSOCIATE COURSE: BBA., LL.B(HONS.)

ROLL NO.: 2238

SEMESTER: 1ST

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

• DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT......................................................... ...............3

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. .................5
1.1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES......................................................................... ...............5
1.2. HYPOTHESIS............................................................................................................ 5
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS........................................................................................ 5
1.4. READING METHODOLOGY.................................................................................. 6
2. GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW....................................................................................... 6
3. HISTORY OF INDIA CHINA RELATIONSHIP............................................................ 6
3.1. ANTIQUITY................................................................................................................6
3.2. MIDDLE AGES........................................................................................... ............ 7
3.2.1. SOME OF THE DYNASTIES OF MIDDLE AGES THAT HAD
RELATIONSHIP WITH CHINA.......................................................... ............ 7
3.3. BRITISH INDIA.......................................................................................... ........... 9
4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA AFTER
INDEPENDENCE......................................................................................................... 9
5. CULTURAL, ECONOMICAL AND DEFENCE TIES BETWEEN INDIA AND
CHINA...............................................................................................................................11
6. BILATERAL TRADE...................................................................................... .. ...........13
7. MAJOR CONFLICTS THAT HAS HAPPENED BETWEEN INDIA AND
CHINA.............................................................................................................. .... .......... 13
7.1. SINO-SIKH WAR...................................................................................... .. ...........13
7.2. SINO-INDIA WAR.................................................................................... ............. 14
7.3. 2017 DOKLAM STANDOFF...................................................................................14
8. GLOBAL SUMITS IN WHICH INDIA AND CHINA ARE PART OF........................15
9. BORDER DISPUTES BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA............................................. 16
10. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 17
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................ . ............. 17

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 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I, NIKHIL HANS, student of Chanakya National Law University hereby declare that the
work reported in the B.B.A.LL.B. (HONS.) project report entitled: “INDIA CHINA
RELATIONSHIP” submitted at Chanakya National Law University, Patna is an authentic
record of my work carried out under the supervision of Mr. VIJYANT SINHA I have not
submitted this work elsewhere for any other degree or diploma. I am responsible for the
contents of my Project Report.

(Signature of the Candidate)

NAME: NIKHIL HANS

ROLL NO: 2238
COURSE: B.B.A., LL.B. (Hons.)
SEMESTER: 1

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my faculty Mr. Vijyant sinha whose guidance helped me a lot with
structuring of my project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
for his guidance and encouragement which sustained my efforts on all stages of this
project.

I owe the present accomplishment of my project to my friends, who helped me immensely

with materials throughout the project and without whom I couldn’t have completed it in the
present way.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my parents and all those unseen hands that helped
me out at every stage of my project.

THANK YOU

NAME: NIKHIL HANS

ROLL NO: 2238
COURSE: B.B.A., LL.B. (Hons.)
SEMESTER: 1

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 1. INTRODUCTION

This research is based on the relationship between the two fastest growing economies of
the world that is India and China. Researcher in his research has tried to discuss the
various factors that has led led these two countries bilateral ties at different level.
Although, there has been some disputes that have affected the ties of these two countries
but at the same time cultural and economical ties have helped them in making their ties
grow stronger. Despite many challenges these two neighbouring countries have managed
to keep their G.D.P growth stronger than any other nations and they are moving towards
becoming a super power of the world.

1.1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the research is to discuss the various factors that have helped
India-China ties grow stronger and to understand whether these two countries have
potential to become the super power of the world or not.

1.2. HYPOTHESIS

Cultural ties and bilateral trade between India and China are the region behind the
stronger ties between these two countries.

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• Region behind the deterioration of ties between India and China.
• Global summit in which India and China are part of.
• Visiting of Chinese scholars to India and expansion of Buddhism in China.

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 1.4. READING METHODOLOGY

In the regard of discussing and researching the bilateral ties of India and China researcher
has visited the internet service and has collected the various data from the Wikipedia.
Historical, cultural, and economical data has been collected in this regard.

2. GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW

1
India and China are separated by the Himalayas. India and China today share a border
with Nepal and Bhutan acting as buffer states. Parts of the disputed Kashmir region
claimed by India are claimed and administered by either Pakistan (Azad Kashmir
and Gilgit and Baltistan) or by the PRC (Aksai Chin). The Government of Pakistan on its
maps shows the Aksai Chin area as mostly within China and labels the boundary
"Frontier Undefined" while India holds that Aksai Chin is illegally occupied by the PRC.
China and India also dispute most of Arunachal Pradesh. However, both countries have
agreed to respect the Line of Actual Control.

3. HISTORY OF INDIA AND CHINA RELATIONSHIP

3.1. ANTIQUITY
2
The first records of contact between India and China were written during the 2nd
century BCE. Buddhism was transmitted from India to China in the 1st century CE. Trade
relations via the Silk Road acted as economic contact between the two regions.

China and India have also had some contact before the transmission of Buddhism.
References to a people called the China are found in ancient Indian literature. The Indian
epic Mahabharata ( 5th century BCE) contains references to "China", which may have
been referring to the Qin state which later became the Qin Dynasty. Chanakya ( 350-283
BCE), the prime minister of the Maurya Empire refers to Chinese silk as "Cinamsuka"
(Chinese silk dress) and "Cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle) in his Arthashastra In
the Records of the Grand Historian, Zhang Qian (113 BCE) and Sima Qian (145-90 BCE)

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Geographical_overview
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Antiquity

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 3
make references to "Shendu", which may have been referring to the Indus
Valley (the Sindh province in modern Pakistan), originally known as "Sindhu"
in Sanskrit. When Yunnan was annexed by the Han Dynasty in the 1st century, Chinese
authorities reported an Indian "Shendu" community living there.

3.2. MIDDLE AGES

4
From the 1st century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks travelled to China, such
as Batuo ( 464-495 CE) first abbot of the Shaolin Monastery and Bodhidharma founder
of Chan/Zen Buddhism while many Chinese scholars and monks also travelled to India,
such as Xuanzang (604) and I Ching (635-713), both of whom were students at Nalanda
University in Bihar. Xuanzang wrote the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, an
account of his journey to India, which later inspired Wu Cheng'en's Ming
Dynasty novel Journey to the West, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese
literature. According to some, St. Thomas the Apostle travelled from India to China.

3.2.1. SOME OF THE DYNASTIES OF MIDDLE AGES THAT HAD

RELATIONSHIP WITH CHINA
a) TAMIL DYNASTIES
5
The Cholas maintained good relationship with the Chinese. Arrays of ancient
Chinese coins have been found in the Cholas homeland
(i.e. Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Pudukkottai districts of Tamil Nadu, India).
Under Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas had strong trading links
with Chinese Song Dynasty. The Chola navyconquered the Sri Vijaya Empire
of Indonesia and Malaysia and secured a sea trading route to China. Many sources
describe Bodhidharma, the founder of the Zen school of Buddhism in China, as a
prince of the Pallava dynasty.

3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Antiquity
4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Middle_Ages
5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Tamil_dynasties

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 b) TANG AND HARSHA DYNASTIES
6
During the 7th century, Tang dynasty China gained control over large portions of
the Silk Road and Central Asia. Wang Xuance had sent a diplomatic mission to
northern India, which was embroiled by civil war just following the death of Emperor
Harsha (590–647). During the 8th century, the astronomical table of sines by
the Indian astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhatta (476-550), were translated into
the Chinese astronomical and mathematical book of the Treatise on Astrology of the
Kaiyuan Era (Kaiyuan Zhanjing), compiled in 718 CE during the Tang
Dynasty.[34] The Kaiyuan Zhanjing was compiled by Gautama Siddha, an astronomer
and astrologer born in Chang'an, and whose family was originally from India. He was
also notable for his translation of the Navagraha calendar into Chinese.

c) YUAN DYNASTY

7 A rich merchant from the Ma'bar Sultanate, Abu Ali (P'aehali), was associated
closely with the Ma'bar royal family. After a fallout with the Ma'bar family, he
moved to Yuan dynasty China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job
from the Emperor, the woman was formerly Sangha's wife and her father was Ch'ae
In'gyu during the reign of Chungnyeol of Goryeo, recorded in the Dongguk
Tonggam, Goryeosa and Liu Mengyan's Zhong'anji. Sangha was a Tibetan. Tamil
Hindu Indian merchants traded in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty. Hindu statues
were found in Quanzhou dating to this period.

d) MING DYNASTY

8
Between 1405 and 1433, Ming dynasty China sponsored a series of seven naval
expeditions led by Admiral Zheng He. Zheng He visited numerous Indian kingdoms
and ports, including India, Bengal, and Ceylon, Persian Gulf, Arabia, and later
expeditions ventured down as far as Malindi in what is now Kenya. Throughout his
travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, porcelain, and other goods.

6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Tang_and_Harsha_dynasties
7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Yuan_dynasty
8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Ming_dynasty

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 In return, he received rich and unusual presents, including African zebras and giraffes.
Zheng He and his company paid respect to local deitiesand customs, and in Ceylon
they erected a monument (Galle Trilingual Inscription) honouring Buddha, Allah,
and Vishnu. Bengal sent twelve diplomatic missions to Nanjing between 1405 and
1439.

3.3. BRITISH INDIA

9
The British East India Company used opium grown in India as export to China. The
British used their Indian sepoys and the British Indian Army in the Opium
Wars and Boxer Rebellion against China. They also used Indian soldiers to guard the
Foreign concessions in areas like Shanghai. The Chinese slur "Yindu A San" (Indian
number three) was used to describe Indian soldiers in British service.

4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA AFTER

INDEPENDENCE

On 15 August 1947, India became an independent, federal, democratic republic after its
constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. India established diplomatic relations
with the PRC on 1 April 1950, the first non-communist nation to do so.

Jawaharlal Nehru based his vision of "resurgent Asia" on friendship between the two
largest states of Asia; his vision of an internationalist foreign policy governed by the
ethics of the Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence), which he initially
believed was shared by China. Nehru was disappointed when it became clear that the two
countries had a conflict of interest in Tibet, which had traditionally served as a buffer
zone, and where India believed it had inherited special privileges from the British Raj.

10
As has been previously explained, India‟s mistrust of China began when the latter
chose to discard the Panchsheel philosophy, which sadly continues even today. This

9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#British_India
10
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol15-issue5/A01550105.pdf?id=7739

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 seems to be a cooperation effort that does not have its basis on trust, but rather emerging
out of economic necessities.

Relations started to deteriorate soon after independence when India chose to provide
asylum to Dalai Lama and countless other Buddhist followers in Tibet. When China
decided to seize Tibet, Nehru (who although recognized Tibet to be a part of the People‟s
Republic of China), chose to provide shelter to Tibetans. This led to the Chinese
aggression of 1962 where the MacMahon Line was openly rejected by China.

11
In April 1954, India and the PRC signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet that became
the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (or Panchsheel). Although critics called the
Panchsheel naive, Nehru calculated that India's best guarantee of security was to establish
a psychological buffer zone in place of the lost physical buffer of Tibet. It is the popular
perception that the catch phrase of India's diplomacy with China in the 1950s was Hindi-
Chini bhai-bhai, which means, in Hindi, "Indians and Chinese are brothers".

In August 1971, Treaty of Peace, Friendship and co-operation signed by India with the
Soviet Union.War in December 1971 between India and Pakistan in which China sided
with the Pakistan again escalated the deadlock between India and China. Efforts were
renewed again to improve the relation by the India and China after Indian Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi's Congress party lost the 1977 elections to Morarji Desai's Janata
Party and The two countries hosted each other's news agencies, and Mount
Kailash and Mansarowar Lake in Tibet, the home of the Hindu pantheon, were opened to
annual pilgrimages.

In 1980s, strife suddenly started escalating on disputed area of Arunachal Pradesh both
the countries deployed their military on the border of Arunachal Pradesh. India and China
held eight rounds of border negotiations between December 1981 and November 1987.

Sino-Indian relations hit a low point in 1998 following India's nuclear tests. In more
modern times, China and India have been working together to produce films together,
such as Kung Fu Yoga starring Jackie Chan. However, disruptions have risen again due to
China building trade routes with Pakistan on disputed Kashmir territory.

11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#After_independence

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 5. CULTURAL, ECONOMICAL AND DEFENCE TIES BETWEEN
INDIA AND CHINA
a) CULTURAL TIES
12
Both India and China are not mere societies; they are civilizations. We do not know
exactly when and how they started exchanging their cultural elements, but what we do
know is that they grew in parallel and shared their cultural traits since the beginning of
human history and this tradition of sharing has been continuing ever since.

Even before the transmission of Buddhism, the Shang-Zhou civilization and the ancient
Vedic civilization in 1500-1000 B.C. showed some evidence of conceptual and linguistic
exchanges.In sixth century B.C., the birth of Confucius and Sakyamuni opened a new
period of exchanges between the two civilizations. Emperor Ashoka’s propagation of
Buddhism after his conversion in 256 B.C. brought both civilizations even closer. The
Chinese Pilgrim Fa Hein came India along the Silk Route and arrived here in 405 A.D.
The Silk Road played a significant role in facilitating India-China cultural, commercial
and technological exchanges.

b) ECONOMICAL TIES
13
India and China officially resumed trade in 1978. In 1984, the two sides signed the Most
Favoured Nation Agreement. India-China bilateral trade which was as low as US$ 2.92
billion in 2000 reached to US$ 10 billion in 2004 for the first time and US$ 61.7 billion in
2010, making China India’s largest goods trading partner. In 2008, bilateral trade stood at
US$ 51.8 billion and China became India’s largest goods trading partner, replacing the
United States of America India exported goods worth US$ 20.86 billion (+52%) to China
and imported goods worth US$ 40.88 billion (+38%) from China, resulting in an adverse
balance of trade of US$ 20 billion. In the first 8 months of 2011, India-China bilateral
trade reached US$ 48.17 billion (+19.47% over the same period last year). India’s total
exports to China for this period were US$ 15.68 billion (+7.37%) and China’s exports to

12
https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China-January-2012.pdf
13
https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China-January-2012.pdf

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 India reached US$ 32.49 billion (+26.33%). The trade deficit for the first 8 months has
already reached US$ 16.8 billion.

14
In 2016, India was the 7th largest export destination for Chinese products, and the 27th
largest exporter to China.

India-China trade in the first eight months of 2017 increased by 18.34% year-on-year to
US$ 55.11 billion. India’s exports to China increased by 40.69% year-on-year to US$
10.60 billion while India’s imports from China saw a year-on-year growth of 14.02 % to
US$ 44.50 billion.

c) DEFENCE TIES
15
A warming trend in relations between India and China was facilitated after Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi visit China in Dec 1988, wherein it was decided to set up a Joint
Working Group (JWG) on the boundary issue. Between Dec 1988 and Jun 1993, progress
was made in reducing tensions on the border via Confidential Building Measures
(CBMs), including mutual troop reductions, regular meetings of local military
commanders and advance notifications of military exercises. Seven rounds of JWG talks
were held during this period.

Bilateral defence interaction has been growing. Peace and tranquility along the Line of
Actual Control (LAC) in the border areas is being largely maintained by both sides in
accordance with the agreements of 1993 and 1996. In Dec 2004, General NC Vij, the then
COAS(Chief of the Army Staff) visited China, the first by an Indian COAS in a decade,
and both the countries agreed to deepen defence cooperation.

14
https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China_October_2017.pdf
15
https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China-January-2012.pdf

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 6. BILATERAL TRADE
16
Bilateral trade between India and China is set to cross USD 100 billion this year, the
economic and commercial engagement between India and China constitutes a major
component of the bilateral relations with bilateral trade, which crossed USD 95 billion in
2018 is set to cross USD 100 billion this year.

Chinese investment in India and Indian investment in China have also seen robust growth
in recent years. Chinese companies like Xiaomi, Haier, Oppo, etc, have become
household names in India. There are around 125 Indian companies operating in mainland
China in various sectors like information technology, manufacturing, textiles, food
processing.

7. MAJOR CONFLICTS THAT HAS HAPPENED BETWEEN INDIA

AND CHINA
7.1. SINO-SIKH WAR
17
In the 18th to 19th centuries, the Sikh Confederacy expanded into neighbouring lands. It
had annexed Ladakh into the state of Jammu in 1834. In 1841, they invaded Tibet and
overran parts of western Tibet. Chinese forces defeated the Sikh army in December 1841,
forcing the Sikh army to withdraw, and in turn entered Ladakh and besieged Leh, where
they were in turn defeated by the Sikh Army. At this point, neither side wished to
continue the conflict. The Sikhs claimed victory. as the Sikhs were embroiled in tensions
with the British that would lead up to the First Anglo-Sikh War, while the Chinese were
in the midst of the First Opium War. The two parties signed a treaty in September 1842,
which stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.

16
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-china-trade-to-cross-usd-100-
billion-this-year-envoy/articleshow/69676323.cms
17
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Sino-Sikh_War

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 7.2. SINO-INDIAN WAR
18
Border disputes resulted in a short border war between the People's Republic of China
and India on 20 October 1962. The border clash resulted in a defeat of India as the China
pushed the Indian forces to within forty-eight kilometres of the Assam plains in the
northeast. It also occupied strategic points in the Aksai Chin and Demchok regions
of Ladakh, before declaring a unilateral cease-fire on 21 November. It claimed that it
withdrew to twenty kilometers behind its contended line of control. India disagreed with
the claim.

At the time of Sino-Indian border conflict, the India's Communist Party was accused by
the Indian government as being pro-China, and a large number of its political leaders
were jailed. Relations between the China and India deteriorated during the rest of the
1960s and the early 1970s while the China–Pakistan relations improved and the Sino-
Soviet relations worsened. China continued an active propaganda campaign against India
and supplied ideological, financial, and other assistance to dissident groups, especially
to tribes in northeastern India. China accused India of assisting the Khampa rebels in
Tibet.

7.3. 2017 DOKLAM STANDOFF

19
On 16 June 2017 Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-building
equipment began extending an existing road southward in Doklam, a territory which is
claimed by both China as well as India's ally Bhutan. On 18 June 2017, around 270
Indian troops, with weapons and two bulldozers, entered Doklam to stop the Chinese
troops from constructing the road. Among other charges, China accused India of illegal
intrusion into its territory, across what it called the mutually agreed China-India
boundary, and violation of its territorial sovereignty and UN Charter. India accused
China of changing the status quo in violation of a 2012 understanding between the two
governments regarding the tri-junction boundary points and causing "security concerns",
which were widely understood as at its concerns with the strategic Siliguri Corridor.

18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Sino-Indian_War
19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#2017_Doklam_standoff

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 India media reported that on 28 June Bhutan issued a demarche, demanding China to
cease road-building in Doklam and maintain the status quo.

The Minister of External Affairs of India Sushma Swaraj said that if China unilaterally
changed the status-quo of the tri-junction point between China-India and Bhutan then it
posed a challenge to the security of India.

On 2 August 2017, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China published a document

entitled, (Indian border forces cross the border between China and India...The facts...and
the position of China), claiming that Indian border forces had illegally crossed the border
between China and India and detailed China's position on the matter. The document said
that China notified India regarding its plan to construct road in advance "in full reflection
of China’s goodwill". Indian Foreign Ministry replied by referring towards their earlier
press release on this matter, as opposed to a point-by-point refutation.

On 28 August 2017, China and India reached a consensus to put an end to the border
stand-off. Both of them agreed to disengage from the standoff in Doklam.

8. GLOBAL SUMITS IN WHICH INDIA AND CHINA ARE PART OF

a) BRICS

BRICS is the acronym coined for an association of five major emerging national
economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. In 2015, the five BRICS
countries represent over 3.1 billion people, or about 41% of the world population.

As of 2018, these five nations have a combined nominal GDP of US$18.6 trillion, about
23.2% of the gross world product.

b) SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), is a Eurasian political, economic,

and security alliance, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai,
China by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan,
and Uzbekistan. India and Pakistan joined SCO as full members on 9 June 2017 at a
summit in Astana, Kazakhstan.

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 c) G2O (GROUP OF TWENTY)

The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central
bank governors from 19 countries and the European Union (EU). Founded in 1999 with
the aim to discuss policy pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability.

20
9. BORDER DISPUTES BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA
a) AKSAI CHIN

Aksai Chin is a disputed border area between India and China. It is largely part of Hotan
County, which lies in the southwestern part of Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous
Region in China, with a small portion on the southeast and south sides lying within the
extreme west of the Tibet Autonomous Region. But it is also claimed by India as a part of
the Ladakh region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1962, India and China fought
a brief war in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, but in 1993 and 1996, the two countries
signed agreements to respect the Line of Actual Control.

b) ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Arunachal Pradesh is one of the 28 states of India and is the northeastern-most state of
the country. Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south
and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east and is
separated from China in the north by the McMahon Line. Itanagar is the capital of the
state.

A major part of the state is claimed by both China and Taiwan, both referring to it as
"South Tibet". During the 1962 Sino-Indian war, Chinese forces temporarily crossed
the McMahon line, the border line between the state and China.

c) SHAKSGAM VALLEY

20
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–India_relations#Border_disputes

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 The Trans-Karakoram Tract also known as Shaksgam or the Shaksgam Tract, is an
area of more than 2,700 sq mi (6,993 km2) north of the Karakoram, including
the Shaksgam valley and Raskam (Yarkand river valley). The tract is administered by
the People's Republic of China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik
Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but it
was regarded by Pakistan as part of Kashmir until 1963. It is claimed by India as part of
the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

10. CONCLUSION

India and China have been in relationship from very ancient time and the expansion of
culture and religion(BUDDHISM) to the China and visit of Chinese scholars like Fa-Hien
from China to the India have been the pillar of India-China relationship. Trade through the
silk route has also had a major effect and helped in the building of relationship. After
independence, the relationship between India and China had been deteriorate many times due
to conflicts like 1962 war, 1971 war between India and Pakistan and recently 2017 Doklam
Standoff but with mutual corporation they have manage to keep and maintain harmony and
peace. Economical and bilateral trade have been the major factors in recent times that have
helped in building of a balanced and ordered relationship between these two countries. The
fact that they are the fastest growing economies of the world these reasons have also
prevented India and China from being coming into any conflicts because they know the very
fact that conflicts affect the economy and development of nations and the countries like India
and China can never think of being in a such situation.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.wikipedia.com
• https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China-January-2012.pdf
• https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China_October_2017.pdf

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