ADTECH

Sources of Energy:

1. Static Energy
2. Conversion of Chemical Energy
Electricity – a flow of electrons
3. Electromagnetism
Positive and Negative Polarities – two basic 4. Photoeletricity
particles of an electric charge
Resistors
The Atom
 Symbol:
 Electron – negative polarity  Unit: Ohms
 Protons – positive polarity  Property: Resistance
 Neutron – electrically neutral  An electronic device (passive) which is
used to oppose the flow of the current.
Conductors – allow electricity to flow  Its power rating is determined by its
size
Insulator – does not allow electricity to flow
 Dissipation refers to the power wasted
Semiconductor – neither a conductor nor an in the form of heat
insulator
Types:
Direct Current (DC)
DC Voltage  Fixed – just one value
Voltage  Variable – the value varies
o Potentiometer – 3 terminals
o Rheostat – 2 terminals
Time
 The direction of electron flow is Kinds of Resistors:
unidirectional
 A battery maintains the same polarity of  Wire-wound – fixed resistors that are
output voltage across its terminals made by winding a piece of resistive
 It has a fixed polarity of output voltage wire around a ceramic core
 Carbon – are very popular for most
Alternating Current (AC) applications because they are
AC Voltage
Voltage inexpensive
 Film-type – comes in two kinds, carbon-
Time
film and metal-film
 Surface-mount – also called chip
resistors. Produced by depositing a
 The alternating voltage source thick carbon film on a ceramic base.
periodically  Fusible – type of wire-wound made to
 The resulting current correspondingly burn open easily when the power rating
reverses its polarity periodically is exceeding
 AC voltage is the voltage used in homes  Thermistor – thermally sensitive
resistors

1
 Resistors Color Coding
Color band assignment
 Four Band Resistor
o 1st band provides the first
digit of the code
o 2nd band provides the
second digit
o 3rd band is the multiplier
o 4th band indicates the
tolerance
Given: Red, Purple, Brown, Gold
Using the Charge:
Red = 2, Purple = 7, Brown = x10 Gold = +/- 5%
Upper limit: R = 270 + 5% (270) = 283.50 ohm
Lower Limit: R = 270 – 5%(270) = 256.50 ohm
Ohm’s Law
 Is the mathematical relationship
between voltage, current and
resistance.
 Discovered by German physicist Georg
Simon Ohm in 1826
 It is the basic law concerning the flow of
electricity
Forms of Ohm’s Law
 Current (I) – flow of electrons
 Voltage (V) – potential difference
between two points
 Resistance (R) – opposition to the
flow of electrons
Current (I), A (ampere)
 Named after French physicist Andre-
Marie Ampere
 Current refers to the quantity/volume
of electrical flow.
 Measured in Amperes (A)
I = V/R
Where: I – is current in ampere
V – voltage in volts
R – resistance in ohms
Relationship: Current is directly
proportional to voltage and inversely
proportional to resistance.
 High Voltage but Low current – it is a
practical fact that high voltage circuits
usually do have small values of current
in electronic circuits
 Low Voltage but High current – A low
value of voltage in a very low resistance
circuit can produce a very high current
Voltage (V)
 Named after an Italian physicist,
Allesandro Volta
 It is the push or pressure behind current
flow through a circuit
 Measured in (V) volts
V=IxR
Relationship: Voltage is directly
proportional to the product of Current
and resistance.
Resistance (R)
 Resistance to the flow of the current
 Measured in Ohms
2
 R = V/I I = IR1 = IR2 = IR3
Relationship: Resistance is directly
V1 = I1R1 V2 = I2R2 V3 = I3R3
proportional to voltage and inversely
proportional to Current Solve for the IR drops in the given circuit:
Circuits  Solve first I since:
 Source – supply of power I = IR1 = IR2 = IR3
 Line – bridge between source and load I = V/Rt
 Load – consumes the power I = 12/R1 + R2 + R3
 Basic Circuit I = 12/ 470 + 470 + 470
I = 0.0085 A
 Series Circuit
 Solving for IR drops:
V1 = I1R1 = 0.0085 X 470 = 3.995 volts
V2 = I2R2 = 0.0085 X 470 = 3.995 volts
V3 = I3R3 = 0.0085 X 470 = 3.995 volts

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1887)

o Current is all the same in all
parts of the series circuit
o The total resistance is equal to
the sum of the resistances
connected in the circuit
 Parallel Circuits
o German physicist
o Developed the Circuit Laws
 The sum of all resistor voltage drops in
a series circuit equals the applied
voltage.
Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 + … VN

Sample Problem:
A voltage source produces and
IR drop of 50V across R1, 20V across R2,
and 100V across R3, all in series. Using
KVL, how much is the applied voltage
Vt?
o Is any circuit that provides
Solution:
common voltage across all
I1R1 = 50V
components
I2R2 = 20V
Series IR voltage drops I3R3 = 100V
Vt = V1 + V2 + V3
470 I1R1
= 50 + 20 + 100
470 I2R2 = 170 volts

470 I3R3