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• Acids in water:
Acids produce H+ ions when dissolved in water. H+ ions cannot exist alone. They combine with
water molecule (H2O) to form H3O+ (hydronium ions). It conducts electricity.
• Decrease in H30+ ions concentration per unit volume results in formation of dilute
acids.
• It is a highly exothermic reaction.
Acids when dissolved in water release large amount of heat. If water is added to concentrated
acid then the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause bums. Hence to
avoid burns acid must be added drop wise into water with constant stirring. So that the heat
generated spreads over in water.
strong acids → release more H+ ions → HCl
weak acids → releases less number of H+ ions → acetic acid
strong base → give more OH– ions → NaOH
weak base → gives less OH– ions → CH3COOH
Weak acid is the one which does not dissociate completely into ions in aqueous solutions. For
Example, Acetic Acid.
Acids can also be as Dilute Acid and Concentrated Acids. The one which has low concentration of acids
in aqueous solution, they are known as Dilute Acids whereas the one which has high concentration of
acids in aqueous solution, are known as Concentrated Acids.
It is advisable to add acid to water and not vice versa because large amount of heat is released if water
is added to acid. This released heat is large enough to cause harm.
Acids can also be classified based on number of hydrogen ions. Monoprotic acid is the one which gives
one mole of hydrogen ions per mole of acid, such as HCl. Diprotic Acid is the one which produces two
mole of hydrogen ions per mole of acid. For Example, H2SO4.
Bases
Bases are the one which produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. Bases which are water
soluble they are known as Alkalis.
They turn red litmus to blue.
They have a bitter taste.
They also produced carbon-dioxide when reacted with carbonates.
They also evolved hydrogen gas when bases react with metals.
Reactions of Bases
1. Reaction with Metals
Base reacts with metals and produce hydrogen gas.
2NaOH + Zn → Na2 → Na2ZnO2 + H2
2. Reaction with Acids
Base reacts with acids to form salts. For Example,
KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O
3. Reaction with Non-metallic Oxides
Base reacts with non-metallic oxides to form salt and water.
2NaOH + CO2 → CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O
Classification of Bases
Bases are classified as Strong Base and Weak Base. Strong base is the one which dissociates completely
into its ions in aqueous solution. For Example, NaOH.
Weak base is the one which does not dissociate completely into its ions in aqueous solutions. For
Example, Ammonium Hydroxide, NH4OH
Bases are also classified as Dilute Base and Concentrated Base. The solution which has low
concentration of base in aqueous solution is defined as Dilute Base whereas the one which has high
concentration of base in aqueous solution is known as Concentrated Base.
Strength of an acid or base can be determined using a pH scale. It is a scale to measure the hydrogen ion
concentration in a solution. The p stands for ‘potenz’, it is a German word which means power.
If pH is equal to 7, means the solution is neutral.
If pH is greater then 7 means alkaline solution.
If pH is less then 7 means the solution is acidic.
Importance of pH
Human body works at a pH of about 7.4.
Stomach has a pH of about 2 due to presence of hydrochloric acid in it. It is needed for the
activation of pepsin protein required for protein digestion.
When we eat food containing sugar, then the bacteria present in our mouth break down the
sugar to form acids. This acid lowers the pH in the mouth. Tooth decay starts when the pH of
acid formed in the mouth falls below 5.5. This is because then the acid becomes strong enough
to attack the enamel of our teeth and corrode it. This sets in tooth decay. The best way to
prevent tooth decay is to clean the mouth thoroughly after eating food.
Many animals and plants protect themselves from enemies by injecting painful and irritating
acids and bases into their skin.
o When honey bee stings a person, it injects an acidic liquid into the skin. Rubbing with
mild base like baking soda solution on the stung area of the skin gives relief.
o When a wasp stings, it injects an alkaline liquid into the skin. Then rubbing with a mild
acid like vinegar on the stung area of the skin gives relief.
Soil pH and plant growth: Most of the plants grow best when the pH of the soil is close to 7. If
the soil is too acidic or basic, the plants grow badly or do not grow at all. The soil pH is also
affected by the use of chemical fertilisers in the field. Chemicals can be added to soil to adjust its
pH and make it suitable for growing plants. If the soil is too acidic then it is treated with
Indicators: Indicators are those substances which tell us whether a substance is acidic or basic by
change in colour. For e.g., litmus solution.
• Olfactory indicators: Those substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are called
lfactory indicators. For e.g., clove, vanilla, onion.
• Natural indicators: Turmeric, litmus (obtained from lichen)
• Synthetic indicators: Methyl orange, phenolphthalein.
Indicator Acids Bases
remains turns
1. Red litmus
red blue
remain
2. Blue litmus turns red
s blue
3.
colourles
Phenolphthalei pink
s
n
4. Methyl
red yellow
orange
1. How will you test for a gas which is liberated when HCL reacts with an active metal? (CBSE 2008)
2. What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and spongy? (CBSE 2008)
3. When fresh milk is changed into curd will its pH value increase or decrease? Why?
Question36)Sugandha prepares HCI gas in her school laboratory using certain chemicals. She puts both
dry and wet blue litmus papers in contact with the gas.
(i) Name the reagents used by Sugandha to prepare HCI gas.
(ii) State the colour changes observed with the dry and wet blue litmus paper.
(iii) Show the formation of ions when HCI gas combines with water.
Question 37) How the following substances will dissociate to produce ions in their solution?
(a) Hydrochloric acid
(b) Nitric acid
(c) Sulphuric acid
(d) Sodium hydroxide
(e) Potassium hydroxide
(f) Magnesium hydroxide
Solution
Question 38) Differentiate between strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes. Mention two examples of
each.
Question 39) State reasons for the following:
(a) A tarnished copper vessel begins to shine again rubbed with lemon.
(b)All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
(c) Use of a mild base like baking soda on the honey – bee stung area gives relief.
Question 40) (a) State what happens when an acid reacts with a base? Name the reaction and give
equation of the reaction involved.
(b) Name one natural source of each of the following acids:
(i) Citric acid
(ii) Oxalic acid
(iii) Lactic acid
(iv) Tartaric acid
(v) Acetic acid
Solution
citric acid in lemon
oxalic acid in tomato
lactic acid in curd
tartaric acid in tamarind
Acetic acid in vinegar
Question 41) A student mixed equal volumes of hydrochloride acid and sodium hydroxide solutions of
same concentration.
(i) What would be the pH and colour of pH paper of the resulting solution and why?
(ii) Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Question 42) State the colour change on treating pH paper with the folloing solutions:
sodium hydroxide solution, water, sulphuric acid solution, calcium hydroxide solution. Arrange the
following solutions in increasing order of pH.
Question 43) (a) Name the acid produced in our stomach. What happens when there is an excess
secretion of acid in the stomach? How can its effect be cured?
(b) Explain how pH change is the cause of tooth decay? How it can be prevented?
(c) What is the ideal soil pH for the growth of plants? Explain with the help of an activity how will you
test the pH of a sample of soil collected from your locality?
Question 44) Name one indicator which specifies the various levels of H + ion concentration.
Question 50)When this white powder is mixed with water a hard solid mass is obtained. Write balanced
chemical equation for this change.
Question 51)Write name of the compound:
(a) Used for softening hard water.
(b) Used as an antacid.
(c) Which is a component of washing soda.
(d) Which is used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries?
Question 52) A gas X reacts with lime water and forms a compound Y which is used as a bleaching agent
in chemical industry. Identify X and Y. Give the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Question 51) Why does the flow of acid rain water into a river make the survival of aquatic life in the
river difficult?
Question 54) Write balanced chemical equations for the reactions taking place when dry blue crystals of
copper sulphate are dropped into concentrated sulphuric acid.
Question 55) Name the products formed when sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated. Write the
chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Solution Formula of sodium hydrogen carbonate is NaHCO 3.
when it is heated it forms water , carbon dioxide and and sodium carbonate.
2NaHCO3 --> H2O + CO2 + Na2CO3
Solution B as pH > 7
Question 57) Why does tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5?
Question 58) How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3O+) affected when a solution of an acid is
diluted?
Question 59) Fresh milk has a pH of 6. When it changes into curd (Yogurt), will its pH value increase or
decrease? Why?
Solution Fresh milk has a pH of 6, before conversion. When milk is turned into curd then its pH value will
decrease due to the production of lactic acid in curd which is acidic in nature.
Two Marks Questions
Question 60) Write the chemical formula for bleaching powder. How is bleaching powder prepared? For
what purpose is it used in paper factories?
Question 61) (i) An aqueous solution has a pH of 7.0. Is this solution acidic, basic or neutral?
(ii) Which has higher pH value, 1 M HCI or 1 M NaOH?
Solution
i) Neutral
ii) NaOH has more pH value
Question 62) Name the gas which is usually produced when dilute sulphuric acid reacts with a metal.
Illustrate it with an example. How will you test the evolution of this gas?
Question 63) A metal compound ‘A’ reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce a gas which
extinguishes a burning candle. Identify the compound ‘A’ and the a gas produced. Write a balanced
chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed in the reaction is sodium sulphate.
Question 64) State what happens when zinc granules are heated with sodium hydroxide solution. Write
the balanced equation for this reaction. Name the main product formed in this reaction.
Question 65) Give reasons for the following:
(a) Dry HCI does not change the colour of dry litmus paper.
(b) Aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity.
Solution
The colour of litmus paper changes only in the presence of ions like hydrogen (H+) or hydronium (H3O+)
ions. HCl can produce these ions only in the form of aqueous solution. Hence dry HCl gas does not
change the colour of dry litmus paper
Question 66) While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that acid should be added to water and not
water to the acid?
Question 67) P and Q are aqueous solution of sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide respectively.
Which of these will turn:
(a) Blue litmus to red or
(b) Red litmus to blue? Give justification for your answer.
Solution Solution P no effect on litmus paper since it is neutral
Solution Q it is strong base so it turns red to blue litmus