Soil and Water Conservation Engineering1 PDF

1.
NAME OF THE DEPARTMENT/SECTION:

Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
2. ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT:
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering of faculty of
Agricultural Engineering is working on Natural resource management for sustainable
agricultural production. This department is involved in the teaching, research and
extension activities related to soil and water conservation.
In last 15 years it has come up with 16 research recommendations which will
be beneficial to farmers of Konkan region in improving productivity of
agricultural produce.
Implements water conservation campaign through people’s participation in
villages of Konkan region. Organizes training programmes for farmers,
extension workers etc.
Involved in teaching of UG, PG and Ph.D Agricultural Engineering students
of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli.
Plate 1: Extension activities of the Department

Plate 2: Research Outcomes
3. ACADEMIC PROGRAMME:
a. Doctoral Programme: Ph.D
Minimum credit requirements
Subject Mater's programme
Major 15
Minor 08
Supporting 05
Seminar 02
Research 45
Total credits 75
Compulsory Non credit courses Optional
II. List of Major subjects (15 credits)
Sr.No. Course No. Course Title Credits
1 SWCE 601** Advanced Hydrology 3+0=3
2 SWCE 602** Modeling Soil Erosion Processes 2+1=3
3 SWCE 603 Soil and Water Systems’ Simulation and Modeling 2+1=3
4 SWCE 604 Hydrological Analysis of Watershed 2+1=3
5 SWCE 605 Hydrological Models 2+1=3
6 SWCE 606 Advanced Hydro informatics 2+1=3
7 SWCE 607 Risk Management in Soil and Water Conservation 2+1=3
8 SWCE 693** Special Problem 0+1=1
9 SWCE 694** Case Studies 0+1=1
** Compulsory for Doctoral Programme
III. List of Minor subjects (08 credits)
Sr.No. Code Course Title Credits
1 AE 601 Environmental Impact Assessment 1+2=3
2 AE 602 Climate Change Impact Adaptation and 2+1=3
Mitigation
3 AE 603 Research Techniques 2+1=3
4 AE 604 Bench Marking and Performance Analysis 3+0=3
5 IDE 605 Pipe Network Analysis 2+1=3
6 IDE 606 River Basin Models 2+1=3
IV. List of supporting subjects (05 credits)
Sr.No. Code Course Title Credits
1 CSE 601 Object Oriented Programming 2+1=3
2 MATH 601 Mathematical Modelling and Mat lab 1+2=3
Applications
3 STAT 601 Operations Research 2+1=3
4 STAT 602 Probabilistic Approach in Design 2+0=2
5 STAT 611 Geospatial Analysis 1+1=2
V. List of Seminar Subject (02 credit)
Course No. Course Title Credits
SWCE 691 Doctoral Seminar I 1+0=1
SWCE 692 Doctoral Seminar II 1+0=1
VI. Doctoral Research (45 credits)
SWCE 699 Doctoral Research 45
VII. Optional Non credit courses
PGS 601 Library and Information Services 0+1
PGS 602 Technical Writing and Communications Skills 0+1
PGS 603 Intellectual Property and its Management in 1+0
3
(e-Course) Agriculture
PGS 604 Basic Concepts in Laboratory Techniques 0+1
PGS 605 Agricultural Research, Research Ethics and Rural
(e-Course) 1+0
Development Programmes
PGS 606
(e-Course) Disaster Management 1+0
b. Masters Programme: (M.Tech.)

I. Minimum credit requirements
Subject Mater's programme
Major 20
Minor 09
Supporting 05
Seminar 01
Research 20
Total credits 55
Compulsory Non credit courses 06
VII. List of Major subjects (20 credits)

I. Major (20 Credits)

1 SWCE 501** Watershed Hydrology 2+1=3
2 SWCE 502** Design of Soil and Water Conservation 2+1=3
Structures
3 SWCE 503** Open Channel Flow for Runoff Water 3+0=3
4 SWCE 504** Watershed Management and Modelling 2+1=3
5 SWCE 505 Project Planning for Land and Water 3+0=3
Resources
6 SWCE 506 GIS and Remote Sensing for Land and Water 2+1=3
Resource Management
7 SWCE 507 Land Development and Earth Moving 2+0=2
Machinery
8 SWCE 508 Advances in Runoff Water Harvesting 1+1=2
9 SWCE 509 Fluvial Hydraulics 2+1=3
10 SWCE 510 Statistical Hydrology 3+0=3
11 SWCE 511 Dams and Reservoir Operations 2+1=3
12 SWCE 592** Special Problem 0+1=1
13 SWCE 595# Industry/Institute Training NC
4
** Compulsory for Master’s Programme
# Minimum of Three Weeks Training at the end of II semester
VIII. List of Minor subjects (09 credits)
Sr.no. Course No. Course Title Credits
1 MATH 501 Higher Engineering Mathematics 2+1=3
2 MATH 502 Methods of Numerical Analysis 1+1=2
3 MATH 503 Advanced Calculus for Engineers 2+0=2
4 STAT 511 Statistical Methods 2+0=2
5 STAT 512 Design of Experiments 1+1=2
6 IDE 504 Ground Water Engineering 2+1=3
7 IDE 505 Crop Environmental Engineering 2+0=2
8 IDE 507 Flow through Porous Media 2+0=2
9 IDE 511 Introductory Hydro Informatics 2+1=3
IX. List of supporting subjects (05 credits)

1 BSCT 501 Computer Graphics 2+1=3
2 BSCT 502 Computer Languages for Engineering 1+2=3
Applications
3 MATH 504 Neural Network and its Applications 2+1=3
4 AE 502 Similitude in Engineering 2+1=3
5 AE 503 Applied Instrumentation 2+1=3
6 FMPE 521 Computer Aided System Design 0+2=2
X. List of Seminar Subject (01 credit)
SWCE 591 Master's Seminar 1+0=1
XI. Master's Research (20 credits)
SWCE 599 Master's Research 20
VI. Compulsory Non credit courses
Sr. no. Course No. Course Title Credits
1 PGS 501 Library and Information Services 0+1
2 PGS 502 Technical Writing and Communications Skills 0+1
3 PGS 503 Intellectual Property and its Management in
(e-Course) 1+0
Agriculture
4 PGS 504 Basic Concepts in Laboratory Techniques 0+1
5
5 PGS 505 Agricultural Research, Research Ethics and 1+0
(e-Course) Rural Development Programmes
6 PGS 506 1+0
(e-Course) Disaster Management
c. Bachelor Programme: B.Tech.
Semester Term Course No. Credits Title
No. No.
Semester I I No courses are offered by the department
Semester II II SWCE-121 3(1+2) Surveying and leveling
Semester III I SWCE-232 3(2+1) Soil Mechanics
I SWCE-233 3(2+1) Watershed Hydrology
Semester IV II SWCE-244 3(2+1) Soil and Water Conservation
Engineering
Semester V I SWCE-355 3(2+1) Soil Conservation Structure Design
Semester VI II SWCE-366 3(2+1) Watershed planning and
Management
Semester VII I CAF-SWCE-471 3(2+1) Gully and Ravine Control structure
CAF-SWCE-472 3(2+1) Reservoir and Farm Pond Design
CAF-SWCE-473 3(2+1) Computer Application in Soil and
Water Conservation Engineering
CAF-SWCE-474 3(2+1) Remote Sensing and GIS
Application in Natural Resource
Management
CAF-SWCE-475 3(2+1) System Engineering
CAF-SWCE-476 3(2+1) Advance Surface Hydrology
Semester GAE-485 25(0+25) In-plant training
VIII
DETAILED SYLLABI
1. SWCE-121 Surveying and levelling
Lec.No. Topics Book Page No.

No.
1 Preliminary definitions, object of survey, 1 1-4
primary division of surveying, classification of
surveys, uses of surveys.
2 Principles of surveying, measurement, units of 1 4-10
measurement, methods of locating points, works 13-16
of surveyor, precision in surveying
3 Principles of chain surveying, triangulation 1 74-77
survey, survey stations, selection of stations, 46-48
survey lines, ranging and types of ranging.
4 Chaining, types of chains, recording the 1 36,39
measurement, offsets and their types, number of 49-51
offsets, computation of areas 71-81
309-315
6
5 Errors in length due to incorrect chain correction 1 52,59,60,63,64-
for slope, errors in chaining tape corrections(all 69
formulae)
6 Numerical on chain and tape corrections 1 53-71
7 Instruments for setting right angles, cross staff, 1 95-103
optical square, prism square, obstacles in 107-116
chaining and ranging, numerical
8 Prismatic compass survey, Surveyors compass, 1 130-137
types of traverse, methods of traversing,
prismatic and
9 Bearing of lines, designation of bearing, 1 138-151
calculation of angles, numericals
10 Local attraction, numericals, magnetic 1 151-158
declination, dip of the needle, traverse plotting, 160-166
errors in compass survey, limits of accuracy 172-174
11 Plane tabling, Instruments and accessories, 1 289-297
advantages and disadvantages, setting and
orienting table, methods of plane tabling,
radiation and intersection.
12 Traversing, resection, errors in plane tabling 1 296-297
305-306
13 Leveling, terms used in leveling, types of levels 1 345-352
and leveling staff, focusing, temporary 356-368
adjustments, bench marks
14 Basic principles of leveling, steps in leveling, 1 367-378
reduction of levels, field book entries, missing
entries, nemericals
15 Types of leveling-differential, profie, cross 1 384-395
sectioning, effect of curvature and refraction, 403-405
check leveling, reciprocal and precise levelling And 409
16 Contouring, characteristics of contours, direct 1 430-437
and indirect methods, interpolation of contours,
uses of contour, gradient
17 Theodolite, traversing, measurement of 1 179-187
horizontal and vertical angles and introduction to 203-211
setting curves
18 Earthwork computations(formulae for straight 1 454-468
volume) level section, two level section, side 479-493
hill, two level section and thre level section,
multiple section numerical
List of practicals
1 Study of instruments used for measurement of distance
2 Ranging and chaining of survey lines and offsetting( Direct and Indirect
ranging)
3 Chain survey by triangulation
4 Plotting of chain survey and computation of area
5 Study of prismatic compass, taking bearing and computation of angle
6 Open traversed survey of road/stream
7 Closed traversed survey of field/ building
7
8 Plane table survey by radiation method
9 Plane table survey by intersection method
10 Plane table survey by traversing method
11 Study of different levels, leveling staffs and their adjustments
12 To study booking of staff readings and to determine reduced levels
13 To determine the reduced levels by simple leveling
14 To determine the reduced level by differential leveling
15 To determine the reduced level by profile leveling
16 Plotting of profile and computation of cutting and filling
17 Grid survey of field
18 Plotting of contour map and interpretation of contour map
19 Study of software in drawing contour
20 Cross sectioning of gully and nala
21 Plotting of cross sectioning
22&23 L-section of a gully/nala and plotting
24 To establish bench mark by precise leveling
25 Study of Theodolite, measurement of vertical and horizontal angle by
theodolite
26 Determination of height of object using theodolite
27 Setting of curves using Theodolite
28 Study of minor instruments ( Abney level, hand level, Box sextant,
Clinometer compass)
29 Study of minor instruments ( Plannimeter and Pentagraph)
30 Use of total survey station
Text Books
1 Surveying and leveling-Part-I T.P Kanetkar
Reference Books
1 Surveying and leveling-Part-II T.P Kanetkar, S.V. Kulkarni
2 Surveying Vol.I and II S.K. Duggal
3 Surveying Vol.I and II B.C. Punmia
2 SWCE-232 : Soil Mechanics

Lec.No. Topics Book Page No.
No.
1 Soil and Soil Engineering, Field of Soil 1 1.1-1.3
Mechanics
2 Preliminary definitions and relationships 1 2.1-2.5
3 Functional relationships 1 2.6
4 Numericals on functional relationships 1 -
5 Determination of index properties 1 3.1-3.3
6 Determination of index properties 1 3.4-3.5
7 Sedimentation analysis and numericals. 1 3.6,3.8
Hydrometer method
8 Particle size distribution curve, and 1 3.9
numericals
9 Consistency of soil, determination of liquid 1 3.10-3.11
and plastic limit
10 Determination of shrinkage limit 1 3.12
11 Soil classification 1 4.1,-4.5
8
12 Modes of occurance of soil water, adsorbed 1 6.1-6.3
water, capillary water, numericals
13 Stress conditions in soil: effective and 1 6.4
neutral pressures
14 Numericals on stress conditions 1 --
15 Permeability, Discharge velocity, seepage 1 7.1-7.4,7.6
velocity, factors affecting seepage velocity
16 Permeability of stratified soils and 1 7.12
numericals
17 Seepage analysis, seepage pressure, upward 1 9.1-9.3
flow
18 Laplace equation and flow net 1 9.4-9.5
19,20 Shear strength, Mohrs stress circle, 1 18.1-18.2
theoretical relationship between principle
stresses
21-23 Compaction: Standard and modified Proctors 17.1-17.3,
test, abbot compaction and Jodhpur mini 17.6-17.8
compaction test, field compaction method
and control
24-26 Consolidation: spring analogy, Terzaghi’s 15.1,15.2,15.5,15.7-
theory, laboratory consolidation test, 15.9
calculation of voids ratio and coefficient of
volume change, Taylor’s and Cassagrandes
method for determination of coefficient of
consolidation
27 Earth pressure: active and passive states 20.1-20.2
28 Rankine’s theory, only two cases of earth fill 20.4
i.e. 1) Dry or moist back fill with no
surcharge, 2) Submerged backfill
29 Numricals on the above two cases --
30 Stability of slopes, stability analysis and 23.1-23.3
finite slopes
31,32 Friction circle method and Talor’s stability 23.6-23.7
number
List of practicals:
1 Determination of water content by different methods
2 Determination of field density by core cutter method
3 Determination of field density by sand replacement method
4 Determination of specific gravity by pycnometer
5 Mechanical analysis of soil by sieving
6 Determination of grain size distribution by Hydrometer
7 Determination of liquid limit of soil
8 Determination of plastic limit of soil
9 Determination of shrinkage limit of soil
10 Determination of hydraulic conductivity by constant head permeameter
11 Determination of hydraulic conductivity by variable head permeameter
12 Determination of compaction properties of soil by Proctor’s test
13 Determination of unconfined compressive strength of soil
Text book:
9
1 Soil Mechanics and Foundations B.C. Punmia
Reference
1 Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics Gopal Ranjan and ASR
2 Soil Testing for Engineers L.W.Lambe
3 SWCE-233: Watershed Hydrology
Lec.No. Topics Book Article no. Page No.

No.
1 Introduction, Scope of 2 - 1-3,11-
Hydrology, Hydrological cycle 1 3.1 14,24-25
2 Precipitation forms, rainfall 2 - 16-21/39-40
measurement, mass curve 4 2.1 13-14
1 3.3,3.9 26-34
3 Hyetograph, mean rainfall depth, 2 - 28-35,39
adequacy of raingauge, point 4 3.10-3.12 46-54
precipitation, mean areal
precipitation
4 Intensity-Duration relationship, 3 3.8 87-89
Intensity-Duration frequency
relationship, Depth Area 4 - 60-68
Duration relationship, plotting
positions, Frequency analysis
5 Estimation of missing data, test 4 3.7-3.8 36-45
of consistency of rainfall records
6-8 Hydrological losses ( 4 4.1-4.3,4.6, 82-88,90-
Interception, infiltration, 4.9.2,4.10, 94,101-
evaporation, evapo transpiration) 4.12 109,115-
Estimation and measurement 124,135-138
2 62-68
9 Geomorphology of watershed, 2 99-103
stream number stream length,
stream slope, Hortons law
10-11 Runoff, factors affecting runoff, 2 - 108,186-194
Measurement: Stage and 4 - 253-259
velocity, rating curve
12-13 Estimation of peak runoff rate, 2 - 109-112
rational method, Cook’s method, 1 3.11 36-38
SCS method, Numericals on 4 5.2.1,5.2.2 151-162
above 5 2.6 29-36
14-15 Curve number method 4 5.2.3 162-166
(Estimation of runoff volume) 1 - 39-43
Numericals on above 5 - 44-48
16-17 Hydrograph, Components, Base 2 - 121-129
Flow separation 4 6.1,6.4 182-
184,191-193
18 Unit Hydrograph theory, Unit 4 6.6 193-208
hydrograph of different duration
10
19-21 Examples/Numerical on above 2 - 148-157
Distribution hydrograph
22-23 Synthetic unit hydrograph 4 6.7 208-217
(Snyder method)
24 Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph 4 6.8 217-220
25-26 Head water flood control- 2 - 258-272
methods 4 8.3 290-297
27 Flood routing, graphical method 4 9.1-9.3,9.8 310-311,328
of reservoir flood routing
28 Hydrology of dryland areas- 4 11.1-11.2, 395-399
drought and its classification 11.4-11.5 401-402
29-30 Introduction to watershed 1 28.1- 556-558
management and planning 28.3,28.9 565-567
List of practicals
1 Visit to meteorological observatory and study of meteorological
instruments
2 Study of different types of rain gauges
3 Analysis of raingauge charts
4 Estimation of average rainfall depth
5 Probability analysis of rainfall data by Weibull’s method
6 Estimation of peak runoff rate by rational method
7 Estimation of peak runoff rate by Cook’ method
8 Computation of runoff volume by Curve Number method
9 Study of stream gauging instruments ( Stage level recorder and current
meter)
10 Development of DRH from stage hydrograph
11 Development of unit hydrograph
12 Development of Dimensionless Unit Hydroghraph
Text books:
1 Land and water Management Engineering V.V.N. Murthy
2 Hydrology H.M. Raghunath
3 Applied Hydrology K.N. Mutreja
4 Watershed Hydrology R. Suresh
5 Manual of Soil and Water Conservation Practices G.Singh
Reference book:
1. Engineering Hydrology by K. Subramanya
4 SWCE-244: Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
5 SWCE-355: Soil Conservation Structure Design

No.
1 Introduction, Classification of 2 9.1-9.2 172-173
structures, functional requirements
of soil erosion control structures
2 Open channel flow, types of flow, 6 1.1-1.4 1-16
state of flow, regimes of flow
3&4 Energy and momentum principles, 6 3.1-3.3,3.6- 39-43
Specific energy, and specific force 3.7 49-55
criteria for critical state of flow.
11
5&6 Hydraulic jump, loss of energy in 4 5.4 193-196
hydraulic jump, applications of
hydraulic jumps, types of
hydraulic jump
7 Dissipation of energy due to jump, 4 5.4 196-200
jump efficiency
8 Runoff measuring structures: 7 4.4 57-68
Parshall flume, H-flume and weirs
9&10 Straight drop spillway,: General 1 5.4 234-236
description, functional uses, 4 4.7 172-175
adaptability, advantages and
limitations, components of drop
spillway
11 & 12 Hydraulic and Hydrologic design 1 5.4 236-249
4 5.1 191-192
206-208
13 Structural design of drop spillway 4 5.4.1 209-214
14-15 Forces on retaining wall, gravity 3 19.1-19.3 944-951
dam
16-18 Modes of failure of gravity dam 3 19.4 951-959
with examples
19-20 Safety against sliding, overturning, 1 5.7 280-288
crushing and tension
21-22 Chute spillway: General 1 5.4 251-253
description and its components, 4 5.6 219-223
hydraulic design
23 Design of SAF stilling basin 4 - 222-223
24 Drop inlet spillway: functional 1 5.4 253-259
uses, adaptability, advantages and
limitations, design criteria
25&26 Design of pipe spillway 2 9.11 182-187
4 5.5.2,5.5.3 215-219
27 Design of diversion drains 7 22.16 480
28-29 Small earthen embankments, their 3 20.1,20.2, 1041-1044
types and design principles 20.8 1054-1055
30-32 Farm ponds: types, design, site 2 10.17-10.20 212-217
selection, water storage 5 8.3-8.5 93-107
requirements and numericals
List of Practicals:
1 Design of drop spillway
2 Design of stilling basin of drop spillway
3 Design of drop inlet spillway
4 Design of chute spillway
5,6 Design of retaining wall
7 Design of earthen embankment (Fill volume and storage volume)
8 Estimating and costing of earthen embankment
9 Design of dugout pond ( dug-out type)
10 Determination of forces acting on gravity dam
Text book:
12
1 Manual of Soil and Water Conservation Practices G. Singh
2 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering G.O. Schwab
3 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic structures S.K. Garg
4 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering R.Suresh
5 Watershed Management (design & practices) P.K.Singh
6 Open channel hydraulics V.T. Chow
7 Land and water Management Engineering V.V.N. Murthy
6 SWCE-366: Watershed Planning and Management

No.
1,2 Watershed Management: problems 1 1.1-1.10 1-10
and prospects: Definition, multi use
concept, size of watershed,
principles, objectives and
components of watershed
management, causes of watershed
detonation and identification of
problems
3,4 Watershed based land use planning: 1 20.1-20.7 718-736
soil survey, mapping unit, land
capability, land use capability
classification
5 Watershed characteristics- Physical: 2 24.2 786-793
size, shape, slope, hydrologic cover,
topography, geology
6-8 Geomorphological watershed 1 4.4 43-53
characteristics, numerical
9 Factors affecting watershed 2 24.8.1 814
management, hydrologic data for 5 131
watershed planning
10-11 Watershed delineation and 8 - 282-289
prioritization of watersheds
12 Water yield assessment and 4 10.3 131-135
measurement from watershed
13-16 Sediment estimation, sediment 2 21.2-21.9 737-746
measurement from watershed 3 16.1-16.3 181-205
17-18 In-situ rainwater conservation 9 - 4-41
technology: CCT, SCT
19-20 Water budgeting in the watershed: 6 - 89-91
case study, numericals
21-22 Effect of cropping system, land 7 3.4 50-57
management and cultural practices
on watershed hydrology
23-24 Evaluation and monitoring of 1 24.1,24.2 569-576
watershed programme
25-26 People’s participation in watershed 1 21.1-21.5 533-537
management programme: definition,
rational, factors affecting, incentives
13
mobilization
27-28 Planning and formulation of project 1 10.1-10.4 210-221
proposal: need, level, approach,
watershed planning for land use and
erosion
29 Cost benefit analysis of watershed 4 11.1-11.3 147
programme
30-32 Land use model 1 13.1-13.3 351-387
List of practicals:
1,2,3 Grid survey of area preparation of contour map and delineation of
watershed
4,5,6 Determination of geomorphological characteristics of watershed
7 Estimation of hydrologic parameters for watershed management
8 Estimation of runoff from the watershed
9 Estimation of sediment yield from the watershed
10 Study the different soil and water conservation structures in
watershed
11 Study the different water budgeting parameters
12,13,14 Preparation of techno-economically feasible project proposal for
selected watershed
Text books:
1 Watershed planning and Management by Raj Veer Singh
2 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering by R.Suresh
3 Hydrological Measures for Watershed Management by Wasi Ullah
and others
4 Watershed Management (design & practices) by P.K.Singh
5 Watershed Management by Dhruva Narayana
6 Hydrology by H.M. Raghunath
7 Elementary Hydrology by V.P. Singh
8 Soil Conservation and Land Management by S.K. Dutta
9 Technical Mannual on Contour Trenching for Rehabilitation of
Degraded Lands by J.S.Samra, Chandra Prakash, G. Sastry and A.
Raizada
7 CAF-SWCE-471: Gully and Ravine Control Structures
Lec.No. Topics Book Article

No. No./Page No.
1 Introduction of floods, causes of occurrence 1 10.1/230
2
2 Flood classification-Probable maximum flood, 1 Pg. no. 230-231
standard project flood, design flood
3 Flood estimation, methods of flood estimation 2 10.3
and estimation of flood peak
4 Rational method, empirical methods and 1 Pg.no. 232-
numericals 234(Chap VIII)
5 Unit hydrograph method 2 10.3.4
6 Statistics in Hydrology and Numericals 2 10.3.3
7-10 Flood frequency methods: Normal and Log 3 3.7,3.8,13.6
Normal, Gumbels extreme value, Log-Pearson
14
type III distributions
11-12 Flod forecasting: Need, problems, limitations, 3 13.10
procedures, methods- Multiple correction
method
13-16 Flood routing: channel routing-wedge storage, 4 8.1-8.3
prism storage, total storage, Muskingum
method, Reservoir routig- Modified Pul’s
method and numericals
17 Flood control-history of flood control 2 11.1(Pg.490)
and 12.5
(Pg.509-510)
18 Structural and non structural methods of flood 2 11.2
control
19 Flood control by construction of dikes/levees 2 11.2.1
and flood wall
20 Controlling floods by construction of storage 2 11.2.2
tanks and reservoirs
21 Controlling floods by improving river 11.2.3
capacity-flod way, cutoff
22-24 Controlling floods by construction of diversion 2 11.2.4-11.2.6
channels or flood way, terraces, soil
conservation methods
25 Storage and detention reservoir – storage 2 14.3.1-14.3.2
reservoir or detention basin with their
functioning and advantages
26-28 Gully erosion and its control- V-shaped and U- 4 12.7.5,12.7.7
shaped, gully head control, vegetative
measures, Gully check dams, permanent
structures(Introduction and types)
29-31 Sediment yield models and methods: 4 11.8.1-11.8.2
Modified USLE and Routing model of
MUSLE
Sediment control measures in reservoirs
Pre constructing measures and post
constructing measures control measures and
numericals
32 River training works- objectives, classification 5 8.5.1-8.5.3
methods (only types) (pg.no.366-367)
List of practicals:
1 Determination of flood stage- discharge relationship
2 Determination of flood peak- area relationship
3 Determination of flood with given frequency using Normal distribution
4 Determination of flood with given frequency using Log-Normal
distribution
5 Determination of flood with given frequency distribution functions for
extreme flood value using Gumbel’s distribution
6 Determination of flood with given frequency distribution functions for
extreme flood value using Log-Peasrson type-III distribution
7 Determination of probable maximum flood and standard project flood
15
8 Determination of design flood
9 Design of levees for flood control
10 Study of vegetative measures for gully stabilization
11 Study of structural measures for gully stabilization
12 Field visit to ravine/gully control works
Text books:
1 Hydrology, principles-Analysis-Design by H.M. Raghunath
2 Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering by S.K. Garg
3 Applied Hydrology by K.N. Mutreja
4 Hydrology and Soil Conservation Engineering by Ghanashyam Das
5 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic structures by S.K. Garg
8 CAF-SWCE-472: Reservoir and Farm Pond Design
Lec.No. Topics Book Article No.

No.
1 Earthen embankment, functions, advantages 1 16.4.1-16.4.2
and limitations
2-3 Types of earthen dams and method of 2 20.2-20.3
construction
4-5 Foundation and fill requirement 1 16.4.3
6-7 Seepage through embankments 1 16.4.4
8-9 Seepage discharge 2 20.10-20.11
10-14 Graphical and analytical method for 2 20.1,20.2,20.12
determination of phreatic line and numericals 2
15-16 Flow net and its properties 2 11.4
17-18 Seepage control and drainage filters 2 20.14-20.16
19 Piping through earthen dams 2 20.7.2
20-21 Design criteria for earthen dam 2 20.8-20.9
22-23 Stability of slopes 2 20.13
24 Types of reservoirs 2 18.1
25-26 Types of farm ponds 3 8.3-8.4
27-29 Design and estimation of earth work for farm 3 8.5
pond and embankment, numericals
30-32 Estimation and costing of farm pond and 4 -
earthen embankments
List of practicals:
1 Study of different types and materials of earthen dam
2 Determination of phreatic line in earthen dams in isotropic soils
3 Determination of phreatic line in earthen dams in anisotropic soils
4 Stability analysis of side slopes of earthen dam
5 Construction of flow net
6 Determination of stage storage-output relationship of reservoir
7,8 Design and layout of farm pond
9 Estimation of earth work for farm pond and cost estimation
10 Estimation and costing of earthen embankment
11 Visit to earthen embankment and farm pond
Text books:
1 Watershed planning and management by Rajveer Singh
2 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic structures by S.K. Garg
16
3 Watershed Management (design & practices) by P.K.Singh
4 Estimating and costing by S.K. Datta
9 CAF-SWCE-473: Computer Application in Soil and Water

Conservation Engineering

No.
1-2 Modeling: Concept, development 5 1.2 3-12
and types 2 1-8,12-13
3-4 Simulation modeling: Definition 6 12.5-12.6
and application
5-6 Model Development, phases and 3 - 1-26
steps
7 Use of computer model in natural 7 22.2
resources management
8-12 CROPWAT: ETo calculations, crop 1 65-91
water requirement, irrigation
scheduling
13-15 ILWIS 10
16-18 Diger 14
19-21 Watershed soft guide 9
22-24 A to Z software 11
25-27 Surfer 8
28-30 Hydrological runoff modeling 13
List of Practicals:
1 Study and use of hydrologic calculator
2&3 Design of soil and water conservation structures using different
softwares
4 Study of CROPWAT and its applicability
5 Study of ILWIS software and its applicability
6 Study of Diger software and its aoolicability
7 Study of A to Z software and its applicability
8 Study of surfer and its applicability
9&10 Study of hydrologic runoff modelling
Text Book:
1 CROPWAT: A computer program for irrigation planning and
management, FAO-46 by Martin Smith,1992
2 Mathematical models in agriculture by J. France and JHM Thorney
3 Modeling ground water flow and pollution by Jacob Bear and Arnold
Verruijt
4 Forecasting methods and applications by Spyros Makiridakis, Steven
C Wheelwright and Rob J Hyndman
5 Systems modeling and analysis by Nagrath and Gopal
6 Applied Hydrology by K.N.Mutreja
7 Hydrology and Water Resource Engineering by S.K. Garg
8 Manual of surfer software
9 Manual of watershed softguide
10 Manual of ILWIS software
17
11 Manual of A to Z software
12 Manual of hydrologic calculator
13 Manual of hydrologic runoff modeling
14 Manual of Diger software
10 CAF-SWCE-474: Remote sensing and GIS application in Natural
Resources management
Lec.No. Topics Book Page

No. No.
1 Introduction, Remote sensing, definitions, Nature of 1 3-5
remote sensing data
2 Arial photogrametry, Interaction between light and 2 33-36
maters, film technology
3 Characteristics of arial photography 2 37-42
4 Remote sensing, basic principles, introduction, 3 24-34
electromagnetic remote sensing process, physics of
radiant energy
5 Energy sources and its characteristics, atmospheric 3 35-43
interaction with electromagnetic radiations
6 Energy interaction with earth surface materials 3 43-54
7 Types of pictorial data, product image interpretation 3 119-
strategy, process of image interpretation 126
8 Basic elements of image interpretation, visual image 3 127-
interpretation equipments, elements of visual image 141
interpretations
9 Character of digital image enhancement 3 143-
156
10 Image registration and image enhancement 3 157-
167
11 Image spatial filtering techniques 3 168-
176
12 Image transformation, classification, classification 3 176-
methodology 189
13 Microwave remote sensing 3 56-61
14 Hydrologic photo interpretation for watershed 1 338-
management 340
15 Potential of remote sensing in water management, 1 329-
surveying and mapping 330
Geographic Information System (GIS)
16 GIS definition, basic technologies, and its applicability 3 205-
214
17 Components of GIS, Theoretical GIS model, Frame 3 215-
work of GIS 222
18 GIS software, spatial data capture and preparation 4 71-72
19 Spatial data storage 4 73-75
20 Spatial data maintenance 4 75-78
21 Data management system 4 78-80
22 relational data models 4 81-87
23 Spatial data input 4 127-
18
132
24 Spatial data preparation 4 132-
137
25 Point data transformation, continuous field raster 4 45-56
26 Data stream and existing data sets 3 287-
290
27 Data input methods 4 94-99
28 Spatial referencing 4 99-
106
29 Measures for locating errors in maps 4 106-
116
30 Data visualization 4 183-
192
List of Practicals:
1 Study of application of remote sensing and GIS for the natural resources in
watershed
2 Study of remote sensing and GIS hardware
3 Study of use of instruments for arial photo interpretation
4 Study the interpretation of arial photo graphs and satellite imagery
5 Study of basic GIS operation such as image display
6 Study the various features of GIS software packages
7 Study the scanning and digitizing of maps
8 Study the data base query and map algebra
9 Study the supported case studies in water resource management
10 Case studies on application of RS and GIS techniques in watershed
11 Visit to institutes working in Remote Sensing and GIS
Reference Books:
1 Remote sensing in Hydrology and Water Management by Gert A Schultz,
Edwin T Engman
2 Remote sensing, Principle and interpretation, by Floyed F Sabins, W M
Freeman and Company, San Francisco
3 Remote sensing and GIS by M Anji Reddy
4 Principles of Geographic Information Systems by Rolf A.D.
5 Principles of Remote sensing Rolf A.D.
11 CAF-SWCE-475: System Engineering
Lec.No. Topics Book Article No.

No.
1 System concept and approach 1/5 5-6/3.1,3.2
2-3 Introduction to linear programming, 2 3.1,3.2,3.4
standard form, concepts of unique optimal
solution
45 Graphical solution and numerical 2 3.3
6-7 Simplex algorithm, tableau form 2/3 3.8/3.3
8-9 Special cases in simplex method- 1/3/4 3.3.1-
degeneracy, alternative optima, 3.3.4/3.12,3.14/30.41
unbounded and infeasible solution
10-11 Two phases of simplex method & 2/4 3.9/46-52
19
numericals
12-14 Duality in LP definitions, relationship 2/4 4.3.1-4.3.3/149-162
between primal and dual, dual variables
and constraints, duality theorems 4.1 to
4.4
15-16 Dual simplex method-algorithm and 2/4 4.3.5/163-169
algorithms
17-18 Application of LPP (with emphasis on 5 5.1.3-5.1.6
watershed and water resources,
maximization of production/minimization
of soil loss ) formulation of problem
19-21 Transportation problems, initial basic 2 4.6.1
feasible solution and optimal solution
22 Assignment problem 1
23 Introduction to PERT and CPM 1/2 12.1-1.3/12.8.1-
12.8.4
24 Determination of expected completion 1
time, probable time of completion of
project
25 Crashing of critical path 1
26-27 Cost analysis, value of money, present 3/6
worth value analysis, Benefit Cost ratio,
IRR computation
29 Introduction to queuing theory 3/4
30 Que model M/M/1 3/4
List of Practical:
1 Formulation of Linear Programming Problems
2 Graphical solution of LPP
3 Solution of LPP by simplex method
4 Conservation of primal and dual
5 Solution of LPP by dual simplex method
6 Use of LPP for allocation of land and water resources
7 Problems relating to transportation model
8 Formulation of multi objective linear programming
9 Introduction to computer package LINDO/TORA
10 Solution of LPP using LINDO/TORA
Text books:
1 Operation Research an Introduction by H.A. Taha
2 Optimization Theory and Applications by S.S. Rao
3 Operations Research by P.K. Gupta
4 Operations Research-Theory and Practice by Ravindran
5 Water Resources System Engineering by W.A.Hall
6 Farm Irrigation System Design by M.E. Jenson.
12 CAF-SWCE-476: Advance Surface Hydrology
Lec.No. Topics Book Article Page No.

No. No.
1-4 Measurement and analysis of 1 5.3-5.8 169-228
precipitation data, Precipitation
20
variability, meteorology homogeneity,
design of rain gauges network, filling of
missing records, mean areal precipitation
5-12 Hydrologic losses-evaporation process 1 8.2-8.7 290-371
lake effect, application of evaporation in
hydrology, measurement of evaporation
in hydrology,
13-14 Rainfall runoff relation, estimation of 1 13.2- 668-701
surface runoff volume and estimation of 13.5
peak discharge
15-16 Stream flow hydrograph- components 1 6.1-6.6 231-249
factors affecting hydrograph, hydrograph 6.7 249-252
characteristic, base flow separation, 10.6 489-506
complex hydrograph
17-23 Synthesis of Unit hydrograph, limitation 1 107- 506-533
of unit hydrograph theory, S-hydrograph, 10.10 533-554
changing UH duration by S-curve 10.11-
method, conceptual models of UH- 10.12
Instantaneous unit hydrograph-Clark
model, Nash model, synthetic unit,
dimensionless UH
24-26 Flood routing, hydrological channel 1 11.1- 573-610
routing by Muskingham method, 11.5
hydrologic reservoir routing
27-28 Watershed simulation 1 12.1- 613-627
12.5
29 Simulation techniques 1 12.6 627-628
30-31 Hydrological simulation models 1 12.7 629-648
32 Applications of simulation 1 12.11 663-666
List of Practicals:
1 Numerical on checking the consistency of rainfall data by double mass
curve technique
2 Numerical on methods of extension of point rainfall record
3 Graphical representation of rainfall data-chronological charts and moving
averages
4 Numerical on estimation of ET by different methods, Blaney Criddle,
modified Penmann, Hargreaves and Samani method
5 Numerical on determination of Ø and w indices for watershed
6 Numerical on water balance in a watershed
7 Development of DRH form complex hydrograph
8 Development UH from DRH
9 Development of total runoff hydrograph from given UH
10 Numerical on changing UH duration by S-hydrograph
11 Numerical on hydrologic reservoir flood routing
12 Numerical on hydrologic channel routing
13 Study of watershed simulation model
Books:
1 Applied Hydrology by K.N. Mutreja
Reference books:
21
2 Hydrology and Soil Conservation Engineering, Ghanashyam Das
3 Engineering Hydrology, K. Subramanya
4 Handbook of Applied Hyrology, V.T. Chow
4. INFRASTRUCTURE:
a. Laboratories:
1. Surveying and Leveling
2. Soil Mechanics
3. Hydrology
4. Computer Science
b. Name of the important instruments/facilities:
1. Differential Global Positioning System.
c. Activities:
1. Instruments in the surveying and leveling laboratory are utilized for teaching
and research activities related to land surveys.
2. Instruments and equipments in Soil Mechanics laboratory are utilized for
determination of different physical properties of soil required in research and
teaching for UG/PG students.
d. Photographs:
Plate 3: Differential Global Positioning System

5 FACULTY:
a. Academic staff: Assistant Professor and above with the details of the staff as below
22
1 Name of the Dilip Manik Mahale
Faculty
2 Post Held Professor and Head, Department of Soil
and Water Conservation Engineering
3 Date of Birth 1 st June 1957
4 Qualification M.Tech.
5 Area of Soil and Water Conservation
Specialization Engineering
6 Experience (Years) 35
7 Research projects guided
i Ph.D Nil
ii M.Tech. 8
iii B.Tech. 11
8 Present Area of Soil and Water Conservation
Research Engineering
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 09422052269
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email dilipmahale@gmail.com
1 Mr. Sachinkumar B. Nandgude

Name of the Faculty
2 Post Held Associate Professor, Department of
Soil and Water Conservation
Engineering
3 Date of Birth 11.08.1975
4 Qualification Ph.D. IIT, Kharagpur
5 Area of Hydrological Modeling and
Specialization Watershed Management
i Ph.D 01
ii M.Tech. 04
iii B.Tech. 13
8 Present Area of Hydrologic Modelling, RS and GIS,
Research Watershed Management
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 09421718367
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email nandgudesachin@gmail.com
23
1 Dr. Kishor Dhanpal Gharde
Name of the Faculty
2 Post Held Assistant Professor, Department of
Engineering
i Ph.D Nil
ii M.Tech. 03
iii B.Tech. 06
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 09423295879
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email ghardekd@rediffmail.com
1 Name of the Faculty Mr. Harshalkumar Namdevrao Bhange

2 Post Held Assistant Professor, Department of
Engineering
i Ph.D. Nil
ii M.Tech. 01
iii B.Tech. 07
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 09423296001
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email harshalbhange@gmail.com
24
1 Name of the Faculty Dr.Prakash Ramrao Kolhe
2 Post Held Assistant Professor, Computer
4 Qualification M.Sc.
5 Area of Computer Science
Specialization
i Ph.D -
ii M.Tech. -
iii B.Tech. 01
8 Present Area of Computer Science
Research
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 09422630126
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email Prakash_rkolhe@rediffmail.com
1 Name of the Faculty Mr. Mugutrao Haribhau Tharkar

2 Post Held Assistant Professor, Mathematics
4 Qualification M.Sc.
5 Area of Mathematics
Specialization
i Ph.D -
ii M.Tech. -
iii B.Tech. -
8 Present Area of Optimization
Research
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 09764860170
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email mugutrao_tharkar@rediffmail.com
25
1 Name of the Faculty Mr. Sandip Sampatrao Thorat
2 Post Held Sports Officer
4 Qualification MP. Ed.
5 Area of -
Specialization
i Ph.D -
ii M.Tech. -
iii B.Tech.
8 Present Area of -
Research
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 9403111889
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email sandipsthorat@gmail.com
b. Research staff:
1 Ms. Shwetambari Madhukar Palkar

Name of the Faculty
2 Post Held Senior Research Assistant
i Ph.D -
ii M.Tech. -
iii B.Tech. 5
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 09423297693
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email shwetambarinagarkar@gmail.com
26
1 Mr. Sanjay Shriram Idate
Name of the Faculty
2 Post Held Laboratory Assistant
i Ph.D -
ii M.Tech. -
iii B.Tech. -
8 Present Area of -
Research
9 Contact Details
i Land line no. (02358)282414
ii Mobile 09422442643
iii Fax (02358)282414
iv Email
6 INSTRUCTIONAL FARM
a. Location: College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Dapoli
b. Infrastructure Irrigation facilities:
Number of wells: 4
Farm ponds: 2
Ground Water recharge ponds: 4
Area under drip irrigation: 0.5 ha
Area under sprinkler irrigation: 0.5 ha
Buildings/ shelters:
Surveying and Leveling Laboratory:1
Soil Mechanics and Hydrology Lab: 1
Discussion room: 1
Niwara shed: 1
Implement shed: 2
c. Activities:
1. Cultivation:
Mango plantation
Cashew plantation
Banana plantation
Pineapple plantation
Papaya plantation
Seasonal fruits and vegetables
Fish farming in farm ponds (Species: Rohu, Katala)
2. Educational activities: Those can be performed on the farm
Teaching to UG/PG students of Agricultural Engineering
3. Research activities: facilities available for research.
Lined farm ponds
Rainfall simulator
27
Plate:3 Rainfall Simulator
Facilities for research projects on drip and sprinkler irrigation are available.
Runoff plots: for Research experiments related to estimation of soil loss
4. Demonstration activities:
Watershed Park:
The watershed park developed at Instructional Farm, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Dapoli is treasure of knowledge for extension workers,
field officers, farmers, people’s representative, trainees and students regarding
watershed development. This is unique watershed park in the Maharashtra state. In this
park, untreated areas to completely developed watershed with various measures of
development are depicted beautifully through 18 live models.
Plate 4: Watershed Park
28
Hydraulic Ram:
The hydraulic ram, sometimes abbreviated Hydram or Hiram pump, is a
simple automatic device, which utilizes the kinetic energy of water falling from a
moderate height to raise a part of it to much greater height. It is also called as “Zero
Energy Pump”. It is continuous in operation, requires no lubrication and supervision,
need less maintenance and minimum wear and tear. In hilly region of India in general
and Konkan in particular, there are numerous sites where hydraulic ram could be
installed, thus reducing human drudgery in carrying head load of drinking water along
hills or turning unproductive and unused lands to efficient farming unit. The simplicity
of construction and automatic operation of hydraulic ram make it especially adapted to
remote rural areas, which often have problems of non-availability of commercial energy
sources such as electricity and lack of skilled manpower for maintenance and repair of
engine/motors and pumps.
Plate 5 : Hydraulic Ram

7 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS:
a. Varieties /Implements released: NIL
b. Research Recommendations:
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering of faculty of
Agricultural Engineering is working on Natural resource management for sustainable
agricultural production. This department is involved in the research activities related to
soil and water conservation through watershed management in Konkan region. In last
10 years it has come up with 16 research recommendations which will be beneficial to
farmers of Konkan region in improving productivity of agricultural produce. These
recommendations are related to improved design of soil and water conservation
structures for Konkan region, life of some important structures, hydrologic behaviour of
watersheds in Konkan, selection of suitable structure and development of software for
scientific and location specific design of soil and water conservation measures.
Estimation of erosivity at various locations, development of erodibility maps and use of
remote sensing and GIS for studies on soil erosion in Konkan region. These
recommendations are as follows;
29
Year: 2006
1. Hydraulic ram developed by Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Dapoli, is recommended for lifting the water from streams.
Plate 6 : Hydraulic Ram

2. The value of Erosivity index of 12650 MJ-mm/ha-hr for Dapoli region is
recommended for estimation of soil loss.
High intensity and Short duration rainfall is having the largest effect
The effect of rainfall depth on variation in the kinetic energy is 16 times more
than that of rainfall intensity.
Threshold rainfall Intensity for Konkan region, is 10 mm/hr i.e. 1 cm/hr.
The Erosivity i.e.EI30 for Dapoli is 12650.08 MJ-mm/ha.hr, which could be
applicable for entire Konkan Region
The rainfall in second fortnight of June to 1st week of August contributes 70%
of the R factor.
Year: 2009
3. Konkan Vijay Bandhara having height 1.0 m, top width 0.6 m and bottom width 1.6
m developed by Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli is
recommended to construct in series for water conservation in Konkan Region.
Cross section of Konkan Vijay Bandhara:
1. Top width- 0.6 m
2. Bottom width- 1.6 m
3. Side slope (d/s)- 1:1
4. Side slope (u/s)- 0:1
5. Height- 1 m
Konkan Vijay Bandhara founds to be stable in field condition.
It was also observed that dimensions of structure (Konkan Vijay Bandhara) have
not changed after a season.
30
The cost of construction of Konkan Vijay Bandhara (Rs.170 PRMT) was less
than Vanrai Bandhara (Rs.467 PRMT).
Plate 7 : Konkan Vijay Bandhara

4. RCC Nala Bandh is recommended for Konkan region as a drainage line treatment.
RCC Nala Bandh found to be safe and stable against all forces acting on it.
RCC Nala Bandh become one unit, aquatic creatures have not caused any
damage to the structure.
Leakages were not observed; life of structure will be more.
Plate 8: RCC Nala Bandh

5. Software developed by Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli is
recommended for Design of Various Soil and Water Conservation Structures.
Watershed softguide 3.0 has capabilities to design 10 structures.
The software has been supported with database that contains information about
average annual rainfall, soil type, latitude, longitude of 150 locations and
constants in intensity-duration return period relationship of six zones of
31
Maharashtra.
It has facility to add new district, new location, remove location and edit
location.
The dimensions of the structures obtained can be saved or printed directly from
software. Help-pan present on the screen makes it user-friendly.
This software is developed using Microsoft® Visual Basic 6.0 Enterprise Edition
with Service Pack 6, for 32-bit Windows Development and Microsoft® Access
2000 (9.0.2720) for backend.
Plate 9: Screenshot of software Watershed 3.0
6. An average effective life of loose boulder structures having height of 0.5 m is 5

years in the drainage line having 15-20 % slope in South Konkan Region.
Location: Kankadi watershed located near Deorukh
Within 5 years these structures were filled completely with the soil
Construction of such loose boulder structures facilitates reclamation of drainage
line.
Loose boulder structures were damaged after silting.
Plate 10 : Loose Boulder Structure
32
Year: 2010
7. 60 m X 30 m X 3 m sized Farm pond lined with 250 GSM, UV stabilized lining
material is recommended for harvesting rainwater and its use for irrigating 1ha area
and aquaculture in South Konkan region.
The total water harvested through 250 GSM UV stabilized lining material in the
farm ponds I and II is 1890 cubic meter and 2672 cubic meter, respectively.
The average cost of harvested rainwater in both the farm ponds is 0.97 np per lit
The cost benefit ratio of harvested rain water for utilization of irrigating
different crops is 1.82 through out the life of UV Stabilized lining materials.
It is projected that on an average 0.97 ha area is irrigated through harvested
water for above crops.
Plate 11 : Lined Farm Pond

8. Online pond on upper reaches of the watershed is recommended for recharging of
ground water in the South Konkan region.
The average water depletion rate of wells in influenced area W1, W2, W3, W4
were 1.32 cm/day, 2.75 cm/day, 2.65 cm/day and 2.79 cm/day respectively,
whereas the average depletion arte for well in uninfluenced area W5, W6, W7,
W8 and W9 were 3.11 cm/day, 3.6 cm/day, 3.84 cm/day, 3.35 cm/day, and 3.28
cm/day respectively.
The average water table drop for influenced area was 5.18 m whereas 7.45 m in
uninfluenced area, which is higher in uninfluenced area compared to influenced
area.
33
The average water table depletion rate for influenced area was 3.29 cm/day,
whereas 3.43 cm /day in uninfluenced area, which is higher in uninfluenced
area, compared to influence area.
Hence, the water table is 2.27 m higher in influenced area than in uninfluenced
area.
The ground water recharge influence of Priyadarshini Farm pond is found upto
800 m from the source of recharge.
Plate 12 : Online Recharge Pond

9. An average effective life of staggered contour trenches, 4 m x 0.6 m x 0.3m at 4 m
HI, is 10 years in non arable land having 25-30 % slope in South Konkan Region.
Location: Harpude watershed located near Deorukh
Staggered contour trenches were constructed on 150 ha
SCT filled up to top in 10 years
SCTs have trapped 95.17 tone of soil per hectare.
SCT become ineffective in impounding of water and trapping of silt
Edges of SCTs were disturbed due to negligence and lack of
maintenance
Plate 13 : Staggered Contour Trenching
34
Year: 2011
10. Following Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency relationships developed for
Wakawali, Dapoli and Mulde stations of Konkan Region are recommended for
design of flood control, rain water harvesting and runoff control measures.
5.6456 T0.1689
1. Wakawali, I=
(t + 1.0)0.906
7.9932 T 0.1814
2. Dapoli, I=
(t + 1.0)0.811
3.729 T0.1558
3. Mulde , I=
(t + 0.5)0.7138
Where,
I= Rainfall Intensity, cm/h
t = Storm Duration, hour
T = Return Period, year
By using these formulae the intensity for any duration, t up to 24 hours and any
return period, T of 10 to 100 years can be determined.
For Wakawali, Dapoli and Mulde analysis of 16 years, 14 years and 14

years rainfall data was done.
Nomographs for obtaining the quick solution of rainfall intensity-duration-

return period equation were developed for Dapoli and Mulde station
Year: 2012
11. An average effective life of continuous contour trenches of 0.6 m x 0.3m cross
section at 4 m HI, is 9 years in non arable land having 15-20 % slope in South
Konkan Region.
Location: Kankadi watershed located near Deorukh
Continuous contour trenches constructed over 18 ha in January 2003
CCT filled up to top in 9 years
CCTs have trapped 626.04 tonnes of soil per hectare.
CCT become ineffective in impounding of water and trapping of silt
Year: 2013
12. An average effective life of staggered contour trenches, 4 m x 0.6 m x 0.3m at 4 m
HI, is 10 years in non arable land having 15-20 % slope in South Konkan Region.
35
Year: 2014
12. Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli developed technology
of scrap tyre bandhara i. e. temporary check dam is recommended for water
harvesting.
It needs scrap tyres of small to medium size.
Skilled persons are not required for construction.
It dose not needs to construct annually, if proper care is taken.
The scrap tyres which are hazardous to environment can be utilized for
water harvesting.
Tyre Bandhara was found stable in field condition.
Life of scrap tyres check dam is expected to be 10 to 15 years.
The cost of construction of Tyre Bandhara (Rs.1910/- per metre) was less
than permanent structure.
Plate 14: Tyre Bandhra

13. For minimizing evaporation losses (upto 56.5%) from the Konkan Jalkund(size
4mx1mx1m), the cover of dry grass matting + 75% green shading net is
recommended.
14. It is recommended to adopt soil and water conservation measures as graded
bunding, contour trenching, bench terracing, strip cropping at specified locations
in Dapoli watershed which will help to reduce estimated soil loss from 59.66
t/ha/yr to 26.85 t/ha/yr.
Year: 2015
15. The soil erodibility map prepared by Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli is recommended for estimation of soil erodibility in Konkan
Region.
36
Plate 15: Soil Erodibility map of Konkan
The department has also taken up large scale campaign of water conservation
throughout the Konkan region through people’s participation. In last five years the
department has constructed around 500 number of bandharas in 270 villages. Through
this campaign local population has been encouraged for rabbi crop on the basis of
stored water in bandharas. This additional area has been brought under short duration
vegetable cultivation increasing cropping intensity of the Konkan. This has generated
lot of awareness among the people of Konkan and every year large number of people
are voluntarily coming forward for taking up village level conservation measures.
Scientists of the department are regularly conducting training programmes, workshops
for agricultural officers, extension workers and NGO representatives to make them
aware of new technologies in natural resource management and their advantages with
skill development for its implementation. Scientists have also contributed in deciding
subsidy policy for farm pond and its lining material in every district of Konkan region.
37
c. Research outcome/findings
d. Completed Research Projects/Programmes/Schemes:
Title: Farmers’ Participatory Action Research Programme (FPARP) Phase – II
UR no.: 217/9
Objectives:Demonstration of technologies developed by the university viz. Konkan
Vijay Bandhara and Jalakunda on farmers field.
Name of the Programme Co-ordinator:
Prof. dilip MAHALE,
Professor and Head,
Dept of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering,
College of Agril. Engineering and Technology,
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 415 712
Dist –Ratnagiri, (M.S.)
Names of the Co-Programme Coordinators:
1. Shri. H.N. Bhange, Assistant Professor, Department of Soil and Water
Conservation Engineering & Water Conservation Engineering¸ CAET¸
Dapoli for information and necessary action.
2. Shri. K.D. Gharde, Assistant Professor, Department of Soil and Water
Conservation Engineering & Water Conservation Engineering¸ CAET¸
Dapoli for information and necessary action.
Sponsoring Agency: Ministry of Water Resources, New Delhi
Duration: 2010-2012
Total Outlay: Rs. 29,65,915/-
Summary of Achievements: Technologies developed by the university i.e.
“Konkan Vijay Bandhara and Jalkund were demonstrated on farmer’s field.
e. Ongoing Research Projects/Programmes/Schemes:
The project entitled “Innovative Water Resources Development for Enhancing the
Agricultural Productivity” under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana has been sanctioned by the
Government of Maharashtra vide letter no. RKVY-0514/C.R.26/RKVY CELL, dated
18.07.2014, to the Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli.
1 Total cost of the project (Rs. In lakh) : 461.82 Lakhs
2 Objectives :
1. Development of rainwater harvesting structures at representative locations with
specific innovative measures and techniques for water resources augmentation.
2. Improvement in the productivity through rainwater harvesting, micro irrigation
and fertigation technologies.
3. Transfer of technology to farmers and development agencies on rainwater
harvesting and profitable agriculture
38
3 Principal : Prof. dilip MAHALE,
Investigator Professor and Head,
Department of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, CAET,
Dapoli
4 Co-principal Investigator :
Dr. S. B. Nandgude Dr. R. T. Dr. S. R. Torane Er. S. T. Patil
Associate Professor, Thokal Dy. Director of Assistant
Department of Chief Scientist, Research, Professor,
SWCE, CAET, CES, Wakawali, Dr. BSKKV, Department of
Dapoli. Tal- Dapoli. Dapoli. IDE, CAET,
Dapoli.
5 Duration of : 3 Years (2014-2017)

Project/ Year
6 Location of : Districts: Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg.

project
implementation
7 Area to be : 102 villages, 120 ha
covered (ha.)
8 Number of farm ponds:
Sr No Location No. of Farm Crop
Ponds to be
proposed
1 Thane 20
2 Raigad 20 Mango and
3 Ratnagiri 30 Cashew
4 Sindhudurg 30
5 Two locations in Konkan region. 20 Vegetable Cluster
Total No. of ponds 120
9 Farmers’ selection criteria :

1. Farmer should have minimum 1 ha productive plantation of Mango or Cashew with own
7/12.
2. Age of the Mango and Cashew Plantation should be above 7 years.
3. Site for the construction of farm pond should be nearer to the plantation.
4. Site for the construction of farm pond should be nearer to road for easy operation of
machinery.
10 Technical human resources (Contractual basis) :
Sr. No. Name of post Unit

1 Research Associate 02
2 Technical Assistant 04
3 Office Assistant 01
39
11 Objective wise major activities:
Objectives Activities
1. Development of rainwater i.
Excavation of farm ponds on farmer’s
harvesting structures at field and at universities locations.
representative locations with ii. Lining of farm ponds on farmers field
specific innovative measures and at universities locations.
and techniques for water iii. Fencing of farm ponds on farmer’s field
resources augmentation. and at university locations.
2. Improvement in the i. Installation of electric pump set and
productivity through rainwater micro irrigation system on farmer’s
harvesting, micro irrigation and field and at university locations for
fertigation technologies. mango and cashew and vegetables.
ii. Installation of solar pump at university
locations.
3. Transfer of technology to i. Training will be given to the farmers
farmers and development and agricultural officers of Konkan
agencies on rainwater region for transfer of technology. And
harvesting and profitable demonstrations will be implemented on
agriculture. farmers’ fields as well as on university
farms, so that farmers of benefiting area
will be seen and adopt the technology.
8 REPOSITORY OF ABSTRACTS OF THE THESES:
a. Bachelors Degree:
Year 2003
1 1. Title: Performance evaluation and design of hydraulic ram
2. Name of the candidate: M. A. Haldavanekar and I. L. Shitware
3. Degree for which the thesis/project report is submitted: B.Tech. (Agril.Engg.)
4. Year of submission: 2003
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof.D.M. Mahale
6. Abstract:
Devices for irrigation water lifting range from age old indigenous water lifts
to highly efficient pumps. The earliest water lifts were simple man powered devices,
many of which are still being used with modifications in various forms. Most of the
pumps used now a days require man or machine power. Water lifting devices using
alternative energy sources are also available, such as windmill pump, hydraulic ram
pump, mini turbines, solar pump and biogas plant/producer gas run engine pumping
sets. But most of these non-conventional pumps; hydraulic ram uses energy of flowing
water to raise a part of it to a greater elevation.
Hydraulic ram is a simple automatic and pollution free device. It is
continuous in operation, requires no lubrication and supervision, need less maintenance
40
and wear and tear is also minimum. It utilizes the kinetic energy of water falling from a
moderate height to raise a part of it to a much higher height. The source of supply water
for operating hydraulic ram may be stream, a spring or an irrigation canal. Hydraulic
ram was invented by Montgolfier brothers in 1793. Different sizes of hydraulic ram are
available, designed for different drive heads. But it is not possible to get higher drive
head at each location. Maximum head which can be obtained in most of the locations in
Konkan is 2.0 m. Hence, new hydraulic ram was to be designed as per geographic
requirements. The performance of two available ram sizes viz. Hydram-I and Hydram-
II was evaluated on Test rig installed in campus of College of agricultural Engineering
and Technology, Dapoli. Performance evaluation of hydraulic ram was based on
different parameters viz. stroke length of waste valve, weight of waste valve, and
delivery head. The performance of two different hydrams was evaluated to check the
different sensitive parameters affecting the efficiency and discharge of hydram and to
decide the design parameters a per the local conditions of KInkan region.
Maximum efficiency obtained for Hydram-I was around 44.98 per cent,
whereas for Hydram-II was around 18.56 per cent only. Weight of the waste valve in
Hydram-II was very less (90 g); hence, dynamic pressure created in pressure chamber
was less. Because of less dynamic pressure, less quantity of water was delivered in each
stroke. Hence, efficiency was found to be less for Hydram-II. Hydram-I gave more
efficiency by virtue of its more weight of waste valve. But still it was not up to the
mark. It was because the ratio of diameter of drive pipe to diameter of delivery pipe was
not as per the recommendation on the basis of lift magnification raito. Moreover intake
tank, angle of drive pipe, length of drive pipe etc. were also not technically feasible.
Performance evaluation of hydraulic ram I and II revealed that there was a
substantial decrease in delivery head with slight increase in the delivery discharge. The
efficiency of hydram was found to increase with increase in delivery discharge. The
efficiency curved continued to rise with higher delivery discharge up to a certain point
and thereafter hydram stopped functioning. Weight of waste valve has significant effect
on performance of hydram. Keeping in account all the lacunae and results of the
hydrams, the new hydram, hydram-III was designed to get better efficiency. The new
hydra, was designed conforming BIS standards, requirements of local conditions and on
the basis of performances of Hydram-I and Hydram-II
2 1. Title: Planning of soil and water conservation measures for ground water
41
recharge in a watershed
2. Name of the candidate: B. G. Malandkar and D.D. Satawalekar
6. Abstract:
The project work was undertaken for planning of soil and water conservation
measures for groundwater recharge in a watershed. A typical micro-watershed of the
Konkan region, Priyadarshini, having an area of 38.72 hectares and hilly undulating
topography, with shallow and stony laterite soils was selected.
The pre-existing soil and water conservation structures, namely the staggered
contour trenches and continuous contour trenches, bench terraces, the on stream water
harvesting pond, a cement plug on the nala, loose boulder and vegetative barrier were
found higher than that in untreated zone, throughout the year by 2.13 m on an average.
All the wells showed very low water table in the late summer leading to
insufficient supply of water for irrigation as well as domestic use. Hence some
additional conservation and water harvesting structures like staggered contour
trenching, vegetative barriers, cement plugs, dugout ponds and plantation of tress were
proposed for the development of watershed
3 1. Title: Integrated Land and water resource development in Malegaon watershed
using Remote Sensing and GIS technologies
2. Name of the candidate:
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr. S. B. Nandgude
6. Abstract:
Year: 2004
4 1. Title: Synthesis of rainfall characteristics for predicting the erodibility pattern of
Dapoli
2. Name of the candidate: S.R. Vishwasrao and S.K.Jagtap
6. Abstract:
Hilly coastal Konkan region of Maharashtra state is bestowed by world
recognized unique biodiversity. Very high intensity rainfalls and flash floods are
contributing to very severe soil erosion with major influencing parameters is erosivity.
The annual average soil loss from Konkan region is 10-12 tonne/ha/year to 30-33
42
tonne/ha/year which is quite above the rational limit of 4 tonne/ha/year for plain land.
Eleven years of rainfall data was analyzed for every storm to determine erosivity
indices and its general pattern of occurrences for Dapoli region of the Konkan. The
indices were developed for rainfall with all intensities and with intensity greater than or
equal to 8 mm/hr, 10 mm/hr and 12 mm/hr. it was found that in Dapoli region rainfall
intensity greater than 10 mm/hr could be considered as erosive one. Thus the rainfall
intensity greater than or equal to 10 mm/hr is treated as the Threshold Intensity for this
region and K.E. greater than 10 method was adopted for the further analysis. Annual
erosivity index i.e. R factor for Dapoli region ranged from 3636.67 to 22208.07
MJmm/ha.hr. The average annual erosivity for Dapoli was 12650.08 MJ.mm/ha.hr.
Daily erosivity index had given significantly good relationship with daily precipitation,
and I30 of the day with correlation coefficients 0.84 and 0.92 respectively for K.E.
greater than or equal to 10 mm/hr. the relationship between the average annual rainfall
and the annual erosivity index (R) has been established. And equation has been
validated for the general rainfall pattern of the Dapoli region with the correlation
coefficient of 0.96.
The key factor to cause severe erosion was high intensity short duration
rainfall. The rainfall received from second fortnight of June to first week of August was
contributing more to boost the value of R to such a high extent. The EI30 of June was
4448.75 MJ.mm/ha.hr. July 4731.88 MJ.mm/ha.hr and August was 2514.51
MJ.mm/ha.hr. Thus the contribution of June in Average annual erosivity index was
34.44 %, July 36.67 % and August 19.45 %. Rainfall occurred during the first few wet
spels were highly erosive. It was suggested to maintain the maximum canopy cover
during this period which will absorb energy of the rain drop and significantly reduces
the splash erosion. This estimated R factor is useful in predicting soil loss from the
Dapoli region and also to determine C and K factor of the USLE equation.
Year : 2005
5 1. Title: Design, development and performance evaluation of hydraulic ram
6. Abstract:
Hydraulic ram is a simple automatic and pollution free device. It is
continuous in operation, requires no lubrication and supervision, need less maintenance
and wear and tear is also minimum. It utilizes the kinetic energy of water falling from a
43
moderate height to raise a part of it to a much higher height. The source of supply water
for operating hydraulic ram may be stream, a spring or an irrigation canal. Hydraulic
ram was invented by Montgolfier brothers in 1793. Different sizes of hydraulic ram are
available, designed for different drive heads. But it is not possible to get higher drive
head at each location. Maximum head which can be obtained in most of the locations in
Konkan is 2.0 m. Hence, new hydraulic ram was to be designed as per geographic
requirements. The performance of two available ram sizes viz. Hydram-I and Hydram-
II was evaluated on Test rig installed in campus of College of agricultural Engineering
and Technology, Dapoli. Performance evaluation of hydraulic ram was based on
different parameters viz. stroke length of waste valve, weight of waste valve, and
delivery head. The performance of two different hydrams was evaluated p check the
different sensitive parameters affecting the efficiency and discharge of hydram and to
decide the design parameters a per the local conditions of KInkan region.
The hydraulic ram designed developed and installed on the Research farm of
the College of agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli. Performance
evaluation was based on different sensitive parameters viz. stroke length of waste valve,
weight of waste valve and delivery head.
The maximum efficiency obtained for hydraulic ram was 66.66 per cent.
Whereas minimum efficiency was found 25.33 per cent of the waste valve for 3110
gram to 2210 gram, respectively.
Performance evaluation of hydraulic ram revealed that there was a substantial
decrease in deliver head with slight increase in the delivery discharge. The efficiency of
hydraulic ram was found to increase with increase in delivery discharge. Weight of
waste valve has significant effect on performance of hydraulic ram keeping all
parameters constant.
Year : 2006
6 1. Title: Rainwater harvesting through silpaulin lined farm pond
2. Name of the candidate: R.S. Patil and S.M. Khot
6. Abstract:
The high rainfall of konkan region will be useful tool for increasing area
under irrigation. Twenty three per cent of total cultivable area can be brought under
irrigation if different technologies of water harvesting are used. The farm ponds are
small tanks or reservoirs and are constructed to supply water for irrigation, livestock,
44
home use and fish production.
The project was carried out at Research farm of College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Dapoli. The stage-storage-surface area relationship was
developed for two farm ponds. Evaporation losses, water supplied for irrigation and
inflow of water were determined. The cost of stored water was calculated.
The cost of storage for pond no.1 was found to be Rs. 0.0186 per liter
whereas that for pond no. 2 was Rs. 0.0205 pe liter. Cost of stored water for pond 2 was
more due to estimation in rates of silpauin and earthwork. Rainwater harvested through
silpaulin lined farm pond was usd for irrigating crops like watermelon, brinjal, chily,
okra, cucumber and generated revenue receipts of Rs.19,664/-.
The prawn yield obtained during the study was much less than the expected
yield, which may due to the silpaulin lining. The lining material may be creating
unfavorable environment to the prawns. Silpaulin lined farm ponds are suitable for
raising IMC and yielded 536 kg and generated revenue receipt of Rs. 25,895/-.
7 1. Title: Development of software for design of various soil conservation structures.
2. Name of the candidate: V.U Kulkarni and P.A. Bandekar
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr. S.B.Nandgude
6. Abstract:
Spread of knowledge of the subject to a common man in understandable form
will solve the problem to large extend but this is a great challenge. Later divides the
technology and farmers who are on opposite sides of d dale. But the information
technology can bridge this gap. Realizing this development of software to design soil
and water conservation structures was undertaken.
To embank upon this thousand miles on journey a software was developed
for design of three structures viz. bench terraces, farm pond and vegetated waterway
which are very important in general and for Konkan in particular. This software is
developed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Enterprise Edition with service pack 6 for
32-bit Windows Development and Microsoft Access 200 (9.0.2720) for backend.
The software has been supported with database that contains information
about average annual rainfall, soil types, latitude, longitude, constants in intensity-
duration-return period relationship and average monthly evaporation of 150 locations
all over Maharashtra. Thus the design of the structures will be location specific. It has
facility to add new district, new location, remove location and edit location. The
45
dimensions of the structures obtained can be saved or printed directly from the
software. It also gives to-the scale diagram of designed structure, which can be printed.
Help pan present on the screen makes it user friendly.
The software has been tested at developer’s level. Results obtained using
software were compared with on paper calculations and the results were found
satisfactory.
8 1. Title: Synthesis of rainfall characteristics for predicting the erosivity pattern of
Mulde
2. Name of the candidate: S.S. Padave and D.S. More
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er. K.D. Gharde
6. Abstract:
Mulde region is characterized with its unique biodiversity, high intensity
rainfall, flash flood, slope ( 7% to 35 %) and average annual rainfall from 3000 to 4500
mm annually. Complete region with laterite soil and steep slope are in shadow of
severe erosion. Mulde is situated 16042’ N latitude and 73 02’ E longitude and at an
elevation of 17 m from MSL. Rainfall data of fourteen years recorded by automatic
recording raingauge were collected from ARS, Mulde. Fourteen years of data was
analyzed for every storm to determine erosivity indices and characteristics of rainfall
parameter. The indices were developed for rainfall with all intensities and with intensity
greater than or equal to 8 mm/hr, 10mm/he and 12 mm/hr. intensity with greater than or
equal to 8 mm/hr was fpund as threshold intensity and was used for further analysis.
Average annual erosivity for Mulde was 11189.186 MJ-mm/ha.hr. July was
contributing mostly in annual erosivity index followed by June and August. Daily
erosivity index had given significant relationship with daily precipitation and I30 of the
day with coefficient of determination as 0.95 and 0.68 respectively. For K.E. greater
than or equal to 8 mm/hr, R-value is 6962.1476 MJ-mm/ha.hr for Mulde region.
Probability analysis of annual and monthly (one day maximum) rainfall at
Mulde shows maximum one day rainfall occur in July and 90 % probability of
occurring 220.11 mm and 10% probability of having 1087.56 mm rainfall in any year.
Precipitation Concentration index gives more emphasis on spatial and temporal
distribution of rainfall irrespective of the total rainfall received. The highest PCI was in
year 1999 and least in 1993 and 1994. rainfall is characterized with high intensity and
short duration. Rainfall received from second fortnight of June to first week of August
was contributing more to R-value. June and July are having rainfall with highest
46
intensity so it was suggested to develop soil conservation structures and crop cover to
reduce velocity of runoff and absorb raindrop energy.
Year : 2007
9 1. Title: Ground water study of Priyadarshini watershed.
2. Name of the candidate: G.B. Badgujar and S.T. Sawant
6. Abstract:
A project work entitled "Groundwater Study of Priyadarshini Watershed" was
undertaken to understand groundwater recharge and groundwater movement
characteristics of the region. A typical micro-watershed of the Konkan region,
'Priyadarshini', having an area of 38.72 hectares and hilly undulating topography with
shallow and stony lateritic soils was selected.
Pumping test was carried out to evaluate aquifer properties for Priyadarshini
watershed. Analysis of pumping test data by Jacob’s straight line method had given the
value of transmissivity and specific yield as 86.25 m2/d and 14.89%, respectively for
well W 7.
In order to increase groundwater recharge, drainage line treatments were
provided to main drain that flows through Priyadarshini watershed. Cement nala plugs,
loose boulder structures, off line farm pond, under ground diaphragm, on stream pond
were constructed previously in watershed. These measures were found desirable for
increasing groundwater potential of watershed by extending the impounding time of
surface runoff and allowed to recharge through soil. Average water level of wells in
treated area was remained higher by 2.34 m than water level of wells in untreated area
at the end of April. Average rate of water depletion from treated and untreated area
wells was observed as 3.45 cm/d and 4.43 cm/d respectively.
Natural recession curve of all wells were logarithmic in nature. Water table of
every well reached the highest level during monsoon season as a response to increase in
groundwater storage. Then water table started depletion in post monsoon period, due to
decrease in groundwater storage, which resulted from phenomenon of natural drainage
and artificial pumping from surrounding area. Analysis of water table contour map
indicates that there was flow of water from east to west side of watershed. This
evidence proved that online pond helped in groundwater recharge and supply
groundwater to downstream side.
Natural drainage of Priyadarshini watershed was estimated as 3.73 mm/d
47
using flow net. Groundwater depletion from watershed for study period of September
2006 to April 2007 was determined as 41.602 ha m.
10 1. Title: Development of software for design of various soil and water conservation
structures-II
2. Name of the candidate: S.S. Sadawarte and P.H. Kulkarni
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr. S.B. Nandgude
6. Abstract:
Spread of knowledge of the subject to a common man in understandable form
will solve the problem to large extend but this is a great challenge. Later divides the
technology and farmers who are on opposite sides of d dale. But the information
technology can bridge this gap. Realizing this development of software to design soil
and water conservation structures was undertaken.
To continue upon this long journey a software was developed for design of
three structures viz. contour bund, earth retaining wall and drop structures ( drop
spillway, chute spillway, pipe drop spillway) which are very important in general and
for Konkan in particular. This software is developed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0
Enterprise Edition with service pack 6 for 32-bit Windows Development and Microsoft
Access 200 (9.0.2720) for backend.
The software has been supported with database that contains information
about average annual rainfall, soil types, latitude, longitude, constants in intensity-
duration-return period relationship and average monthly evaporation of 150 locations
all over Maharashtra. Thus the design of the structures will be location specific. It has
facility to add new district, new location, remove location and edit location. The
dimensions of the structures obtained can be saved or printed directly from the
software. It also gives to-the scale diagram of designed structure, which can be printed.
Help pan present on the screen makes it user friendly.
software were compared with on paper calculations and the results were found
satisfactory.
11 1. Title: Study of rainfall runoff relationship of micro watershed at ARS, Mulde by
using SCS curve number method
6. Abstract:
48
Rainfall runoff data for three years (1992 to 1994) were analyzed for every
storm to determine storm wise AMC conditions. The entire event fall in each AMC-I, II
and III were grouped in small, medium and large class. The estimated average CN’s for
selected micro watershed for AMC-I, II and III were 77.93, 81.31 and 84.57,
respectively. The standard SCS CN method was used for computation of runoff.
The result revealed that, the MW1 produced highest runoff followed by
MW6, MW3 and MW5. The standard error was also higher in case of MW1 (36.28 %)
which was then followed by MW6 (30.64 %), MW4 (20.65 %) and other micro
watershed (1.68 to 19 %). The mean per cent runoff factor was 45.70, 23.99, 24.45,
23.55, 26.32 and 50.27 observed from MW1, MW2, MW3, MW4, MW5 and MW6,
respectively. This shows that, MW2, MW3 and MW4 were treated with intermittent
bench terracing, staggered trenching and platform terraces, respectively found more
effective in controlling the runoff from watershed. The observed and computed runoff
was statistically evaluated by‘t’ test. Its showed that calculated-t was less than table-t at
5 % level of significance. Hence, it indicates that, observed and estimated runoff by
SCS CN method has non-significant difference. The performance of SCS CN method
for estimation of runoff from all micro watersheds was found satisfactory.
Year : 2008
12 1. Title: Design and development of rainfall simulator
2. Name of the candidate: Y.A. Rajwade and V.R. Ambre
6. Abstract:
Today whole world is suffering from soil erosion hazards. Overgrazing, faulty
and shifting cultivation and carelessly built structures in watershed area have lead to
devastating effects. Vegetative covers play important role in reducing soil loss by
obstructing flow of water and increasing water holding capacity. The in intensity and
duration of natural rainfall varies during the course of storm, making it difficult to
generate classified information about relationship between erosion and rainfall
intensity. In order to assess these erosion hazards rainfall simulator is developed. It is
necessary to develop relationship between rainfall intensity, pressure applied and
droplet size as primary purpose for further study of erosion hazards. For the study, the
work was undertaken at Research Farm, College of Agricultural Engineering and
technology, Dapoli.The rainfall simulator was constructed using GI pipes, sprinkling
unit comprises of network of PVC pipes and soil plot and runoff collection tank.
49
The rainfall simulator was constructed of size 2.5 x 2.5 m. The net size of plot
was 2.02 x 2.02 m. The sprinkling unit was made up of network of PVC pipes of
diameter 40 mm and 20 mm. The 20 mm PVC pipes were pierced a aperture at every 10
cm distance with diameter of 1.58 mm. The PVC trough was provided to collect runoff
at downstream side of soil plot.
It is observed that as pressure applied increases, the intensity of simulated
rainfall increases. It was found that for pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 kg/cm2
the intensity of simulated rainfall was 60.56, 73.84, 74.08, 94.28, 106.36, 110.94 cm/hr,
respectively.
It was also found that as pressure applied increases the droplet size decreases. It
was found that for the pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 kg/cm2 the droplet sizes
were found 2.97, 2.72, 2.63, 2.56, 2.17 and 2.09 mm, respectively.
It was also observed that uniformity coefficient of simulated rainfall varied from
82 to 91 per cent. The drift losses were also recorded during the study and found to be
varying from 3.09 to 5.08 per cent
13 1. Title: Design development of software for soil water conservation structures-III
2. Name of the candidate: S. M. Patil and S. S. Satpute
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr.S.B.Nandgude
6. Abstract:
It is need of this age to convey the science and knowledge to every common
man. This will solve many problems upto a great extent. But this is big challenge. Also
it is necessary to take the science upto the reach of common farmer; this will help the
nation to become self sufficient in food and other agro-industry based products .For
sustainable agriculture conservation of natural reservoirs like soil, water and vegetation
are in synch with environment friendly development of region. Conservation of these
reservoirs needs development of various structures as per location and need on
scientific basis. Engineering methodology is an input for theses structure to be stable
and safe. This methodologies needs to be simplified for the use of field officers,
planners, NGO’s and students. Realizing this fact the work to develop software for
various soil and water conservation structures is undertaken.
To continue upon this long journey, software for four structures has been
developed: continuous contour trenches, staggered contour trenches, earthen nala bund
and cement nala bund, which are very important in general and for Konkan in
50
particular. This software is developed using Microsoft® Visual Basic 6.0 Enterprise
Edition with Service Pack 6, for 32-bit Windows Development and Microsoft® Access
2000 (9.0.2720) for backend.
The software has been supported with database that contains information about
average annual rainfall, soil type, latitude, longitude of 150 locations and constants in
intensity-duration return period relationship of six zones of Maharashtra. Thus the
design of the structures will be location specific. It has facility to add new district, new
location, remove location and edit location. The dimensions of the structures obtained
can be saved or printed directly from software. Help-pan present on the screen makes it
user-friendly.
software was compared with on-paper calculation and the results were found
satisfactory.
14 1. Title: Study of soil erodibility of Priyadarshini watershed

2. Name of the candidate: P.A. Kadam and. P.P Rathod
6. Abstract:
recognized by unique biodiversity. A soils inherent erodibility, which is major factor in
erosion prediction and land-use planning, is a complex property dependent on both its
infiltration capacity and its capacity to resist detachment and transport by rainfall and
runoff. The relation of these capacities to soil physical and chemical properties that
contributed significant to soil-loss variance included percentage of sand, silt and clay
and organic matter; structure and bulk density of plow layer and subsoil; steepness and
concavity or convexity of slope; pores filled by air; residual effect of sod crops;
aggregation; parent materials; and various interactions of these variables. An empirical
equation was derived for calculating the universal soil- loss equation’s erodibility factor
K for specific soils. Soil erodibility, the susceptibility to erosive forces of raindrop
impact and overland flow (Lal, 1988) is generally considered an inherent property with
constant value. It is the venerability and susceptibility to get erosion. Erodibility is a
function of physical characteristics of soil and land management practices, used. The
physical properties of soil play an important a long-term role in erosion, compared to
the land management practices. On the basis erodibility, one soil can compare
51
quantitatively for given rainfall conditions. Soil erodibility factor is of major
importance in soil erosion prediction and its control.
For studying erodibility, 22 samples were collected from Priyadarshini
watershed of Dapoli region. Surface and sub-surface soil samples of each soil mapping
unit were analyzed for their different physico-chemical properties. The physico-
chemical properties of the soils were estimated by using standard methods. The data
revealed that soil of Priyadarshini watershed is lateritic in nature and it varies from
sandy loam to loamy sand in texture. The physical properties as bulk density, particle
density, porosity, permeability and water holding capacity of the soil varies
from1.30g/cc to 1.56 g/cc, 2.20 g/cc to 2.63 g/cc, 33.03 to 45.02 per cent, 2.09cm/hr to
7.87 cm/hr and 14.63 to 27.50 on the volume basis, respectively. The chemical
properties as organic carbon and organic matter of the soil vary from 0.51 to 1.79 per
cent and 0.87 to 3.09 per cent, respectively.
Data based on estimated soil erodibility factor, it was observed that it was
varied from 0.10 to 0.23 for Priyadarshini Watershed and it comes under moderately
erodible factor.
Erosion index is one of the important parameter in estimating soil loss from
USLE of Wischmeier. Dispersion ratio, clay ratio, modified clay ratio, and erosion
index were determined and compared with erodible ratio. Dispersion ratio, clay ratio,
modified clay ratio, erosion index were significantly correlated with erosion ratio. The
erosion index was found to be moderate. The value of erosion index, clay ratio,
modified clay ratio and dispersion ratio were found to be varies from 11.91 to 27.74,
4.00 to 7.93, 4.01 to 6.81 and 21 to 38, respectively. The watershed area is divided in
three regions. Based on iso-erodant map it was observed that most of the erosion was
caused from the middle part of the watershed, which may due to difference in soil
characteristic or land use practices. In the upper and lower area the erosion was found to
be low, because the area under this part comes under forest and construction.
Year: 2009
15 1. Title: Impact of soil and water conservation measures on ground water recharge
2. Name of the candidate: S. S. Naik and L.S. Suryavanshi
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er. M.R.More
6. Abstract:
A project work entitled, ‘Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on
52
Ground Water Recharge’ was undertaken in Priyadarshini watershed (38.72 ha)
developed by Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist.
Ratnagiri. This work was conducted to assess the impact of soil and water conservation
measures on ground water potential of the area. Two off line ground water recharge
pond, three cement nala plugs, fourteen Konkan Vijay Bandharas and other structures
like bench terrace, continuous contour trenches, staggered contour trenches were
constructed in the watershed for soil and water conservation. Weekly water Table of
nine wells was monitored for period October 2008 to April 2009. Out of nine, four
wells were located in influenced area and five wells from uninfluenced area. Natural
recession curves for wells were plotted. Length, depth and width of water impounded at
Priyadarshini pond and other water harvesting structures were recorded periodically to
find the volume of water impounded. Ground water hydrograph of each well represents
depth of water in the well below ground surface in the form of reduced levels. Ground
water hydrographs were developed for each well under the study.
The volume of water stored in recharge pond 1 and recharge pond 2 was 1575
m3 and 678 m3 respectively. The volume of water impounded at three cement nala plugs
was 929.87 m3. The total volume of water impounded at fourteen Konkan Vijay
Bandharas was 1191.43 m3 while it was 27373 m3 at Priyadarshini pond in the month of
October 2008. The Priyadarshini pond was completely dry in the first week of
February.
From weekly monitored water table elevation data logarithmic relationship
between water table elevation and time were developed. Average rate of depletion of
water table for influenced area wells was observed as 4.9 cm/d, while that of for
uninfluenced area wells was 7.27 cm/d. The average water table of the influenced area
of watershed was higher by 0.24 m as compared to uninfluenced area. Average water
fall for wells in influenced area from the month October 2008 to April 2009 was 5.87 m
while it was 6.11 m for the wells in uninfluenced area.
The pumping test on open well (W7) was conducted for the duration of 215
minutes to determine the aquifer properties like transmissivity and specific yield.
Pumping test data was analyzed using Jacob’s straight- line method. The transmissivity
and specific yield values for the aquifer was 89.47 m2 per day and 10.10 per cent
respectively.
Water table contour map was plotted using ‘Surfer version 7’. Analysis of water
53
table contour map indicates that, high water table contours were found at Priyadarshini
pond. It is clear that there was flow of water from Priyadarshini pond towards the
downstream side. As a result of this, water table of the well situated on its downstream
side was high as compared to other wells situated in uninfluenced area of the watershed.
16 1. Title: Rainfall Runoff Relationship of Micro-Watershed Using SCS’ Method at
CES, Wakawali
2. Name of the candidate: T.A. Kuchekar and S.G. Velhal
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr. B.L.Ayare
6. Abstract:
Wakawali is characterized with its unique biodiversity, high intensity rainfall and flash
flood, slope ranging from 7 to 8 %. Wakawali is situated at elevation of 167 to 234 m above
mean sea level with latitude of 17 019’N to 17040’N and longitude of 73016’E to 73019’E.
The average annual rainfall of station is 3283 mm distributed over 108 rainy days during the
month of June to October. It falls under warm and humid climate. Rainfall and runoff data
for three years (2002 to 2004) recorded by automatic recording rainguage and stage level
recorder, respectively, were collected from Central Experimental Station, Wakawali. Three
years rainfall data was analyzed for every storm to determine storm wise AMC conditions.
The entire rainfall in each AMC-I, II and III were grouped in small, medium and large class.
The estimated average Curve Numbers for selected micro watershed for AMC – I, II and III
were 48,67 and 83, respectively. The standard SCS Curve Number method was used for
computing runoff.
The statistical evaluation was made to compare the observed and computed runoff for
selected micro watersheds.
The result revealed that, the MW1 produced maximum runoff followed by MW3, MW6
and MW2. The standard error is higher in case of MW5 (10.92 %), followed by MW4 (7.62
%), MW1 (6.01 %) and other as MW3 from 5.92 to 4.64 percent. The mean percent runoff
factor was 43.69, 37.01, 42.89, 33.32, 31.20 and 38.5 observed from MW1, MW2, MW3,
MW4, MW5 and MW6, respectively. This shows that MW5, MW4 and MW2 treated with
continuous contour trenches (0.5 x 0.3m), continuous contour trenches (0.5 x 0.6m) and
staggered terraces, respectively found more effective in controlling the runoff from
watershed. The performance of SCS Curve Number method for estimation of runoff from all
micro watersheds was found satisfactory. Hence, this model can be applied for estimation of
runoff from unguaged micro watersheds of laterite soil region.
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17 1. Title: Monitoring of Runoff and Soil Loss of Priyadarshini Watershed using
Integrated Station.
2. Name of the candidate: R.V. Pawar and S.S. Palekar
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er.H.N. Bhange
6. Abstract:
Soils are the most precious natural resource of any nation. To meet the
growing demands of food, fiber and fuel, it is essential that soils are maintained in an
excellent state and health. Maintaining and enhancing soil productivity is a major
challenge before this generation.
The integrated rainfall runoff soil loss station has been established at
Priyadarshini watershed to measure the rainfall, runoff and soil loss from the watershed.
When water level reaches certain level, the float moves up and switches ON the total
system into live condition from its sleeping mode. A float is attached at one end of the
string and counter weight at the other end. The sensor head is to be fixed over the
gauging weir such that the float can move freely. The sensor produces electrical signals
in relation to the water level recorded by data logger. The silt sensor, which kept much
below the water surface, senses the silt content in the water only when it is fully
submerged. The corresponding signals are transmitted through the cable to the data
logger. The rainfall sensor works on the principle of tipping bucket. The tips are sensed
magnetically using magnet and reed switch. Data logger has the required controls to
activate the system on receiving the commands from the float switch and wakes up
signal from the memory module and activates the total system. The signals received
from all the sensors are processed for indication in their respective units.
Runoff is the main carrier of eroded material to the outlet of the watershed and the
portion of eroded material, which is moved along with the runoff with the suspension, is
called suspended sediment. The runoff and suspended sediment are measured at outlet.
Total rainfall recorded during the period of monsoon i.e. from June to
September was 2919.3 mm and produced runoff 698.71 mm. The magnitude of runoff
produced was 115.89 mm, 182.85 mm, 265.91 mm and 134.06 mm in June, July,
August, and September, respectively. Integrated station was calibrated for silt
parameters. The result showed that there was no significant difference between
measured silt and reading shown by Integrated station at 5 per cent level of
significance. Average sediment concentrations were 21.9 gm/l, 19.3 gm/l, 19.37 gm/l
and 17.7 gm/l in the month of June, July August and September, respectively. This
55
magnitude of runoff carried a silt of 2.88 t/ha in month of June, 4 t/ha in July, and 7.47
t/ha in month of August and 3.4 t/ha in the month of September. It is concluded that,
during the study period rainfall was less than its average annual rainfall. The observed
runoff was 23.93 per cent of the total rainfall during the year 2008. Average soil loss
measured by sampling method was found to be 4.3 t/ha and by Integrated station, 4.35
t/ha there was difference of 0.05 t/ha. The total runoff measured was 2934.25 m3 and
2911.37 m3 was monitored by Integrated station. There was difference of 22.88 m3 of
runoff. Similarly total soil loss measured by Integrated station was 148 tonnes during
the observation period.
Year : 2010
18 1. Title: Design and evaluation of biofilter for sewage water treatment
2. Name of the candidate: S.U. Tavasalkar and P.B. Mhehetre
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof.D. M. Mahale
6. Abstract:
A project work entitled “Design and Evaluation of Biofilter for Sewage Water
Treatment” was undertaken to understand the efficacy of biofilter for sewage water
treatment.
Scarcity of freshwater is imminent due to the ever increasing population and
techno economic development, leading to more use of water. The wastewater generated
in huge amount finds final destination as water bodies and soil, with or without
treatment. The biofilter was found to be useful for treatment of such sewage water. The
biofilter of size 20m x 7.5m x 1m was designed and developed at Kisan Bhavan, Dr.
Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli.
Various laboratory tests were carried out to determine water quality parameters
of untreated and treated sewage water. The results of these tests were analyzed to
evaluate efficacy of biofilter for treatment of sewage water.
From the results obtained during various water quality parameter tests, it is
revealed that pH of untreated water sample was 6.365 and in case of treated water it
was increased to 7.16. Similarly EC of the water sample decreased from 0.04105 dS/m
to 0.0361 dS/m. The average values of Total Dissolved Solids was found to be
decreased from 218 mg/lit in untreated sewage water to 166 mg/lit in treated sewage
water. Similarly Total Suspended Solids were found to be decreased from 279 mg/lit to
268 mg/lit. On the other hand Total Volatile Solids were found to be increased from 61
mg/lit in untreated water to 102 mg/lit in treated water. The chlorides were decreased
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from 144.13 mg/lit in untreated water to 82.36 mg/lit in treated sewage water. The
amount of free carbon dioxide was also reduced from 48.4 mg/lit in untreated sewage
water to 4.4 mg/lit in treated sewage water. A decrease in amount of sulphates was
observed from 71.23 mg/lit to 11.53 mg/lit on the other hand nitrates were increased
from 0.295 mg/lit to 0.51 mg/lit. The SAR was found to be increased from 0.84 to 1.44.
The treated wastewater was found to be suitable for irrigation as all the quality
parameters of treated wastewater were satisfied the irrigation standards recommended
by various organizations.
Total cost of construction of biofilter was found to be around Rs. 1, 85,425. The
capital investment and operating expenses for biofilter treatment were found to be less
as compared to that of chemical and other conventional methods. Biofilter is suitable to
treat wastewater from very small units like individual houses as well as towns and
cities. Also it was found that use of biofilter for treating the wastewater is more eco-
friendly method amongst all. This will also improve the ecosystem and create the clean
and healthy environment.
19 1. Title: Development plan for Kudawale watershed
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er. H.N. Bhange
6. Abstract:
Kudawale watershed is located at about 19 km froim Dapoli and has area
of 1150 ha. The watershed comprises entire Kudawale and certain areas of
Awashi and Kadiwali with undulating topography. The average annual rainfall of
an area is 3525.05 mm with moderate temperatures ranging from 7.5 to 38.5 0 C.
Very high rainfall intensity and flash floods are peculiarities of this area. The soil
erosion from an area is very severe ranging from 10-12 tons/ha/year to 30-33
tons/ha/year. The watershed was surveyed for collection of data related to land
use pattern, demographic information, climatological information, rainfall and
evaporation data, soil characteristics, morphological characteristics etc. by
studying all the above parameters the development plan was prepared in tree
stages viz. arable land treatments, non- arable land treatments and drainage line
treatments. In arable land treatments, 5 ha area is suggested to be brought under
bench terracing in addition to the already existing area and 4 lined farm ponds
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are also suggested. Non- arable land treatments include 100 ha to be brought
under staggered contour trenching along mango plantation (50 ha) and cashew
plantation (100 ha) and 3500 jalkunds. In drainage line treatments, 100 single
row brushwood dams, 50 double row brushwood dams, 15 gabions, 500 loose
bolder structures, 50 Konkan Vijay Bandharas, 5 cement nala bunds, 2 Earthen
nala bunds and 15 Small earthen structures are suggested. A Runoff and Soil
Loss Gauging Station is also suggested at the outlet of the watershed.
The total cost of the development of Kudawale watershed is Rs. 2,70,16,180 and
the cost of development of Kudawale watershed per ha is Rs. 23,492. It is concluded
that this development program can harvest a runoff of 1,51,556 m3 which can be used
for double cropping over an area of 38 ha in addition to augmentation to the ground
water.
20 1. Title: Soil erosion modeling of Priyadarshini watershed by USLE model.

6. Abstract:
The universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) predicts the long-term
average annual rate of erosion on a field slope based on rainfall pattern, soil type,
topography, crop system and management practices. The present study was
undertaken with prime objective to calculate the topographic factor (LS factor)
and the soil loss from the Priyadarshini watershed. The area of 22 ha of the
watershed was surveyed and was divided in 22 grids of 100 m X 100 m area. The
slope lengths were measured using tape and the slope gradients were measured
by an instrument Clinometers. The rainfall erosion index for Dapoli was taken as
9011 MJ/ha-mm. The soil loss for each grid was estimated using USLE model. It
was found that LS factor for the Priyadarshini watershed was varied from 0.54 to
2.64. The crop management factor, C for the watershed was varied from 0.01 to
0.6. The conservation practice factor, P was varied from 0.5 to 1. The total soil
loss estimated by USLE model for the Priyadarshini watershed was 1639.02
tons. The average annual Soil and Water Conservation Engineering loss that was
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predicted by USLE was 74.5 t/ha/year which showed that the watershed is
subjected to severe erosion.
21 1. Title: Design of lined farm ponds for different command areas
2. Name of the candidate: S.S. Kadam
6. Abstract:
The Konkan region covers geographical area of 30.79 lakh ha. In that 8.67 lakh
ha and 7.97 lakh ha from the grass and net cropped area, respectively. Thus net sown
area is 25.88 per cent of total geographical area. The Konkan region of Maharashtra has
about 4.91 per cent of total cultivable area under assured irrigation and hence large part
of land purely rain fed and left to vagaries of climate.
The high rainfall of Konkan region will be useful tool for increasing area under
irrigation. Twenty three percent of total cultivable land can be brought irrigation if
different techniques of water harvesting are used. The farm ponds are small tank or
reservoir and are constructed to supply water for irrigation, livestock, home use and fish
production. The farm ponds of two types, embankment type and excavated type or
dugout type. Harvesting rainwater through farm ponds can increase the irrigation
facilities. The soil type of Konkan region is having high infiltration rate so that stored
water in unlined pond will not available for summer season. Therefore, polyethylene as
lining material was used.
The stage-storage-surface area relationship was developed for different farm
ponds. Evaporation losses, water supplied for irrigation were determined. The cost of
storage of water was calculated.
The cost of storage of farm ponds for selected command area 0.2 ha, 0.4 ha, 0.6
ha, 0.8 ha, 1.0 ha, 2.0 ha, 3.0 ha, 4.0 ha and 5.0 ha are estimated. The cost of storage of
farm pond for 0.2 ha command area was found to be Rs. 0.098 per litre, for 0.4 ha
command area Rs. 0.074 per litre, for 0.6 ha command area Rs. 0.065 per litre, for 0.8
ha command area 0.060 per litre, for 1.0 ha command area Rs. 0.056 per litre, for 2.0 ha
command area Rs. 0.047 per litre, for 3.0 ha command area Rs. 0.044 per litre, for 4.0
ha command area Rs. 0.042 per litre, for 5.0 ha command area Rs. 0.041 per litre.
It is found that, the cost of storage of farm pond per litre was decreased by
increasing the size of farm pond. This was indicated by increased ratio of cost of
excavation to the total cost and decreased ratio of cost of lining to the total cost.
59
22 1. Title: Development of rainfall intensityifrequency-duration relationship for
Wakawali
2. Name of the candidate: S.S. Chavan
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr.B.L.Ayare
6. Abstract:
The hydrologic phenomena that directly influence the interest of an engineer
are rainfall, runoff, flood and drought. Rainfall is one of the hydrologic events. The
characteristics of rainfall, which are of importance for a design engineer, are those,
which are responsible for producing runoff. These characteristics are intensity, duration,
frequency of rainfall, time distribution and geographical distribution.
Rainfall intensity-frequency-duration equations on regional basis are required
in the country for design of soil conservation and runoff disposal structures and for
planning flood control projects. The significance of rainfall intensity-frequency-
duration analysis is also important from economic consideration. An appropriate design
would provide a structure with reasonable initial and maintenance costs. In order to
have optimisation in hydraulic design of any structure, the peak rate of runoff expected
for the recurrence interval should be correct. For the same it is very essential to have the
knowledge of rainfall intensity-frequency-duration relationship for a particular location.
During study, our main objective was to determine the location constant of rainfall
intensity-frequency-duration equation for Wakawali. The data in the form of rain gauge
charts for 16 years were therefore collected for the station. They were analysed for
maximum rainfall intensities for each of the eight-selected duration of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0,
2.0, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24.0 hours.
Rainfall intensity-frequency-duration equation for Wakawali was developed
from sixteen years rainfall data. The equation is as follows;
5.6456T 0.1689
I= cm/hr
(t + 1.0 )0.906
The value of location constant 'K' for Wakawali is 5.6456. The values of
constant ‘a’, ‘b’and ‘d’ are 0.1689, 1.0 and 0.906, respectively.
23 1. Title: Studies on Silt Deposition in Water Harvesting Structures in Priyadarshini
Watershed
2. Name of the candidate: M.J.Bokade
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er.K.D. Gharde
6. Abstract:
The amount of silt deposited and expected life of water harvesting structure
on the basis of rate of siltation was estimated. The depth of silt accumulated in laterite
stone bandh, cement nala bandh, RCC nala bandh, online dugout farm pond, rectangular
recharge pond-1, rectangular recharge pond-2 and circular pond was found to be 65, 20,
10, 30, 35, 35 and 10 cm, respectively. Expected life of water harvesting structures i.e.
laterite stone bandh, cement nala bandh, RCC nala bandh, online dugout farm pond,
rectangular recharge pond-1, rectangular recharge pond-2 and circular pond on the basis
of silt deposition was found to be 15, 39, 44, 129, 26, 26 and 120 years, respectively.
Soil samples were collected from the watershed and were analyzed for in the laboratory
for properties such as available nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus and
available carbon.
Following table shows the fertility status of the soil samples collected
Sr. Average Values Available Available Available Organic
No. Site Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Carbon
N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha) K (kg/ha) (%)
1. Behind water 311.24 16.29 226.12 0.71
harvesting structures
2. Near Farm pond 234.28 12.06 207.64 0.53
And Kokum Plot
It was concluded that silt deposited behind the structures was rich in fertility than the
soil from the plot.
24 1. Title: Measurement of Soil Loss and Runoff from Priyadarshini Watershed

2. Name of the candidate: T.A. Pawar
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er. H.N. Bhange
6. Abstract:
Soil erosion is one of the natural processes that would cause many constrains
to the environmental and regional planners. Erosion on farm fields reduces potential
crop production and sediment which leaves the field can result in subsequent
sedimentation problems which, results into environmental problems.
When water level reaches certain level, the float moves up and switches ON
the total system into live condition from its sleeping mode. A float is attached at one
end of the string and counter weight at the other end. The sensor head is to be fixed
over the gauging weir such that the float can move freely. The sensor produces
electrical signal in relation to the water level recorded by data logger. The silt sensor,
which kept much below the water surface, senses the silt content in the water only when
it is fully submerged. The corresponding signals are transmitted through the cable to the
61
data logger. Data logger has the required control to activate the system on receiving the
commands from the float switch and wakes up signal from the memory module and
activates the total system. The signals received from all the sensors are processed for
indication in their respective units.
In the monsoon period i.e. from June to November total rainfall occurred was
4363.7 mm contributing 720 mm in the month of June followed by 1804 mm, 724.7
mm, 859.6 mm, 130.2 mm and 125.2 mm in the month of July, August, September,
October and November, respectively. In the month of July runoff depth was 1018.54
mm, 545.19 mm in August and 410.29 mm in September were observed. The total
runoff depth was 1974.02 mm. In the month of July runoff carried 3.12 t/ha of silt, 2.67
t/ha in the month of August and 3.48 t/ha in the month of September. The observed
runoff was 48 per cent of the total rainfall.
25 1. Title: Development of Hydraulic Calculator for Flow Measuring Devices
2. Name of the candidate: M. A. Mali
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof.P.R. Kolhe
6. Abstract:
Notches, weirs, orifices are the most commonly used devices for flow
measurement and calculation and waterways are the backbone of water conveyance and
distribution system where flow calculation is essential. The water measuring devices as
well as waterway are having relevant equations for flow calculation that involve lot of
calculations. To simplify the calculations Hydraulic calculator which is a C programme
is developed for fourteen different flow measuring devices viz. Trapezoidal Waterways,
Parabolic Waterways, Triangular Waterway, Rectangular Waterways, Rectangular
Notch or Weirs, Suppressed Rectangular Weirs, Contracted Rectangular Weirs,
Triangular Notch or Weirs, Trapezoidal Notch or Weirs, Broad-crested Weir, Stepped
Notch, Large Rectangular Orifice, Fully Submerged Rectangular Orifice and Partially
Sub-merged Rectangular Orifice
Accurate measurement of irrigation water permits intelligent use of this
valuable natural resource. Flow calculation is the determination of the quantity of water
that passes through a pipe, conduit or open channel. The calculator was developed for
above 14 flow measuring devices using C language Version 3.0 Turbo c++ copyright
(c)1990, 1992 by Borland International was developed.
The results of calculator are compared with on-paper calculation. For
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example we give the input values for Rectangular notch like coefficient of discharge 0.6
, head of water 2 m, length of crest 3m then flow or discharge will be displayed 0.58
m3/s. Results are found very close to that of manual calculation.
Year : 2011
26 1. Title: Evaluation of Konkan Vijay Bandhara
2. Name of the candidate: H.K.Sanap
6. Abstract:
A project was entitled, “Evaluation of Konkan Vijay Bandhara” was under taken
at Umberle Tal. Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri. This work was conducted to assess the stability
and field condition of KVB. To asses the use of impounded water for irrigation and to
assess the impact of KVB on ground water recharges. The field condition and stability
was cheked by measuring structural dimensions of KVB. The volume of water
impounded on the upstream side of Bandhara was computed by surveying the stream
along and across the length.
The average volume of water impounded was 168.66 m3. However the farmer
could not use stored water for irrigating Rabi cropping due to various reasons. An
attempt was made to formulate how much area could be brought under the irrigation.
The ground water recharge was computed by observing the observation wells on the
upstream and downstream side of Konkan Vijay Bandhara. Through this observation
wells it was estimated that wells at the downstream side of the Bandhara shows less
recharge but uniform water levels in the well. The well at the upstream side shows
higher water recharge but variable water depth.
27 1. Title: Dry spell analysis of Dapoli
2. Name of the candidate: A.D. Kulkarni
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr.S. B.Nandgude
6. Abstract:
Kankan region is one of the highest rainfall zones in Maharashtra. Therefore the
availability of water is in abundance during monsoon and entire agriculture of region is
sustained on rainwater only. However dry spells during critical growth stage of crop
severely reduces crop productivity. So study was undertaken to understand the
distribution of rainfall in Dapoli region from historical data. This will help in better
planning of crop by avoiding dry spells during critical stages.
Dapoli is located on the west coast of Maharashtra state with lateritic soil and the
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major crop is paddy. The rainfall data of 39 years (1972-2010) from Agronomy
Department, Dapoli was analysed for annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly basis for
rainfall based cropping system with minimum risk to utilise the rainfall efficiently. The
mean annual rainfall was 3587 mm. Kharif, Rabi and summer season receive 3020 mm,
240mm and 20mm rainfall respectively. The month of July receives (1200 mm) rainfall
followed by August with 810mm, June with 611.2 mm and September with 400 mm.
October month received average rainfall of 190 mm. Remaining months contributed
very less rainfall. About 84.03% of annual rainfall was received in Kharif.
From the daily rainfall data of the station the rainfall characteristics such as
OEM, withdrawal of monsoon, weekly rainfall, dry spells and critical dry spells were
estimated. It was observed that more number of dry spells were occurring during
transplanting and grain filling stage and consequently reducing the productivity.
Supplimental irrigation is essential to increase the crop production. Critical dry spell for
Dapoli was of duration 8 days and more.
28 1. Title: Resource mapping of Priyadarshini watershed by using differential global

positioning system
2. Name of the candidate: N.M.Chavan
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er. K.D.Gharde
6. Abstract:
GPS is a satellite-based positioning system operated by the United States
Department of Defence (DoD). GPS encompasses three segments space, control, and
user. The space segment includes the 32 operational NAVSTAR statellites that orbit the
earth every 12 hours at an altitude of approximately 20,200 kilometers. Each satellite
contains several hig-precision atomic clocks and constantly transmits radio signals
using a unique identifying code. One Master Control Station, five Monitor Stations, and
Ground Antennas comprise the control segment. The Monitor Stations passively track
each satellite continuously and provide this data to the Master Control Station. The
Master Control Station calculates any changes in each satellie’s position and timing.
These changes are forwarded to the Ground Antennas and transmitted to each satellite
daily. This ensures that each satellite is transmitting accurate information about its
orbital path. The user segment, comprised of both civilian and military users
worldwide, acquires signals sent from the NAVSTAR satellites with GPS receivers.
The GPS receiver uses these signals to determine where the satellites are located. With
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this data and information stored internally, the receiver can calculate its own position on
earth. This positional information can be used in many applications such as mapping,
surveying, navigation, and mobile GIS.
Objects, such as buildings, overpasses, and other obstructions, that shield the
antenna from a satellite can potentially weaken a satellite’s signal such that it becomes
too difficult to ensure reliable positioning. For ellimeaitining all this error DGPS is best
solution introduced in 2000. to achieve the accuracies needed for quality GIS records
from on to two meters up to a few cm requires differential correction of the data. The
majority of data collected using GPS for GIS is differentially corrected to improve
accuracy. The underlying premise of differential GPS (DGPS) is that any two receivers
that are relatively close together will experience similar atmospheric errors. DGPS
receiver is the base or reference station. The base station receiver calculates its position
based on satellite signals and compares this location to the known location. The
difference is applied to the DGPS data recorded by the second DGPS receiver, which is
known as the roving receiver. The corrected information can be applied to data from the
roving receiver in real time in the field using radio signals or through post processing
after data capture using special processing software.
DGPS provides differential corrections to a GPS receiver in order to improve
navigation and surveying accuracy. Integrity monitoring of the reference stations is a
vital feature of DGPS. With DGPS, this warning occurs within a few seconds of the
satellite becoming ‘unhealthy’, compared to the GPS system, where up to 12 hours can
elapse before notification is received. The improved accuracy offered by DGPS takes
on greater significance in the 21st century. This is because the use of highly accurate
positional information is central to the functioning of navigation.
To attain accuracy levels on the order of 1-2 m to 5-6 cm, differential correction
is essential. The three main methods currently used for ensuring data accuracy are real-
time differential correction, reprocessing real-time data, and post processing. Each
method will achieve similar levels of accuracy, so the decision regarding which
technique is appropriate will depend on factors such as project specifications, the end
use of the data, and the sources available for differential correction. Differential
correction techniques are used to enhance the quality of location data gathered using
global positioning system (GPS) receiver. Differential correction can be applied in real-
time directly in the field or when post processing data in the office. Combining both
65
methods provides flexibility during data collection and improves data integrity.
29 1. Title: Evaluation of earthen nala bund in Kherdi watershed

2. Name of the candidate: S.D. Deshmukh
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er.H.N. Bhange
6. Abstract:
This project is undertaken The integrated rainfall runoff soil loss station has
been established at Priyadarshini watershed to measure the rainfall, runoff and soil loss
from the watershed.
When water level reaches certain level, the float moves up and switches ON the
total system into live condition from its sleeping mode. A float is attached at one end of
the string and counter weight at the other end. The sensor head is to be fixed over the
gauging weir such that the float can move freely. The sensor produces electrical signals
in relation to the water level recorded by data logger. The silt sensor, which kept much
below the water surface, senses the silt content in the water only when it is fully
submerged. The corresponding signals are transmitted through the cable to the data
logger. The rainfall sensor works on the principle of tipping bucket. The tips are sensed
magnetically using magnet and reed switch. Data logger has the required controls to
activate the system on receiving the commands from the float switch and wakes up
signal from the memory module and activates the total system. The signals received
from all the sensors are processed for indication in their respective units.
Runoff is the main carrier of eroded material to the outlet of the watershed
and the portion of eroded material, which is moved along with the runoff with the
suspension, is called suspended sediment. The runoff and suspended sediment are
measured at outlet.
Total rainfall recorded during the period of monsoon i.e. from June to
September was 2919.3 mm and produced runoff 698.71 mm. The magnitude of runoff
produced was 115.89 mm, 182.85 mm, 265.91 mm and 134.06 mm in June, July,
August, and September, respectively. Integrated station was calibrated for silt
parameters. The result showed that there was no significant difference between
measured silt and reading shown by Integrated station at 5 per cent level of
significance. Average sediment concentrations were 21.9 gm/l, 19.3 gm/l, 19.37 gm/l
and 17.7 gm/l in the month of June, July August and September, respectively. This
magnitude of runoff carried a silt of 2.88 t/ha in month of June, 4 t/ha in July, and 7.47
66
t/ha in month of August and 3.4 t/ha in the month of September. It is concluded that,
during the study period rainfall was less than its average annual rainfall. The observed
runoff was 23.93 per cent of the total rainfall during the year 2008. Average soil loss
measured by sampling method was found to be 4.3 tonnes/ha and by Integrated station,
4.35 tonnes/ha there was difference of 0.05 tonnes/ha. The total runoff measured was
2934.25 m3 and 2911.37 m3 was monitored by Integrated station. There was difference
of 22.88 m3 of runoff. Similarly total soil loss measured by Integrated station was 148
tonnes during the observation period.
30 1. Title: Evaluation of cement nala bund at Shivnari watershed

2. Name of the candidate: A.A. Sutar
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er.S.M. Palkar
6. Abstract:
A project entitled “Evaluation of cement nala bunds in shivnari watershed." was
undertaken to study the cement nala bund as a water harvesting structures for its safety
and economic feasibility. The water harvesting structures need to be tested for
hydrological, hydraulic and structural design before execution so as to ensure their
proper design. For the evaluation of cement nala bund constructed by the Department
of Agriculture, Government of Maharashtra in the year 2010 at Shivnari watershed in
Dapoli Tahsil was selected.
The data regarding watershed characteristics for Shivanari and the existing
dimensions of the structure were obtained from Taluka Agricultural Officers Office.
The cement nala bund was designed by following standard design procedure that is by
considering hydrological, hydraulic design and structural design for the obtained
watershed characteristics. This design was compared with the nala bund designed by
the Department of Agriculture.
The results of the study revealed that, peak discharge considered by the
department of Agriculture was 21.722 m3/s which was found to be too higher than the
peak runoff obtained by using Rational method under hydrological design of the
structure i.e. 3.69 m3/s.
Most of the desired and existing dimensions of cement nala bunds were more or
less same. Agriculture Department has considered flow depth l m but desired flow
depth was 0.252 m so it increased the total height of cement nala bund nala bund.
67
Dimensions of other components viz. total length of bund, bottom width of bund, height
of water cushion, width of water cushion, width of apron, thickness of apron, key wall
length, key wall height, length of wing wall, length of side wall were lesser than
existing structure.
So the cost of construction of the nala bunds claimed by Department of Agriculture
was also increases than standard design. All the selected and designed dimensions
of nala bunds were found to be safe from stability analysis. The design procedure
used by the Department of Agriculture needs to be modified by considering the
hydrological, hydraulic and structural design of the nala bunds.
Year : 2012
31 1. Title: Studies On Soil Conservation Characteristics Of Plants For Hot-Humid
And Heavy Rainfall Region
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof.D.M.Mahale
6. Abstract:
The nature takes about 500 years to generate one inch thick soil layer. However,
it can lose this much soil in a course of only a few months or seasons due to
unmanaging and non-proper utilizing of agricultural land. Erosion of surface soil due to
runoff water may affect rich productive soil and fresh or active organic matter. About
16 tonnes soil per hectare is lost annually from Indian lands against the permissible
limit of 4 tonnes per hectare. This problem is posing a serious economic and
environmental danger the country.
In predominately agricultural country like India soil conservation not only
increases crop yields but also prevents further deterioration of land and improves the
soil nutrition value and moisture conservation. Various practices adopted to control soil
erosion but biological measures combined with good soil management practices provide
better influence on detachment and transportation of soil particles in the process of soil
erosion. Vegetation has direct impact on the amount of soil erosion. Vegetation
prevents the soil erosion in many ways. Widespread foliage of the plants intercepts the
falling raindrop. Roots of crops especially fibrous root system of grasses keep the soil
particles bound together by their knitting and binding action and prevent the soil against
erosion. Further tap root system of trees and shrubs grow widely in horizontal that helps
to produce secondary and tertiary roots that helps in soil binding. In the present study
efforts are made to compile all the information pertaining to the biodiversity of Konkan,
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soil problem, methods of soil conservation, role of biological methods in soil
conservation, description of specific characters of plants viz., trees, shrubs, grasses.
Further, identification of suitable species for soil conservation in hot humid heavy
rainfall regions, details of the species with respect to botanical name, root structure,
uses, propagation method and description was completed. In the overall review noted
that the trees are the prime medium of soil conservation they act as windbreaks,
reducing the force of the wind and the grasses bind the sandy soils. Total 40 species are
identified with potential of soil conservation in Konkan region after suitable study about
their quantifiable benefits. Out of these 40 species of Konkan region 20 are trees, 8 are
shrubs and 12 are grasses.
32 1. Title: Temporal Analysis Of Rainfall Distribution At Dapoli

2. Name of the candidate: Ms. Sayali Suresh Parab
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er.S.M.Palkar
6. Abstract:
Trend refers to the upward or downward movement that characterizes the
time series over a period of time. The Indian monsoon rainfall as a whole does not show
any significant trend, but over some specific areas of the country significant trends are
observed. Significant increasing trend is observed in the annual rainfall for the
meteorological sub division, Konkan and Goa is one of them. (Guhathakurta and
Rajeevan, 2006).
Forty year (1972-2011) daily rainfall data for Dapoli station were collected from
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. It was converted to monthly
depth for next analysis. Forty years period was divided in four decades and trends were
analyzed with various statistical tools for getting insight into climatic variability at
micro level.
Average rainfall of June in first two decades 1972-1981 and 1982-1991 during
analysis period was 996.68 mm and 1000.73 mm, respectively which was found more
than forty year mean for June i.e.914.77 mm. The decadal averages has decreased in
current two decades to 766.85 mm (decrease by 147.9 mm) in 1992-2001 and 894.80
mm (decrease by 19.96 mm) in 2002-2011. Similarly average rainfall of September in
first two decades 1972-1981 and 1982-1991 during analysis period was 354.0 mm and
312.72 mm, respectively which was found much less than forty year mean for
September (413.04 mm). This average rainfall of September has increased drastically in
69
current two decades 439.25 mm (increase by 26.20 mm) in 1992-2001 and 546.16 mm
(increase by 133.11 mm)in 2002-2011.
Forty year mean contributions of June, July, August and September in the
annual total were 25. 75 per cent, 34. 44 per cent, 23. 92 per cent and 11.38 per cent,
respectively. For the June Mean per cent contribution for first two decades 1972-1981
and 1982-1991, during analysis period was 28.19% and 28.76%, respectively which
was found more than forty year per cent contribution of June (25.73 %). This Mean per
cent contribution of June has decreased in current two decades 20.94 % (decrease by
4.70 per cent) in 1992-2001 and 25.03% (decrease by 0.7 %) in 2002-2011.
For the August Mean per cent contribution for first three decades 1972-1981 and
1982-1991, 1992-2001 during analysis period was 24.08 %, 24.55% and 24.11%,
respectively which was found more than forty year per cent contribution of August
(23.91 %). This Mean per cent contribution of August has decreased in current decade
22.91 % (decrease by 1 per cent) in 2002-2011. Similarly mean per cent contribution of
September in first two decades 1972-1981 and 1982-1991 during analysis period was
9.25 % and 8.34 %, respectively which was found less than forty year per cent
contribution of September (11.4 %). This Mean per cent contribution of September has
increased in current two decades 13.0 % (increased by 1.62 %) in 1992-2001 and 14.96
% (increased by 3.6 %) in 2002-2011. So temporal distribution pattern is showing some
subtle shift in monthly contribution from June and August to September.
Moving averages of order of 7 years were applied for rainfall. For the months of
June, July and August was found decreasing and for month of September rainfall was
found increasing.
As per Turning point test only in the month of July existence of trend was
observed. For detection and analysis of the rising or falling nature of trend Kendall’s
rank correlation test was applied. However, due to small magnitude of trend it was not
quantified.
Decadal mean rainfall depths for the month of August were found decreasing
and those for the month of September were found increasing. Therefore, regression
analysis was carried out. For the month of August the monthly mean was decreased by
114.6 mm (14%) from 1 st decade (1972-1981) to 4th decade (2002-2011). It was also
observed that for the month of September the mean was increased by 210.90 mm (40%)
from 1st decade (1972-1981) to 4th decade (2002-2011). Decadal mean annual rainfall
70
has remained more or less same for all four decades.
Hence, it was concluded that, monthly average rainfall distribution is showing
subtle changes in the months of August and September.
33 1. Title: Geomorphological Studies Of Priyadarshani Watershed Using Geographic
Information System
2. Name of the candidate: Ms. Dandekar Ujjwala Maruti
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr. S.B.Nandgude
6. Abstract:
Spatial information technologies (SIT) like remote sensing (RS),
geographical information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) have
proved to be efficient tool in natural resources management and its planning.
Geographic information system (GIS) tool was used to develop an interface (built in
macro) within ArcGIS for the estimation of watershed morphological parameters. This
was developed using the Visual Basic for Application (VBA) language based on the
Arc objects technology developed by the Environmental System Research institute
(ESRI). In the present study Geographical information system was used for the
determination of the geomorphological characteristics of the Priyadarshani watershed.
Priyadarshani watershed was located at Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist-Ratnagiri having longitude 17.45” and latitude 73.10”. The
digital elevation models were prepared in the GIS environment by using the different
watershed maps such as boundary map, contour map, drainage map, water resources
map. Different morphological characteristics of the watershed can be calculated by
using the different mathematical formulae.
The results indicated that the watershed area was 0.5029 km2 (50 ha), perimeter
3.529 km, number of streams are 32 out of which 18 of 1 st order and 14 of 2nd order,
bifurcation ratio 1.289, Mean stream length for 1 st order was 0.077 k m, and for 2nd
order stream was 0.050 km, form factor of the watershed was 0.36 /km, circulatory
ratio was 0.50, elongation ratio was 0.667, drainage density of the watershed was
14.390 km/km2 , constant of channel maintenance 0.069 km, drainage texture was
18.78 /km, relief was 43 m, relief ratio was 0.024, relative relief was 1.24 , ruggedness
number was 0.602 and the length of the overland flow was 0.07 km2/km.
From this study, it is concluded that GIS is accepted to be powerful geospatial
techniques in preparing the drainage map and understanding the watershed
morphometric parameters. The estimated watershed characteristics may be useful to
71
stimulate hydrological responses to the watershed.
34 1. Title: Estimation of Erodibility at Selected Location in Dapoli Tahsil

2. Name of the candidate: Ms.Ashwini Atmaram Kamble
5. Name of guide/co-guide:
6. Abstract:
recognized by unique biodiversity. A soil inherent erodibility which is major factor in
erosion prediction and land use planning. It is a complex property dependent on both its
soil physical and chemical properties contribute to soil loss. Soil erosion is detachment,
transportation and deposition of soil particles. Soil erosion is highly dependent on
degree of erodibility of particular soil along with other factors. Erodibility is
susceptibility or vulnerability of soil to get eroded. Soil erodibility is an important
hydrologic property of soil which helps researchers and planners in study of soil erosion
characteristics. The erodibility is influenced by various soil characteristics mainly soil
texture, structure, permeability, organic matter content.
Dapoli is confined between Sahyadri Hills at east and Arabian Sea at west
(15º6'N to 20º22'N latitude and 72º39'E to 72º48'E longitudes) with an altitude of 250 m
above sea MSL. The climate in this region is humid with relative humidity ranging
from 55% to as high as 99%. The average annual rainfall is 3525.05 mm and the
temperature ranges from 7.5°c to 38.5°c. For the estimation of parameters like soil
texture, soil structure, hydraulic conductivity, permeability erodibility of 15 villages of
soil data were collected from District Soil Testing Laboratory, Ratnagiri. In one of the
model “Soil-Plant-Air-Water” (SPAW) hydraulic conductivity (cm/hr) was obtained
from values of Sand (%), silt (%), clay (%) and organic matter (%). Permeability code
was obtained derived based on hydraulic conductivity of soil (Smith and Browning,
1946). The SPAW computer model simulates the daily hydrologic budgets of
agricultural landscapes (Saxton and Rawls, 2006). The soil water characteristic
equations are valid within a range of soil textures approximately 0-60% clay content
and 0-95% sand content.
The average sand, silt and clay percentage of these 15 villages were 20.59,
35.29 and 35.68 percentage respectively. Textural classes in lateritic soils of these
villages are loamy, clay, silty loam, and sandy loam. The permeability class varied from
0.25 to 25 cm/hr. The soil erodibility value ranged from 0.16 to 0.40.
72
35 1. Title: Evaluation of Cement Nala Bund and Earthen Nala Bund in Kangwai
Watershed
2. Name of the candidate: Ms. Ashwini Ashok Patil
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er.H.N.Bhange
6. Abstract:
A project entitled “Evaluation of Cement Nala Bund and Earthen Nala Bund in
Kangwai watershed." was undertaken to study the cement and earthen nala bunds as a
water harvesting structures for its safety and economic feasibility. The water
harvesting structures need to be tested for hydrological, hydraulic and structural design
before execution so as to ensure their proper design. For the evaluation of cement nala
bund and earthen nala bund constructed by the Department of Agriculture, Government
of Maharashtra in the year 2011 at Kangwai watershed in Dapoli Tahsil was selected.
The data regarding watershed characteristics for Kangwai was obtained from
Taluka Agricultural Office and existing dimensions were obtained from field visit. The
design dimensions were compared with the design dimensions obtained by Department
of Agriculture.
The result of the study shows that, peak discharges considered by the
Department of Agriculture were 21.01 m3/s and 10.63 m3/s for cement nala bund and
earthen nala bund, respectively for 10 years of return period. It was found to be too
higher than the peak runoff obtained by using Rational method under hydrological
design of the structure i.e. 3.22 m3/s and 2.53 m3/s, respectively.
Major difference in earthen nala bund was in total height of structure. Height of
existing ENB (5m) was more than height of designed ENB (4 m) and top width of nala
bund (2.1m) less than the top width of designed nala bund (2.3m). Side slopes of
existing nala bund was 2:1 on both sides where as side slopes of desired nala bund was
3:1 on upstream side and 2:1 on downstream side.
Department of Agriculture had considered flow depth 0.82 m for cement nala
bund but designed flow depth was 0.28 m due to this overall dimensions of structure.
So construction cost of cement nala bund and earthen nala bund were found high 37.13
per cent and 29.90 per cent, respectively. In stability analysis, selected and designed
dimensions of nala bunds were found to be safe from stability analysis. The design
73
procedure used by the Department of Agriculture needs to be modified by considering
the hydrological design of bund.
36 1. Title: Roof Water Harvesting for CAET, Dapoli Building
2. Name of the candidate: Ms. Vinny Chacko
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof dilip MAHALE
6. Abstract:
A project entitled “Roofwater Harvesting for College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology building " was undertaken to study on complete analysis
& designing of the different component of the system. A discussion on the purpose of
rainwater harvesting i.e. storing harvested water in tank after different available way of
filtration utilizing it for various purposes. The roof areas of CAET campus i.e. of Phase-I
and Phase-II were calculated from the structural design of the roof obtained from the
university engineer. The rainfall data of last 30 years were obtained from Meteorological
observatory, Department of Agronomy, Dr.B.S.K.K.V, Dapoli and analysed.
The maximum volumes of runoff produced from the roof areas were calculated.
According to the volume of discharge, the diameter of the conduit were estimated, the
diameter of Phase were estimated as 110mm and Phase-II as 75mm.The transportation
carries the total quantity of water produced from roof and the diameter of the pipe was
estimated as 245mm. The first flush mechanism was used for flushing out the first spell of
rain water from the roof.
The water thus collected needs to be stored in underground tanks. The capacity of
tank was calculated by estimating the total water consumption rate. The total water
required was calculated by estimating the water required for irrigation, landscaping, and
domestic purposes. The water consumption rate from phase-I was 2000 liter per day and
Phase-II was 5000 liter per day.
Following the divisional schedule rates, the cost economics of the above parameters were
estimated, the cost economic includes the cost of conduits, cost of transportation pipe, cost
of first flush, cost of excavation, cost of P.C.C., cost of R.C.C. foundation, cost of footing ,
cost of roof slab and Contingency charges and work charges of 5%.according to the
estimation, the cost of constructing the roof water harvesting system for Phase –I costs Rs
1,050,226.53 and for Phase-II, Rs 1,943,267.53. The benefit cost ratio of the above project
were estimated and payback period the project was estimated as 0.140. The payback period
of the present project was 4 years for the benefit return.
37 1. Title: Estimation of Erodibility at selected Locations in Ratnagiri Districts
2. Name of the candidate: Thoravashe A V
74
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr S B Nandgude
6. Abstract:
recognized by unique biodiversity. A soil inherent erodibility which is major factor in
erosion prediction and land use planning. It is a complex property dependent on both
its soil physical and chemical properties contribute to soil loss. Soil erosion is
detachment, transportation and deposition of soil particles. Soil erosion is highly
dependent on degree of erodibility of particular soil along with other factors.
Erodibility is susceptibility or vulnerability of soil to get eroded. Soil erodibility is an
important hydrologic property of soil which helps researchers and planners in study of
soil erosion characteristics. The erodibility is influenced by various soil characteristics
mainly soil texture, structure, permeability, organic matter content.
Ratnagiri is confined between Sahyadri Hills at east and Arabian Sea at west
(16.98 N latitude and 73º3’E longitude). The climate in this region is humid with
relative humidity ranging from 55% to as high as 99%. The average annual rainfall is
2938.4 mm and the temp ranges from 22°c to 31.5°c.For the estimation of parameters
like soil texture, soil structure, hydraulic conductivity, permeability erodibility of 45
villages of 9 Tahasils of Ratnagiri district of soil data were collected from District Soil
Testing Laboratory, Ratnagiri. In one of the model “Soil-Plant-Air-Water” (SPAW)
hydraulic conductivity (cm/hr) was obtained from values of Sand (%), silt (%), clay
(%) and organic matter (%). Permeability code was obtained derived based on
hydraulic conductivity of soil (Smith and Browning, 1946). The SPAW computer
model simulates the daily hydrologic budgets of agricultural landscapes (Saxton and
Rawls, 2006). The soil water characteristic equations are valid within a range of soil
textures approximately 0-60% clay content and 0-95% sand content.
The average sand, silt and clay percentage of these 45 villages were 27.14,
33.65 and 31.26 percentage respectively. Textural classes in lateritic soils of these
villages are loamy, clay, silty loam, and sandy loam. The permeability class varied
from 0.25 to 25 cm/hr. The soil erodibility value ranged from 0.1 to 0.54with mean
value of 0.28.
38 1. Title: Rainfall Runoff modeling of Priyadarshimi Watershed using ANN

2. Name of the candidate: Salunke J R
75
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof M H Tharkar
6. Abstract:
Soil erosion and sediment deposition are primary causes of adverse impacts to surface
water quality. Eroded soil subsequently becomes sediment creating the potential for
water degradation. Hydrological modeling is a powerful technique of hydrologic system
investigation for both the research hydrologists and the practicing water resources
engineers involved in the planning and development of integrated approach for
management of water resources. Rainfall-runoff models play an important role in water
resource management planning and therefore, different types of models with various
degrees of complexity have been developed for this purpose. The rainfall-runoff
relationship is one of the most complex hydrologic phenomena and it is based on
tremendous spatial and temporal variability of watershed characteristics, precipitation
patterns etc. Therefore other models were not performing well. ANN 1-12-1
architectures can be adopted to estimate runoff from ungauged watershed with rainfall
as input. Controlling the runoff would require a complete assessment of soil erosion and
associated non-point source pollution impacts in the watershed from a long-term
perspective.
39 1. Title: Evaluation of Cement Nala in Malavi Watershed

2. Name of the candidate: Kulkarni P R
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Mrs S S Nagarkar
6. Abstract:
The present study entitaled “Evaluation of cement nala bund in Malavi
watershed." was undertaken to study the cement nala bund as a water harvesting
structures and by learning the design consideration of cement nala bund to give
appropriate design which will be safe and economically feasible. The water harvesting
structures need to be tested for hydrological, hydraulic and structural design before
execution so as to ensure their proper design. For the evaluation, a cement nala bund
constructed by the Department of Agriculture, Government of Maharashtra in the year
76
2012 at Malavi watershed in Dapoli Tahsil was selected.
The data regarding watershed characteristics for Malavi and the existing
dimensions of the structure were obtained from Taluka Agricultural Officers Office.
The cement nala bund was designed by following standard design procedure that is by
considering hydrological, hydraulic design and structural design for the obtained
watershed characteristics. This design was compared with the nala bund designed by
the Department of Agriculture.
The results of the study revealed that, peak discharge considered by the
Department of Agriculture was 29.513 m3/s which was found to be too higher than the
less same. Agriculture Department has considered flow depth l.4 m but desired flow
depth was 0.42 m so it increased the total height of cement nala bund. Dimensions of
other components viz. total length of bund, bottom width of bund, height of water
cushion, width of water cushion, width of apron, thickness of apron, key wall length,
key wall height, length of wing wall, length of side wall were lesser than existing
structure.
Therefore the cost of construction claimed by the Department of Agriculture
was found to be more by 31.81% than that for the structure designed by considering
hydrological parameters of watershed. All the selected and designed dimensions of nala
bunds were found to be safe from stability analysis. The design procedure used by the
Department of Agriculture needs to be modified by considering the hydrological,
hydraulic and structural design of the nala bunds.
40 1. Title: Evaluation of Earthen Nala in Kangwai Watershed
2. Name of the candidate: Gaikar P S
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er. H N Bhange
6. Abstract:
Earthen nala bund is water retaining structure constructed across the slope.
The objectives of the present study were to study the earthen nala bund in respect of
design dimensions and to compare and evaluate the design parameters of selected
earthen nala bund with standard design under similar hydrological condition. To
achieve these objectives earthen nala bund constructed at Kangawi watershed of
77
Dapoli Tahsil the Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra State was selected. The
earthen nala bund selected was constructed in the year 2011.
The area of watershed is 45 ha with average slope of about 2.67%. For the
existing and standard design dimensions of earthen nala bund structure there was
difference between standard design and existing design. The depth of existing flood
spillway for the earthen nala bund was found to be more than the desired depth. The
velocities of flow of water trough the design sections of flood spillway were within
safe limit. The cost of construction of existing nala bund was found to be higher
than the cost calculated for the structure, designed by standard design procedure.
The earthen nala bund constructed by considering hydrological and

hydraulic design procedure and structure design was compared with the nala bund
designed by the Department of Agriculture. A major difference in earthen nala bund
was in total height of nala bund. Height of existing earthen nala bund 5.0 m was
more than height of designed nala bund (4.6 m). The top width of nala bund was
found to be 2.47 m in designed nala bund and 1.5 m in existing nala bund. The
bottom width of earthen nala bund was found to be 22.47 m in designed nala bund
and 21.5 m in existing nala bund.
In earthen nala bund the cost of construction of dam computed by

Department of Agriculture was found to be Rs. 1,08,178/- higher than the actual
cost calculated by the standard design procedure. All the selected and designed
dimensions of nala bund were found to be safe from stability analysis. The design
procedure used by the Department of Agriculture needs to be modified by
considering the hydrological, hydraulic and structural design of the nala bund.
41 1. Title: Development of Unit hydrograph for Priyadarshini watershed

2. Name of the candidate: Landge S.J.
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof H N Bhange
6. Abstract:
Man has recognized a relationship between rainfall and runoff since the
beginning of civilization. Only within the last century, however, have hydrologic
principles been developed into a science.
For the design of storm sewers and culverts, the required pipe or culvert
diameter is typically based on based on conveyance capacity for the peak discharge, and
78
a hydrograph As a watershed becomes more urbanized, the impact of more impervious
area, decreased potential for infiltration, and loss of natural depression storage will
change the response to rainfall and thus the shape (peak and time base) of the resulting
runoff hydrograph
The runoff could be obtained either from observed data of runoff or rainfall
runoff relationship using regression equations, such unit hydrograph information can be
highly useful for estimating peak rate of runoff, which in turn can be helpful for
designing soil and water conservation structures for planning water resource
development programmes in areas having similar agro climatic conditions. Keeping
these in view, the project was undertaken with the objective to develop the unit
hydrograph for Priyadarshini watershed.
Runoff from the Priyadarshini Watershed was measured at the outlet of
Priyadarshini Watershed. An integrated station was installed at the outlet .First,Analyse
the rainfall data related to the hydrograph and prepare the hyetograph for the storm
period under consideration.Separate the base flow by any of the methods and plot the
resulting hydrograph of the direct runoff.Measure the volume under the hydrograph of
the direct runoff over the depth of the watershed.Divide the ordinate of the direct runoff
hydrograph by its volume compute the unit hydrograph.Runoff was continously
measured at the Priyadarshini watershed through out the observation period. The runoff
was calculated using contracted weir formula with contractions on both ends.
In the month of June runoff depth was 263.88 mm, 169.19 mm in July and 60.10
mm in August were observed. Total runoff depth was 493.17 mm. The percent runoff
was 33.36%.
42 1. Title: Studies on soil binding abilities of various forest plants

1. Name of the candidate: 1. Bhosale S A 2. Patil P N
5. Abstract:
In predominately agriculture country like India soil conservation not only
increased crop yield but also prevent further deterioration of land and improves the soil
nutrition value and moisture conservation. Various practices adopted to control soil
erosion but biological measures combined with good soil management practices provide
better influence on detachment and transportation of soil particles in the process of soil
erosion. Roots of crop especially fibrous root system of grasses and plants having tap
79
root system or adventitious type of root system keep the soil particles bound together by
their knitting and binding action. They also prevent the soil erosion. Further tap root
system of trees and shrubs grow widely to produce secondary and tertiary roots that
helps in soil binding.
The six plant species taken for conducting soil binding ability. It was observed
Khas and Bamboo having fibrous root system and Adulsa, Karvand, Gliricidia and
Karanj having tap root system. The results indicated that the binding factor of Adulsa,
Karvand, Bamboo, Gliricidia, Karanj and Khas is 194.85 Kg/cm2, 254.79 Kg/cm2,
363.84 Kg/cm2, 223.48 g/cm2, 200.10 Kg/cm2 and 445.41 Kg/cm2 respectively.
From this study, it is concluded that Khas having highest soil binding ability i.e.,
445.41 Kg/cm2 and Adulsa having least soil binding ability i.e., 194.85 Kg/cm2. It is
also studied that among species plant having more binding factor those have good
ability to bind the soil.
43 1. Title: Evaluation of Earthen Nala in Kolbandre Watershed
2. Name of the candidate: 1. Buttepatil S R and 2. Dhuri P K
3. Degree for which the thesis/project report is submitted: B.Tech.
(Agril.Engg.)
6. Abstract:
44 1. Title: Evaluation of Cement Nala in Sakurde Watershed

2. Name of the candidate: 1. Jadhav D A 2. Jalgaonkar B R
6. Abstract:
A project entitled “Evaluation of Cement Nala Bund in Sakurde Watershed.”
Was undertaken to study the cement nala bund as a water harvesting structures for its
safety and economic feasibility. The water harvesting structures need to be tested for
hydrological, hydraulic and structural design before execution so as to ensure their
proper design. For the evaluation of cement nala bund constructed in 2011-2012 at
Sakurde watershed in Dapoli Tahsil was selected.
The data regarding watershed characteristics for Sakurde watershed and the
existing dimensions of the structure were obtained from Taluka Agricultural Officers
Office. The dimensions were compared with the nala bund designed by the Department
of Agriculture.
The result of the study revealed that, peak discharge considered by the peak
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department of Agriculture was 22.43 m3/s which was found to be too higher than the
less same. Agricultural Department has considered flow depth 1.45 m but desired flow
depth is 0.63 m therefore the total height of cement nala bund was decreased.
Dimensions of other components viz. bottom width of bund, height of water cushion,
width of water cushion, width of apron, length of side wall were lesser than existing
cement nala bund structure. Key wall height is equal to existing cement nala bund and
length of wing wall is higher than existing cement nala bund.
From the cost analysis it was found that the total cost of construction of the
structure designed by following standard procedure was cement Rs. 2,33,623 /-. While
the total cost claimed by the Department of Agriculture was Rs. 3,13,830/- which is
higher by Rs. 80,207 /- i.e. 25.5 per cent. This increased cost is due to over designed
structure.
The designed structure was found to be safe from stability analysis. The design
the hydrological, hydraulic and structural design of the nala bund.
45 1. Title: Determination of Morphological Characteristics of Morna river Catchment
using GIS
2. Name of the candidate: 1. Bowlekar A P 2. Sawant H B
6. Abstract:
Spatial information technologies, particularly the Geographical Information
Systems (GIS), represent efficient tools in determination of drainage basin
morphometric properties for water resources management and environmental planning.
GIS and a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have been utilized for the
estimation of morphological parameters of Morna river catchment. This was developed
using the Visual Basic for Application (VBA) language based on the Arc objects
technology developed by the Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI). In the
present study geographical information system was used for the determination of the
geomorphological characteristics of the Morna river catchment. Morna river originates
from Atoli of Patan tehsil. This catchment lies in Satara district of Maharashtra state in
western India. The area extends between 17º24’ to 17º50’ N latitude and 73º46’ to 74º0’
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E longitudes. It is about 120 km away from Satara to its west. Several morphometric
parameters have been computed and analyzed viz.; linear aspects such as stream order,
stream number, stream length, mean stream length, stream length ratio; areal aspects
such as drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, elongation ratio,
circularity ratio, form factor, constant of channel maintenance; relief aspects such as
relief, relief ratio, relative relief, ruggedness number, length of overland flow. Impacts
ofmorphometric parameters on flash flood characteristics have been also investigated.
Different morphological characteristics of the watershed can be calculated by using the
different mathematical formulae. The results indicated that the catchment area is 132.62
sq. km., perimeter 62.51 km, number of streams are 398 out of which 296 of 1 st order,
79 of 2 order, 18 of 3 rd order, 4 of 4th order and 1 of 5 th order, mean bifurcation ratio is
4.157, mean stream length for 1st order is 0.953 km, for 2nd order stream is 0.808 km,
for 3 order stream is 1.245 km , for 4th order stream is 1.643 km and for 5th order stream
is 24.25 km, form factor of the watershed was 0.254, circulatory ratio was 0.426,
elongation ratio was 0.54, drainage density of the watershed was 2.81 km/km, constant
of channel maintenance 0.355 km 2/km, drainage texture was 5.71 /km, relief was 505
m, relief ratio was 0.027, relative relief was 0.807, ruggedness number was 1.414 and
the length of the overland flow was 0.177 km2/km. From this study, it is concluded that
GIS is accepted to be powerful geospatial techniques in preparing the drainage map and
understanding the watershed morphometric parameters. The estimated catchment
characteristics may be useful to stimulate hydrological responses to the catchment.
46 1. Title: Delineation of Boundries of various blocks of CES, Wakawali using GIS
tools
2. Name of the candidate: 1. Sawant D P, 2. Takabhate N B and 3.Shirtode R B
4. Abstract:
Spatial information technologies (SIT) like remote sensing (RS), geographical
information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) have proved to be
efficient tool in natural resources management and its planning. Geographic
information system (GIS) tool was used to develop an interface (built in macro) within
ArcGIS for the delineation of boundaries watershed. This was developed using the
Visual Basic for Application (VBA) language based on the Arc objects technology
developed by the Environmental System Research institute (ESRI). In the present
study Geographical information system was used for the delineation of boundaries of
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various blocks of Central Experimental Station, Wakawali. This Central Experimental
Station, Wakawali is located in Wakawali village and it is divided in various seven
villages, are Wakawali, Pangari, Tetavali, Sukdar, Gavtale, Rukhi and Asond under
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist-Ratnagiri having
17040’14.0” N to 17045’03.8”N latitude and 73010’46.2”E to 73 018’14.1” E longitude
with altitude of 203 m above MSL .
The area and perimeter of the Central Experimental Station, Wakawali were
determined by using Geographical Information System. The results indicated that the
total area of CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is 749.8162 ha and the difference
between area calculated by GIS and actual area is 6.63 %. The total perimeter of CES,
Wakawali calculated by GIS is 28482.0548 m and the difference between perimeter
calculated by GIS and perimeter calculated by manual method is 4.88 %. The total area
of Wakawali block of CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is 85.8753 ha and the
difference between area calculated by GIS and actual area is 2.83 %. The total
perimeter of Wakawali block CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is 3285.027 m and the
difference between perimeter calculated by GIS and perimeter calculated by manual
method is 7.92 %. The total area of Pangari block of CES, Wakawali calculated by
GIS is 172.0432 ha and the difference between area calculated by GIS and actual area
is 0.02 %. The total perimeter of Pangari block CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is
6386.417 m and the difference between perimeter calculated by GIS and perimeter
calculated by manual method is 7.71 %. The total area of Tetavali block of CES,
Wakawali calculated by GIS is 128.638 ha and the difference between area calculated
by GIS and actual area is 2.54 %. The total perimeter of Tetavali block CES,
Wakawali calculated by GIS is 6042.254 m and the difference between perimeter
calculated by GIS and perimeter calculated by manual method is 7.00 %. The total area
of Sukadar block of CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is 42.0581 ha and the
difference between area calculated by GIS and actual area is 3.37 %. The total
perimeter of Sukadar block CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is 2255.6656 m and the
difference between perimeter calculated by GIS and perimeter calculated by manual
method is 7.91 %. The total area of Gaotale block of CES, Wakawali calculated by
GIS is 104.5102 ha and the difference between area calculated by GIS and actual area
is 4.870 %. The total perimeter of Gaotale block CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is
5633.56 m and the difference between perimeter calculated by GIS and perimeter
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calculated by manual method is 9.06 %. The total area of Asond block of CES,
Wakawali calculated by GIS is 78.5678 ha and the difference between area calculated
by GIS and actual area is 4.33 %. The total perimeter of Asond block CES, Wakawali
calculated by GIS is 3050.6682 m and the difference between perimeter calculated by
GIS and perimeter calculated by manual method is 8.25 %. The total area of Rukhi
block of CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is 138.1236 ha and the difference between
area calculated by GIS and actual area is 7.29 %. The total perimeter of Rukhi block
CES, Wakawali calculated by GIS is 3858.85 m and the difference between perimeter
calculated by GIS and perimeter calculated by manual method is 8.51 %.
From this study, it is concluded that Geographical Information System is
accepted to be powerful geospatial techniques in preparing the boundary map and
understanding the arial parameters.
47 1. Title: Evaluation of check dams in kudawale watershed
2. Name of the candidate: Mr. Ajay Ganpat Date and Mr. Alston Joy Vales
(Agril.Engg.)
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof. dilip MAHALE
6. Abstract:
A project entitled “Evaluation of Check Dams in Kudawale Watershed” was
undertaken to study the water harvesting structures for safety and economic feasibility.
The objectives of present study is to study the check dams in respect of design
dimensions, to check stability of existing structures by using standard procedure and to
estimate the cost of existing check dams with the DSR values. To achieve these
objectives check dams constructed at Kudawale watershed in Dapoli tahsil by the
Kudawale Panchayat, Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra state were selected. The selected
check dams were constructed in year 2014-15.
The water harvesting structures need to be tested for hydrological, hydraulic and
structural design before execution so as to ensure the proper design. Check dams is
water retaining structure constructed across the stream.
The data regarding watershed characteristics and existing dimensions of check
dams were obtained from field visit and Google Earth using GPS Survey.
The structures were designed by experience and knowledge of people and taking
into consideration the existing site conditions, locally available material and work by
the villagers to reduce the cost. These structures were found to be stable in field
condition since last year. Stability analysis of CD1 and CD2 was carried out and both
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the structures found to be hydrologically, hydraulically and structurally safe.
The volume of water impounded on the upstream side of check dams was
computed by using surveying the stream along and across the length. The average
volume of water impounded in CD1 and CD2 is 278.48 m3 and 127.4 m3, respectively.
The peak rate of runoff obtained by using Rational Method of runoff estimation is 4.81
m3/s. The intensity of rainfall is calculated by considering the 25 years return period of
rainfall. The total cost of construction by following DSR rates for Ratnagiri district, for
CD 1 which is 11.9 m long was Rs.82242/- and CD 2 which is 7.85 m long was found
to be Rs. 52212/-
However the farmer could not use stored water for irrigating rabi crops due to
insufficient water availability, but water can be used as a drinking water for animals,
washing of cloths and other domestic purposes and ground water recharge.
48 1. Title: Assessment of water footprint of grape industry: a case study

2. Name of the candidate: Miss. Padwal P. H. and Miss. Raut K. K.
(Agril.Engg.)
6. Abstract:
The water footprint is an indicator of use that looks not only at direct water use of a
consumer or producer, but also at the indirect water use. The water footprint can be
regarded as a comprehensive indicator of freshwater resources appropriation, next to
the traditional and restricted measure of water withdrawal. The study was done for
grape industry at Nashik where the export of grapes occurs in large scale. The total
water required by the industry and the water utilized for growing of grape crop was
studied by this project. This industry lies in Mohadi village of Dindori Tehsil of
Nashik district of Maharashtra state in Western India. The area lies between 19º99’ N
Longitude and 73º78’ E Latitude. This area comes under dry zone. This is situated at
an altitude of 660 m above mean sea level.
The results indicated that the Green water footprint of grape crop was 496.53
m3/ton; Blue water footprint was 132.8 m3/ton; Grey water footprint was 51.73 m3/ton
and the total water used in the grape export process was 1.18 m3/ton. Thus the total
water footprint for grape crop was calculated and it was 682.24 m3/ton equals to 682.24
litres/kg of grapes. From this study it was concluded that the Green water footprint for
grape crop was higher than blue and grey water footprints. Hence, it can be concluded
85
that the major water consumed due to evapotranspiration in green water use and the
water required to grow the Grape crop was higher than the water required for Grape
export.
49 1. Title: Study the rainfall runoff relationship using scs-cn method from bench
terraces of cashew plot of priyadarshini watershed
2. Name of the candidate: Mr.Laxminarayan Makwana and Ms.Sayali M.
Goregaonkar
(Agril.Engg.)
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr. K. D. Gharde
6. Abstract:
Water and soil are the most fundamental resources on which people rely for
existence and development. The development of society is determined by its capacity to
use these resources. Some of these resources may in time become exhausted or
deteriorate.
Dapoli is characterised by its hot and humid climate and comes under Konkan
region. Konkan region lies between 15 6’ N to 20 22’ N latitude and 72 39’ E to
73 48’ E longitudes, with altitude of 225 m above MSL. The region comes under
heavy rainfall with average annual rainfall 3500 mm. The ambient temperature 7.5 C
to 38.5 C and relative humidity varies from 55 percent to 99 percent in different
seasons. The region has hilly topography with highly drainable lateritic type soils. Daily
rainfall data was collected from Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,
Dapoli for the year 2011 to 2015. The actual runoff was measured from Bench terraces
of cashew plot of Priyadarshini watershed using Automatic water stage level recorder
on Instructional Farm, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering,
College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli. The total area under
study was 2061.60 sq m.
In present study, runoff was estimated by curve number (SCS-CN) method.
However prediction accuracy of this method is strongly related to accurate estimation of
curve number. The curve number was adopted as, 43, 65 80.89 for AMCI, II, III
respectively using this curve number the runoff was computed for year 2011 to 2015.
The runoff estimated for year 2011-12 and 2012-13, by this CN was compared with
observed runoff. The statistical indices werecomputed to check the accuracy in
estimation of runoff by SCS CN method. Coefficient Coefficient (R) of estimated and
observed runoff for years 2011-12 was 0.952 and MAD, CE, EV, MAPE and RMSE
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was 0.86 per cent, 6.35 per cent, -1719.23 per cent, -202.83, 4.32 per cent and 46.34
mm respectively. The Correlation Coefficient (R) of estimated and observed runoff for
years 2011-12 was 0.415 and MAD, CE, EV, MAPE and RMSE was 0.07 per cent, -
813.48 per cent, -47.49 percent, 2.64 per cent and 46.34 mm respectively.The negative
values of CE and EV indicates the overestimated the runoff by SCS CN methods. It is
observed that, the runoff estimated by the SCS CN method from Bench Terraces of
Cashew Plot was overestimated by the model compared to the observed runoff. The
Values of R, RMSE, CE and EV are in acceptable rage to estimate he runoff from
ungauges Bench Terraces of Dapoli region.
50 1. Title: Evaluation of cement and earthen nala bund in ladghar and karde
watershed
2. Name of the candidate: Mr. Jagtap P. G. and Mr Pawar A. H.
(Agril.Engg.)
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er. S. S. Nagarkar
6. Abstract:
A project entitled “Evaluation of Cement and Earthen Nala Bund in Ladghar
and Karde Watershed” was undertaken to study the water harvesting structures for
safety and economic feasibility. The objectives of present study were to study the
cement and earthen nala bund in respect of design dimensions and to compare the
design parameters of selected cement and earthen nala bund with standard design under
similar hydrological condition. To achieve these objectives cement and earthen nala
bunds constructed at Ladghar and Karde watershed in Dapoli Tahsil by the Department
of Agriculture, Maharashtra state was selected. The selected cement and earthen nala
bund was constructed in year 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively.
The data regarding watershed characteristics were obtained from Taluka
Agricultural Office and existing dimensions were obtained from field visit. The design
dimensions were compared with the existing dimensions obtained by Department of
Agriculture.
The area of watershed of cement and earthen nala bund were 150 and 42.30 ha
with average slope of about 2.08% and 2.52 %, respectively. The structure were
designed by following standard design procedure under three phases viz., hydrological
design on which watershed characteristics and location specific rainfall characteristics
were taken into consideration. In next phase i.e. hydraulic design; dimensions of
different components of structure were estimated as per the guideline of Watershed
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Development, of Agriculture. In the last phase i.e. structural design the designed
structure was tested for stability. The results of study revealed that, peak discharge
considered by the Department of Agriculture of cement and earthen nala bund was
35.41m3/sec and 8.26 m3/s while the peak discharge estimated by using rational
method using location specific parameters were 13.47 m3/sec and 4.087 m3/s,
respectively. The peak discharge considered by DOA was about 3 and 2 times greater
than the actual design discharge. This was the reason which lead to over designed
structure.
less same. Agricultural Department has considered flow depth 1 m but desired flow
depth is 0.627 m so it decreased the total height of cement nala bund. Dimensions of
other components viz. bottom width of bund, thickness of apron, key wall length are
less than existing cement nala bund structure. Key wall height, length of wing wall are
equal to existing cement nala bund
So the cost of construction of the cement nala bund claimed by Department of
Agriculture was also increases than standard design. The total cost of construction of
cement nala bund was Rs. 658203.81/-. While the total cost claimed by the Department
of Agriculture was Rs. 9,98,516/-. The increment in cost were Rs.3,40312.19 /- i.e.
34.08 per cent.
All the selected and designed dimensions of cement nala bunds were found to be
safe from stability analysis. The design procedure used by the Department of
Agriculture needs to be modified by considering the hydrological, hydraulic and
structural design of the nala bund.
A major difference in earthen nala bund was in total height of nala bund. Height
of existing earthen nala bund is about 5 m which was greater than height of designed
nala bund i.e.3.71 m.The top width of nala bund was found to be 1.84 m in designed
nala bund and 1.50 m in existing nala bund. The bottom width of earthen nala bund
was found to be 20.74 m in designed nala bund and 21.50 m in existing nala bund.
Reduction in height of embankment lead to reduction in volume of earthwork. Flatter
base was due to flatter side slope considered for upstream face of dam i.e. 3:1. Greater
base width was found to be useful for keeping the seepage line within the body of dam.
The cost of construction claimed by the Department of Agriculture was Rs.
2,10,097.48/-. The cost estimated for the structure designed by following standard
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procedure was Rs. 1,24,109.57/- which was less by Rs. 85,987.91/-. Thus, it is possible
to cut down costs by 40.92 per cent without sacrificing the storage capacity and
stability of structure. Therefore it was concluded that the procedure followed by the
Department of Agriculture needs to be modified considering hydrological design.
b. Masters degree : M.Tech ( Soil and Water Conservation Engineering)
1 1. Title: Evaluation of Earthen and Cement Nala Bunda in Selected Watersheds of
Dapoli Tahsil
2. Name of the candidate: Mr. A.R. Gattani
3. Degree for which the thesis/project report is submitted: M.Tech.
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof. D. M. Mahale
6. Abstract:
Two earthen nala bunds constructed by the Department of Agriculture,
Maharashtra State during 2005-2006 situated at the outlets of watershed Pisai and
Shirkhal and two cement nala bunds at watershed Pisai and Ganpatipule were selected
for the study.
Volume of runoff was estimated by using Curve Number method (84,448.8 m3 and
84,981.6 m3) for the weekly maximum rainfall (867.4mm) in 25 years return period for
earthen nala bund ENB1 and ENB2, respectively. The peak rate of runoff (1.72 m3/s and
1.71 m3/s) for the design of earthen nala bunds were computed by using the Rational
method. The dimensions of emergency flood spillway were selected in such a way that
the discharge passing through flood spillway is greater than peak runoff rate. The total
earthwork (1313.85 m3 and 1857m3) for the nala bund was computed to find the total
cost of construction of nala bund.
For design of cement nala bund by using Rational method peak discharge
(11.38 m3/s and 9.10 m3/s) was calculated. The height of cement nala bunds, spillway
position and relative dimensions were calculated by considering hydrological, hydraulic
design and structure design procedure. Peak flood values used for design were more
than the estimated peak flood due to incorrect norm of runoff coefficient.
The earthen nala bunds and cement nala bunds designed by considering
hydrological and hydraulic design procedure and structural design was compared with
the nala bund designed by the Department of Agriculture. Major differences in earthen
nala bund were in total height of nala bund. Height of existing earthen nala bund ENB1
(5.10 m) was more than height of designed nala bund (3.92 m) and top width of existing
nala bund (2.00 m) was less than the top width of designed dam (2.28 m). Similarly for
earthen nala bund ENB2, height (4.80 m) was more than height of designed nala bund
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(3.90m) and top width of existing nala bund (2.00 m) was less than the top width of
designed dam (2.28 m).
Side slope on upstream side of existing earthen nala bund (ENB1) was 2.5:1
and 3:1 for of designed nala bund. Similarly side slope on upstream side of existing
earthen nala bund (ENB2) was 2.5:1 and 3:1 for of designed nala bund. Side slope of
earthen nala bund (ENB1) on downstream side was same in both designs. In case of
earthen nala bund (ENB2), downstream side slope (2:1) was lower than (2.5:1)
designed nala bund.
Most of the designed and existing dimensions of cement nala bunds were
more or less same. Agriculture Department consider flow depth l m but designed flow
depth was 0.51 m so it increases the dimension of nala bund such as total height of
bund, height of water cushion, depth of water cushion, width of water cushion, width of
apron, thickness of apron, length of side wall, creep length.
The cost of construction of all the nala bunds claimed by Department of
Agriculture was found 25.95 to 46.55 per cent more than standard design. All existing
and designed dimensions of nala bunds were found safe in stability analysis. The design
the hydrological, hydraulic and structural design of the nala bunds.
2 1. Title: Simulation of Ground Water Recharge in Priyadarshini Watershed
2. Name of the candidate: Mr. A.R. Gattani
6. Abstract:
The work was undertaken to estimate the ground water recharge by water
balance model and to develop the ground water flow model for the Priyadarshini
watershed covering 38.78 ha area. The water balance was estimated by SWIM
computer model available with National Geophysical Research Institute, Hydrabad.
Daily rainfall and pan evaporation data recorded in the study area during 1985-2006
were used as input for this model.
The weighted average soil depth (45 cm) and corresponding water holding
capacity (58 mm ) was the input given to the water balance model. In the observation
period of 22 years, 50 per cent years produced more than average runoff and 50 per
cent years produced less than average runoff. The recharge in the observation period of
22 years 50 per cent years received more than average recharge and 50 per cent years
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received less than average recharge. The average annual evapotranspiration component
in the study was found to be 59 per cent. The results of water balance model study
indicated that both input (rainfall) and output (runoff, recharge, evapotranspiration and
soil moisture) component of water balance equation were exactly matching. Ground
water recharge estimated by the water balance model was used to develop an aquifer
model for the Priyadarshini watershed in addition to estimated ground water
withdrawal through wells (draft) and aquifer parameters estimated by pumping test. In
calibrated run the estimated recharge and draft values were modified and fed to the
visual MODFLOW as an input and solved by using WHS. Comparison of computed
and observed ground water levels in different observations wells indicated the close
matching with an overall SD of 1.2 m.
For transient calibration, the input and output stresses were fed into model in
monthly time span. The specific yield values estimated through the pump test were
assigned to all meshes. The dynamic variation of ground water withdrawals as well as
the ground water recharge was also fed in to the aquifer model. The model was
calibrated from April 2002 to April 2006 for transient calibration through comparison
of computed and observed well hydrographs. The hydrographs of all wells in the basin
showed a close match under normal rainfall years. The flow model gives the values of
aquifer properties i.e. storage coefficient (0.02), hydraulic conductivity (6 m / day) and
recharge (10 %) of annual rainfall with 10 per cent variation between observed and
calculated values. The transmissivity and specific yield of aquifer determined from
pumping test on large diameter dug well was found to be 86. 25 m2 /day and 14.85 per
cent. Average ground water levels in the wells of treated and untreated zone were found
be below ground surface by 5.38 m and 6.99 m, respectively, indicating that the water
table in the treated zone was higher by 1.61 m in the treated zone.
3 1. Title: Dry Spell Analysis for Kharland Management
2. Name of the candidate: Mr. D.U. Patil
6. Abstract:
The rainfall data of 32 years (1975 –2006) of Agro Meteorological Observatory, Khar
Land Research Station, Panvel was analyzed for annual, seasonal, monthly weekly and
pentad periods to evolve rainfall based cropping system for the Kharland with minimum
risk to utilize the rainfall efficiently for increased production. The mean annual rainfall
was worked out as 2854.53 mm. kharif, rabi and summer season receive 2697 mm,
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133.20 mm and 15.4 mm rainfall, respectively. The month of July received highest
average (1010.70 mm) rainfall, followed by August with 765.20 mm, June with 551.5
mm and September with 369.6 mm. October month received average rainfall of 103.9
mm. Remaining months contributed very less rainfall. About 94.03 per cent of total
annual rainfall was received in kharif.
In case of pentads the average pentad rainfall from 32nd to 55th pentad was
recorded within the range of 46.5 mm to 203.1 mm. The 40th pentad has the highest
rain, contributing 203.1 mm and 52 nd pentad recorded the lowest rainfall of only 38.3
mm. during the monsoon season.
At 70 % probability level (which is considered as dependable probability for
agriculture), the amount of expected monthly, weekly and pentad rainfall was observed
to be sufficient for agricultural operations of kharif season. The probabilities of the dry
spell which exceeds seven days were observed to be higher in the 26th to 28th SMW and
36th to 39th SMW. Based on soil-crop-climate complex critical dry spell (CDS) for
Kharland was estimated as seven days. The probability of CDS in the 26th to 28th SMW
were 0.14, 0.15, and 0.11 respectively which can be considered as on lesser side in view
of the agricultural planning. It was observed that there were very few CDSs in the
beginning of the monsoon season (23rd and 24th SMW). In the 26 th and 27th SMW the
number of CDSs observed were little higher i.e. 5 and 4 respectively during the analysis
period of 32 years which was due to the break after the start of the monsoon season.
During the 28 th to 34th SMW the probability of CDSs observed were very less i.e.
11,9,8,4,7,9 and 10 %, respectively. There was again increase in the probability of
CDSs from 35th to 39th SMW i.e. 14,27,34,32 and 54 %, respectively. This also
indicates the start of recession of the monsoon season.
For studying the probability of sequences of dry and wet pentads the stochastic
Morkov chain model was used. This model showed that the probabilities of occurrence
of dry pentads were very low from the 34th to 50th pentads (15th June to 2nd
September). It also indicated the good monsoon during this period. The probability of
wet pentad preceded by wet pentad and the probabilities of two consecutive wet pentads
were very high during the 34th to 50th pentads. During the same period the probability of
three consecutive and four consecutive wet pentads were lower which indicated that dry
pentads are there even during the wettest period of the monsoon season.
As per onset of effective monsoon (OEM) the sowing of paddy for
transplanting and awatani could be started in 33rd pentad (10-14 June). For rohu 37th –
38th pentad would be favorable. For transplanting 37th pentad (30th June- 4th July) could
be favorable as there was high probability ( 70 % )of getting more than 500 mm
accumulated rainfall which facilitates the flushing of salts from the top soil. In all the
methods it was observed that the critical stages ( flowering and grain filling ) of paddy
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mostly coincides with period of CDSs. During these critical stages of the paddy, the
supplementary irrigation could be provided with the on farm reservoirs (OFR). The
crops could be safely harvested in the first or second pentad of the October.
For sustainable farming of Kharland the shallow and rectangular on farm
reservoirs are very essential as it could be used for aquaculture as well as
supplementary irrigation as there is no source of good quality irrigation water.
4 1. Title: Effect of Rainfall Intensity, Raindrop Size and Land Cover on Runoff and
Soil Loss Under Simulated Conditions
2. Name of the candidate: Ms. V. M. Nevase
6. Abstract:
The experiment was carried out at Research Farm, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Dr.BSKKV, Dapoli. The rainfall simulator was fabricated
by using GI pipes and network of PVC pipes. The size of the rainfall simulator was
2.5m × 2.5m. The net plot size was 2.22m × 2.18m. The sprinkling unit was made up of
40 and 20 mm diameter PVC pipes and 20 mm pipes were pierced at an aperture at
every 20 cm distance with 1.58 mm drill in a zig-zag manner. The runoff plot having 9
per cent uniform longitudinal slope was imposed with four different land cover
treatments i.e. bare soil (M0), paddy straw mulching with application rates of 2 t/ha
(M2), 4 t/ha (M4) and 6 t/ha (M6). The above treatments were subjected to three rainfall
intensities i.e. 50.93 mm/h (I1), 99.26 mm/h (I2) and 148.82 mm/h (I3) for the pressures
0.4, 0.5 and 0.55 kg/cm2, respectively. The uniformity coefficient of simulated rain was
varied from 87 to 94 per cent. The drift losses were 0.82, 1.34 and 1.42 per cent for
50.93 mm/h, 99.26 mm/h and 148.82 mm/h rainfall intensities, respectively. The
average droplet sizes were found to be 2.68, 2.46 and 2.31mm for 50.93 mm/h, 99.26
mm/h and 148.82 mm/h rainfall intensities, respectively. This indicates that average
raindrop size decreases as the rainfall intensity increases.
Effect of rainfall intensities on runoff and soil loss:
For M0, the percent increase in runoff due to change in simulated rainfall
intensity for I1 to I2 and I2 to I3 was observed to be 13.08 and 5.61, respectively (
Y = 9.345x + 62.44 , R2=0.95). The soil loss recorded during the experiment was 1.26,
3.77 and 4.84 t/ha for I1, I2 and I3, respectively. The soil loss increased due to change in
I1 to I2 and I2 to I3 was 2.51 and 1.07 t/ha, respectively ( Y ' = 1.79 x − 0.29 , R2=0.95).
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For M6, The percent increase in runoff due to change in simulated rainfall
Y = 10.47 x + 52.657 , R2=0.98). The soil loss recorded during the experiment was 0.15,
I1 to I2 and I2 to I3 was 0.08 and 0.13 t/ha, respectively ( Y ' = 0.105 x + 0.0367 , R2=0.98).
The per cent increase in runoff from I2 to I3 was less than I1 to I2 because of
decrease in drop diameter for higher simulated rainfall intensity. This was also true for
soil loss. Both runoff and soil loss were increased with increase in simulated rainfall
intensities.
Effect of land cover on runoff and soil loss:
For I1, the per cent reduction in runoff due to change in land covers from M0 to
M2, M2 to M4 and M4 to M6 was observed to be 1.9, 4.2 and 2.22, respectively (
Y = 18 . 36 e − 0 . 04 x , R2=0.98). The soil loss decreased due to change in M0 to M2, M2
to M4 and M4 to M6 was 0.8, 0.16 and 0.15 t/ha, respectively ( Y ' = 2 . 21 e − 0 . 68 x ,
R2=0.97).
Y = 43 . 15 e − 0 . 03 x , R2=0.98). The soil loss decreased due to change in M0 to M2,
− 0 . 94 x
M2 to M4 and M4 to M6 was 2.57, 0.75 and 0.22 t/ha, respectively ( Y ' = 8 . 61 e ,
R2=0.99).
Y = 66 . 78 e − 0 . 02 x , R2=0.88). The soil loss decreased due to change in M0 to M2,
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M2 to M4 and M4 to M6 was 2.84, 1.16 and 0.48 t/ha, respectively (
Y ' = 11 . 41 e − 0 . 87 x , R2=1.00). Therefore, as the rate of application of mulching
increased, the runoff and soil loss were decreased for three simulated rainfall intensities.
The effect of land cover was more in case of lower intensity (I1) and as simulated
rainfall intensity increased, percent reduction in runoff and soil loss was also decreased.
5 1. Title: Analysis of One Day and Extended Days Rainfall for Konkan Region
2. Name of the candidate: Mr. S. S. Idate
6. Abstract:
The study was undertaken with a specific objectives of determining of D-
days total rainfall, compare plotting positions obtained by using Weibull's and
Gringorten's formulae, obtain the relationship between one day and D-days rainfall
totals and fit the probability distributions of D-days rainfall totals in Konkan region of
Maharashtra. For this purpose daily rainfall data of Dapoli, Mulde and Panvel were
used. The analysis was carried out for maximum one day and extended days (up to 6
day) rainfall. Five widely used probability distributions viz., Normal, Log Normal,
Gumbel, Pearson Type-III and Log Pearson Type-III were used for extreme rainfall
events.The plotting positions of annual one day to extended day maximum rainfall
values were obtained by Weibull's and Gringorten's methods. It was observed that the
Weibull's formula satisfies all the five criteria for plotting position for all the three
stations. Hence, the Weibull's formula was found better as compared to the Gringorten's
formula for plotting positions.The relationships between annual maximum values of 1
day and D-days rainfall were found to be Logarithmic in nature (R2 = 0.9362 to
0.9758) for Dapoli and it was found to be Poynomial for Mulde (R2 = 0.9292 to
0.9615) and Panvel (R2 = 0.9724 to 0.9813). Based on statistical test for goodness, the
Pearson Type-III distribution was found as the best fit for observed one day to extended
days maximum rainfall at Dapoli except 4-day rainfall. Gumbel distribution was the
best fit for 4-day maximum rainfall. The Pearson Type-III distribution was found as the
best fit for observed 2-day, 5-day and 6-day annual maximum rainfall. Log Normal
distribution gives the best for the annual maximum one day and 3-day annual maximum
rainfall data whereas, Normal distribution gives the best for the annual maximum 4-day
annual maximum rainfall data for Mulde. Log Normal distribution gives the best for the
annual maximum one day t0 3-day annual maximum rainfall data. Whereas, Pearson
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Type-III distribution gives the best for the annual maximum 4 day to 6-day annual
maximum rainfall data for Panvel.
6 1. Title: Effect of synthetic polymer (SG) on runoff and soil loss in lateritic soil
under simulated conditions
2. Name of the candidate: R.B.Nikam
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Prof. D.M. Mahale
6. Abstract:
A study was conducted at Research Farm of College of Agricultural Engineering
and Technology, Dapoli. A rainfall simulator was designed to produce rain-storms that
have characteristics similar to those of natural rains. It consists of soil plot, runoff
collection unit, simulation unit and water supply system. The rainfall simulator was
constructed by using GI pipes and network of PVC pipes. The rainfall simulator was
2.50 m × 2.50 m in size with height 5 m above the ground. The simulation unit was
made up of 40 mm and 20 mm diameter PVC pipes and 20 mm pipes were drilled with
1.5 mm drill bit at every 20 cm distance in zigzag manner. The rainfall simulator was
enclosed with 250 GSM blue sheets from three sides. The runoff plot was made for two
different land slopes of 9 per cent (S1) and 15 per cent (S2) to check the effect of slope
on runoff and soil loss. The soil plot was sprayed with synthetic polymer (SG) at two
concentrations of 1.75 ml m-2 and 3 ml m-2. The experiment was conducted for two
rainfall intensities viz. 50 mm h-1 (I1) and 100 mm h-1 (I2). The rainfall duration of 30
minutes was maintained for all trials with three replications.
The observations were recorded on physical properties of the soil before starting
the experiment. Raindrop sizes were measured for both intensities by flour pellet
method. The average raindrop sizes obtained with the help of rainfall simulator were
3.39 and 2.63 mm for I1 and I2, respectively. The uniformity coefficients of rainfall
simulator was 81.67 and 89.37 with skirting which shows the uniform pattern of
simulated rain for I1 and I2, respectively. Drift losses were calculated by placing catch-
cans along the side walls in order to collect drifted rain drops. The drift losses of
rainfall simulator were 1.08 and 2.38 per cent for I1 and I2, respectively.
The per cent decrease in runoff was 7.21 and 12.18 and per cent decrease in soil
loss was 18.60 and 39.53 due to change in application rate of synthetic polymer (SG)
from 0 to 1.75 and 0 to 3 ml m-2, respectively at rainfall intensity I1 and slope S1. At
rainfall intensity I1 and slope S2, 12.23 and 28.87 per cent decrease in runoff and 39.24
and 55.69 per cent decrease in soil loss was observed due to change in application rate
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from 0 to 1.75 and 0 to 3 ml m-2, respectively.
Due to change in application rate from 0 to 1.75 and 0 to 3 ml m-2, the per cent
decrease in runoff was 8.63 and 21.97 and per cent decrease in soil loss was 28.50 and
49.06, respectively at I2 and slope S1. The per cent decrease in runoff was 5.7 and 28.27
and per cent decrease in soil loss was 28.57 and 55.78 due to change in application rate
from 0 to 1.75 and 0 to 3 ml m-2, respectively at rainfall intensity I2 and slope S2. As
concentration of synthetic polymer (SG) increases, runoff and soil loss decreases for
both rainfall intensities. The reduction in soil loss is more as compared with runoff for
both concentrations of synthetic polymer (SG).
The soil samples from the trials were tested for physico-chemical properties of
soil. The per cent decrease in bulk density due to application of soil conditioner in
relation to the control was 9.5 and 10.19 for 1.75 and 3 ml m-2 application rate of
synthetic polymer (SG), respectively. The per cent reduction in particle density was 4.4
and 9.22 over the control treatment for 1.75 and 3 ml m-2 concentration of synthetic
polymer (SG). The increases in void ratio over the control treatment for respective
concentration were 14.77 and 15.85 per cent. The increases in porosity over control
treatment were 4.81 and 5.12 per cent, respectively. The pH and electrical conductivity
values of soil sample were 5.83 and 0.166 dS m-1. It was near about same before and
after application of synthetic polymer (SG).
7 1. Title: Study of rainfall runoff relationship using SCS-CN and ANN models for
bench terraces
2. Name of the candidate: G. M. Mehendale
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er.K.D. Gharde
6. Abstract:
In the present study, runoff was estimated by curve number (SCS-CN) and
artificial neural network (ANN) model. However, prediction accuracy of this method is
strongly related to accurate estimation of curve number. Daily data of one year was
analyzed for the estimation of AMCs and each rainfall depth was divided into storm
wise. The Curve number was estimated by using lognormal distribution method (LND),
least square method (LSM) and asymptotic method (AM). The estimated curve numbers
by all these methods were 80.89, 81.88 and 46.00 for AMCIII. Runoff estimated by
using these CN was compared with observed runoff and the runoff computed by using
selected table CN. The statistical evaluation was made to compare observed and
computed runoff from bench terraces. Mean absolute relative errors (MARE) between
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observed runoff and estimated runoff by lognormal distribution method, least square
method and asymptotic method were -1.38, - 1.09 and - 0.35, respectively. Root Mean
Square error (RMSE) estimated for estimated runoff by LND method, LSM and AM
and observed runoff were 46.35, 40.62 and 10.28 per cent respectively. The coefficient
of regression (COR) between the estimated runoff by LND method, LSM and AM and
observed runoff were observed 0.95, 0.97 and 0.61 per cent respectively.
The estimated runoff by ANN model, neural network toolbox in Matlab 7.9 was
used. In ANN input data was divided in three segments 60%, 20%, 20% for training,
validation and testing respectively. Five artificial neural network architectures with
varying in epochs and hidden layers were used for estimating runoff from observed
rainfall data. ANN with 1-1-1 architecture is found to be accurate which gives per cent
mean square value as 14.7, 4.12 and 3.9 for training, validation and testing which was
less as compare to other structures.
The runoff estimated by using CN of LSM and 1-1-1 ANN architecture. The
values of RMSE for ANN and SCS-CN model were 3.25 and 40.62 respectively. The
statistical performance of both methods was compared to find out the model which
performs best for runoff estimation from bench terraces. COR between ANN and SCS-
CN was 0.95 and 0.97 respectively. Similarly values of MARE and RASRE found to be
0.04 and -1.09, 0.31 and 1.88 for ANN and SCS-CN respectively. The performance of
ANN for estimating runoff from bench terraces was found good. Hence, ANN model
can be used for estimation of runoff from bench terraces.
8 1. Title: Soil erosion modeling of an agricultural watershed using GIS
2. Name of the candidate: S.S. Shinde
6. Abstract:
The Krishna- Urmodi river (KU) watershed is located 17°30' N to 17°45' N
latitude and 73°45' E to 74°00' E longitude. It is 43,719 ha area comprises of 70 villages
comprised under 72 micro watersheds. Geomorphological characteristics of watershed
were determined and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model was used to predict
soil loss from the Krishna- Urmodi river catchment of Maharashtra, India. Geographic
Information System (GIS) was applied to prepare drainage network and various layers
of USLE parameters which interactively estimate soil erosion at micro watershed level
of KU watershed. From the stream network of KU watershed, it was observed that there
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is decrease in stream frequency as the stream order increases. The maximum number of
the first order streams shows that the basin was subjected to erosion.The value of form
factor and circulatory ratio suggested elongated type of watershed. Elongation ratio
indicated that watershed has high relief and steep slope.
Average annual soil loss was estimated with the help of average annual R factor
obtained from 20 years rainfall data, K, LS, C and P. Average annual erosivity values
were 1543.36, 1344.10, 1308.88, 1305.85 and 1301.65 for Sandwali, Parali, Nagthane,
Apshinge and Jawalwadi stations, respectively. Soil erodibility factor for different
micro watershed was found in the range of 0.014 to 0.046. The values of LS factor for
micro watersheds were in the range of 1.432 to 10.233. Crop management factor (C)
values for KU watershed were ranging from 0.004 to 0.297. Conservation practice
factor was considered 1 before recommendation of soil and water conservation
measures and used to estimate soil loss.
Average annual soil loss from the KU watershed was 27.02t/ha/yr before
recommendation of soil and water conservation measures. Area under slight erosion
class was found to be 685.821ha (1.57%), moderate erosion class was 18,911.007 ha
(43.26%), high erosion class was 18,157.921 ha (41.53%), very high erosion class was
5,358.38 ha (12.26%), and severe erosion class was 606.378ha (1.39%). Identification
and prioritization of micro watershed was carried out to recommend various soil and
water conservation measures.
Recommended agronomic measures were contour farming, strip cropping and
mechanical measures as broad base terracing, bench terracing, graded bunding, contour
trenching to reduce the slope length, protect the land from degradation and help to
control the erosion from the watershed.
After recommendation of location specific measures conservation practice factor
(P) would range between 0.030 to 0.68. Average annual soil loss from KU watershed
would reduced to 7.10t/ha/yr after recommendation of soil and water conservation
measures. Thus soil loss was reduced by 19.92t/ha/yr (73.70%). Area under slight
erosion class was 36660.126 ha (83.85%), under moderate erosion class was 5478.86 ha
(12.55%) and under high erosion class was1580.521 ha (3.61%). Thus USLE model can
be effectively used for estimation of soil loss and planning of soil and water
conservation measures in the watershed.
9 1. Title: estimation of runoff and soil erosion from watershed using remote sensing
and GIS
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2. Name of the candidate: V.V. Deshmukh
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Er.H.N.Bhange
6. Abstract:
Remote sensing data and GIS techniques have been used to compute runoff and
soil erosion from the SA-13 watershed occupying an area of 213 km2, which is 14.48
percent of the total geographical area of the Ashti tahsil and 2 percent of the Beed
district. The runoff volume of the SA-13 watershed is calculated by SCS Curve Number
method and soil erosion is calculated by Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation using
Remote sensing and GIS techniques.
Information obtained using remote sensing techniques can help decision makers
to prepare resource map accurately in less time and cost. GIS, on other hand, helps in
linking those maps with other information related to geographic location and helps
modelling, analysing and solving complex problems.
While determining the results the data sets such as IRS P-6 LISS III (23.5 m
resolution) satellite image, 1:50000 standard topographic map, SRTM DEM (90 m
resolution), soil map on 1:500000 scale, Administrative Boundary maps, Slope map,
Land Use Land Cover map and meteorological data based rainfall maps were the main
inputs for this study.
Using ERDAS Imagine 9.1 software, IRS P-6 LISS III image is classified by
using digital image techniques for extracting Land Use and Land Cover and integrated
into Arc GIS 9.2 with hydrological soil map. Soil Conservation Curve Number method
is used to determine Curve Numbers and runoff volume distribution of the basin area.
Annual spatial soil loss estimation was computed using the Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equation model (Renard et al., 1997) in conjunction with remote sensing data and GIS
techniques.
The results of the present study show that the average rainfall for the year 2005
in the SA-13 watershed was 406.50 mm whereas average annual runoff was 96.07 mm,
amounting 23.63 percent of the total rainfall received. Also, the result of the analysis
about soil erosion revealed that the average annual soil loss of the SA-13 watershed is
8.2 tons/ha/year. Soil erosion in the present study is in moderate erosion risk class.
10 1. Title: Study of water harvesting potential of Morna river catchment using RS and
GIS
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2. Name of the candidate: Ms Chavan P. B.
6. Abstract:
In the present study, potential sites for construction of rainwater harvesting
structures and water harvesting potential of the Morna river catchment of Satara
District, Maharashtra, India have been identified by using remote sensing and GIS
techniques. Various thematic maps such as Land use/Land cover, stream order, slope
etc. were prepared using remote sensing application. After that runoff potential and
runoff coefficient maps were prepared with the help of combined land use land cover
and HSG map in ArcGIS 10 environment, SCS-CN method was adopted to do so. Daily
rainfall data was used for determination of runoff coefficient. Runoff coefficient and
slope map were then assigned a weightage and each class or unit in these maps were
assigned a knowledge based ranking of one to ten depending on its significance in
storage and transmittance of groundwater. These rank values were multiplied with layer
weightage to form score. Water harvesting potential map was prepared using this score.
Suitable zones for the construction of different water conservation measures in the
study area were identified. To do this, suitability criteria was developed according to
field situations for slope, soil, drainage network and rainfall. After that, these layers
along with geology and drainage were integrated using GIS techniques to derive
suitable water harvesting sites. The final map showing different categories of suitability
sites for water harvesting structures such as Check dams, percolation ponds, farm
ponds, Contour bunding, and Contour trenching have been suggested.
For entire study area, 149 suitable sites for various water harvesting structures
were identified. Best suitable sites for check dam construction have been distributed all
over the study area, while sites suitable for percolation pond found more towards the
north east part of watershed. Sites suitable for contour bunding and trenching were
found near to the boundary of watershed. One of the important criteria in selecting sites
suitable for farm ponds was that land use should be agriculture with logic that farm
ponds are suitable for providing supplementary irrigation to the crops. We have got 28
best suitable sites for check dam, 27 suitable locations for farm pond, 35 for percolation
pond, 30 for contour bunding and 29 for contour trenching. Water harvesting potential
map was prepared for microwatersheds of study area. Results showed that maximum
area comes under high water harvesting potential category.
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11 1. Title: Stream flow forecasting of Savitri river by using ARIMA model
2. Name of the candidate: Dhiraj Dhanaji Ahire
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr.S.B.Nandgude
6. Abstract:
In India water resources are abundant but the proper utilization of water is not so good.
The water and its application in agriculture and other soil practices is more useful.
Irrigation projects, which receive water from reservoir, can be challenging to manage
since annual fluctuations in runoff from the reservoir’s catchment can have
considerable impact on the irrigation management strategy. Hence, it is essential to
forecast reservoir inflow for proper planning and management of reservoir based
irrigation projects. Konkan region of Maharashtra is bestowed with abundance of
natural resources. However undulating topography of Sahyadri ranges makes this
region vulnerable. This about 30,000 km2 of region is having 22 west flowing rivers
which drain to Arebian Sea. Although the rainfall is very high (average annual rainfall
2800mm) water reaches to sea very fast due to steep slope. This also leads to flash
floods in lower reaches of river causing heavy damage to life, property and natural
resources every year. Early warning about these flash floods can save the life and
resources upto large extent. Forecasting models based on historical data can aid the
administrator in their efforts.
Irrigation projects, which receive water from reservoir’s catchment, can be
challenging to manage since annual fluctuation in runoff strategy. Hence, it is essential
to forecast reservoir inflow for proper planning and management of reservoir based
irrigation projects.
This study focused on the application of ARIMA models for monthly stream
flow forecasting of Savitri River Streamflow using Gen-Stat package. First according to
the Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and many
other statistical parameters, suitable ARIMA models were selected for stream flow
forecasting. Here eighteen Models were suitable for monthly streamflow forecasting. It
is concluded that the selected models can be used for forecasting mean stream flow to
Savitri River with reasonable accuracy But for the forecasting of the streamflow
ARIMA (1,1,1) (1,1,1) model is ‘good fit’. The AIC Value of this model is 779.764 and
the BIC value is 789.762. The R-squared value is 0.9459, and the RMSE value is 28.60,
the standard error of this model is 0.00738. The all parameter values are shows that this
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model is ‘good fit ‘for forecasting the streamflow of Savitri River.
12 1. Title: Event based rainfall runoff simulation using HEC-HMS model
2. Name of the candidate: Mr. Jayabhaye P. U.
6. Abstract:
Flood is a natural demolishing phenomenon, forecast of which is of high
importance. Estimation of rainfall-runoff and flood is a difficult task due to influence of
different factors. So estimation of surface runoff in a watershed based on the rate of
received precipitation and quantifying discharge at outlet is important in hydrologic
studies. Improper estimation of runoff in basins causes some problems in optimum
management of water resources and reservoir dams. Therefore, simulation of rainfall-
runoff is a proper solution for runoff estimation.
Considering all these facts, the present study was carried out with the specific
objectives. So for fulfillment of the objectives, HEC-HMS hydrological model version
3.5 was used to simulate rainfall-runoff process in Priyadarshini watershed located in
C.A.E.T. campus of Dr B.S.K.K.V. Dapoli, which is located at 17045’N and 73020’E.
The total area of watershed is 50.29 ha
HEC-HMS is used for the simulation of stream flow from the Priyadarshini
watershed. The rainfall runoff data was collected for three years 2008, 2010 and 2013
and fifteen rainfall-runoff events were selected randomly for the study, out of these ten
was selected for the calibration and the rest of five events were selected for validation.
By using these event data Clark’s unit hydrograph parameters (Time of concentration
(Tc) and Storage coefficient, (R) and SCS curve number model parameters (Curve
number, CN and initial abstraction, Ia) are calibrated as Tc = 0.261 hr, R = 0.020 hr,
CN = 62.19 and Ia = 25.76 mm, respectively. The base flow parameters i.e. recession
constant (Rc), initial base flow (Qo), and threshold flow (Qt) in exponential recession
model were calibrated as Rc = 0.690, Qo = 0.018 m3/sec, and Qt = 0.121 m3/sec
respectively. Total surface runoff hydrographs were computed for these rainfall-runoff
events using Clark’s unit hydrograph model which were compared with the observed
hydrographs. The surface runoff hydrographs thus computed using the Clark’s UH and
SCS curve number model were compared employing error functions viz. sum of
absolute errors, sum of squared residuals, percentage error in peak, peak weighted root
mean square error, root mean square error, percentage change in peak discharge and
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percentage change in outflow volume.
Rainfall-runoff simulation results show that there is clear difference between
observed and simulated peak flows. Therefore, model calibration with optimization
method and sensitivity error analysis has been done. Model validation using optimized
parameter values showed reasonable difference in peak discharge and outflow volume.
Finely it is concluded that calibrated model performs satisfactorily in Priyadarshini
watershed.
Comparison of the computed peak discharge and outflow volume using Clark’s
UH model, SCS curve number model, Exponential recession model and Muskingum
model shows that in spite of limited data availability, the HEC-HMS model prove to be
good for runoff estimation.
13 1. Title: Estimation of Erodibilty by selected locations in Konkan region

2. Name of the candidate: Ms. S. M. Thawkar
5. Name of guide/co-guide: Dr.S. B. Nanadgude
6. Abstract:
A soil erodibility, which is major factor in erosion prediction and land-use
planning, is a complex property dependent on capacity to resist detachment and
transport by rainfall and runoff. Erodibility is the susceptibility and vulnerability of soil
to get eroded and have importance in soil erosion prediction and its control. The data
required for erodibility estimation about soil properties is not easily available in the
Konkan region. So it is necessary to determine the erodibility based on available data
with the help of advanced modeling tools. Soil-Plant-Air-Water (SPAW) model is
considered one of the accurate models in determining soil characteristics from easily
available data. It is therefore consider useful and essential to use SPAW model for
determination of erodibility at various locations in Konkan region in the present study.
Present investigation was carried out in the very high rainfall lateritic zone
(VRL) and very high rainfall non-lateritic zone (VRN) of Konkan region. Soil
properties data of 210 villages from 45 tahsils/block of four districts in Konkan region
were collected. Lateritic soils are found in whole Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts
(South Konkan) and non-lateratic soils are found in northern part i.e Raigad and Thane
district. The physico-chemical properties of soil, calibration and validation of SPAW
model, hydraulic conductivity estimation, permeability determination, structural
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analysis, erodibility estimation and generation of soil erodibility maps using Arc GIS
9.3 were performed.
Majority of soils in Sindhudurg district were sandy clay loam type and Ratnagiri
district were loam type of South Konkan region. Raigad district soils were sandy loam
type and Thane district soils were sandy clay loam type of North Konkan region. The
average organic carbon of soils in Sindhudurg district were 1.44 per cent. In soils of
Ratnagiri district average organic carbon were 1.38 per cent. Average organic carbon in
Raigad district soils were 1.76 per cent. In soils of Thane district average organic
carbon were 1.33 per cent. It was observed that organic carbon increased with
decreasing clay content. The organic matter (OM) content of soils were estimated from
organic carbon. The average organic matter of soils in Sindhudurg district were 2.47
per cent. In soils of Ratnagiri district average organic matter were 2.37 per cent.
Average organic matter in Raigad district soils were 3.03 per cent. In soils of Thane
district average organic matter were 1.97 per cent.
Hydraulic conductivity of soils were determined by using the SPAW model. It
was found that hydraulic conductivity was nearly same in the four districts of Konkan
region. The permeability of soils of 210 villages of Konkan region were obtained from
hydraulic conductivity of soils. The permeability class varied within moderate to rapid
class and moderate class and accordingly permeability codes were assigned as 2 and 1,
respectively. Structural analysis was carried out based on textural data. Soils of Konkan
region falls under the class fine granular and moderate with structure code 2 and 3,
respectively.
The erodibility factor (K) of soils varied between 0.12 to 0.41, 0.26 to 0.48, 0.24
to 0.64 and 0.11 to 0.51 for Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad and Thane districts,
respectively. Average erodibility factors are 0.32, 0.36, 0.40 and 0.30 for Sindhudurg,
Ratnagiri, Raigad and Thane districts, respectively. The overall erodibility of Konkan
region varied between 0.11 to 0.64 with mean value of 0.35. It was observed that
erodibility has increased with decreasing clay content of soils.
Soil erodibility maps showed that majority of region on steep slopes are having
high erodibility factors as clay content of these soils was less. These erodibility maps
will be helpful for better performance of erosion prediction models in Konkan region.
14 1. Title: DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INSTANTANEOUS UNIT

HYDROGRAPH for MORNA RIVER CATCHMENT
2. Name of the candidate: Ujjwala Maruti Dandekar
105
5. Name of guide: Prof. D. M. Mahale
6. Abstract:
Geomorphological characteristics can be treated as signatures of hydrological
response. Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) is of utmost use
in planning flood flow management programs on a broad scale in the absence of
hydrological data. In this study geomorphological characteristics of catchment were
related with the basic characteristics of the IUH through the concept of
Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH). The purpose of study was
to address the problem of prediction of runoff in ungauged catchments. GIUH based
Nash model, has been used in study.
Morna River catchment was selected as study area for the present research.
Morna is tributary of Koyna River, which is one of the major tributaries of river
Krishna. It originates from Atoli of Patan tehsil. This catchment lies in Satara district of
Maharashtra state in western India. The area extends between 17º24’ to 17º50’ N
Latitude and 73º46’ to 74º0’ E Longitudes. It is about 120 km away from Satara city to
its west.
The Geomorphological characteristics including Horton’s ratios of the
catchments were extracted from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using RS data and GIS
software called ArcGIS 10.2. The morphometric parameters considered for analysis
includes the linear, areal and relief aspect of the basin. The Morna basin covers an area
of 132.85 sq. km and was 5th order drainage. The mean bifurcation ratio was 4.17
indicating basin is largely controlled by structures. The basin has high drainage density
of 2.81 per km2 and is elongated in shape. The length of overland flow value of basin
was 0.177, indicating high relief. Bifurcation ratio, Stream length ratio and stream area
ratio of Morna basin were 4.17, 2.67 and 3.29 respectively. These values further used
for estimation of shape and scale parameters of Morna river catchment.
Fifty rainfall-runoff events were selected from available rainfall-runoff data
based on standard criteria for storm selection. The hydrograph for outlet runoff was
derived for each event. The Nash parameters were determined. The value of shape
parameter (n) was 4.22. Scale parameter (K) changed accordingly rainfall-runoff event.
Scale parameter ranged from 0.320 to 2. These values depend on velocity of stream,
which ranged between 1.33 to 6.95 m/s. The peak discharge varied from 7.79 to 79.75
m3/s. The performance of the GIUH model were evaluated using the error functions,
namely efficiency, absolute average error, root mean square error, average error in
volume, percentage error in peak, percentage error in time to peak. The performance
106
indicators were in very high to high level of acceptable range.
GIUH based Nash model has adequately simulate the shape of the unit
hydrographs. It was found that model was better in simulating the time to peak as well
as the shape of the unit hydrographs. So, it is concluded that GIUH based model can be
used for similar kind of ungauged watersheds for predicting stream flow upto 15 hrs in
advance of actual flood
15 1. Title: Development of rainfall-runoff model using ANN for a Priyadarshini

watershed
2. Name of the candidate: Mr.S. A. Kothe
5. Name of guide: Dr.B.L. Ayare
6. Abstract:
An Artificial neural network is massively parallel distributed information processing
system that has certain characteristics resembling biological neural network of human
being. ANN models have been used successfully to model complex non-linear input-
output relationships in an extremely interdisciplinary field. ANN have been used for
modelling comples hydrological process, such as rainfall-runoff and have been shown
to be one of the most promising tools in Hydrology. Hydrological modeling is a
powerful technique of hydrological system investigation for both the research
hydrologists and the practicing water resouces engineers involved in the planning and
development of integrated approach for management of water resources. In this
project, the observed rainfall and runoff data of four years (2010, 2011, 2013 and
2014) were used as input data for study. In ANN, input data was divided in three
segments 70 %, 15 % and 15 % for training, validation and testing purpose
respectively. Rainfall–runoff models play an important role in water resource
management planning. Total 70 numbers of different types of models with various
degrees of complexity have been developed for this purpose. The output from ANN
was statistically tested with statistical parameters, i.e. root mean square error, mean
absolute error, coefficient of determination and correlation. The models with single
input were not performing well. Total 10 best suitable architectures selected from the
70 model architecture which were studied. The 10 best suitable architecture were 1-
18-1, 1-22-1, 1-32-1, 1-34-1, 1-35-1, 1-40-1, 1-41-1, 1-45-1, 1-48-1, 1-65-1. ANN
with 1-48-1 architecture is found to be most suitable which gives 13.46, 472.069,
0.837 and 0.9188 values for RMSE, MAE, Coefficient of determination and
correlation respectively. ANN 1-48-1 architecture can be adopted to estimate runoff
from ungauged watershed with that day rainfall as single input. The result of this
project has shown that with combination of computational efficiency measures and
ability of input parameters describes the physical behavior of hydro-climatologic
variables. Improvement of the models predictability is possible in ANN environment
with improved structures of more input, more hidden layer and hidden neurons.
107
9. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES:
a. Training programmes organized:
1. 1. Title: Soil and Water Conservation
2. Sponsorer: ICAR, New Delhi
3.Date: 9 th to 11th March 2010
4. Duration: 3 days
5. No. of participants: 7 (Subject Matter Specialists of Krishi Vidyan Kendra)
6. Special feature: Nil
Plate: 13: training on Soil and Water Conservation

2. 1. Title: Sustainable Watershed Development
2. Sponsorer: ICAR, New Delhi
3.Date: 5 th to 7th March, 2012.
4. Duration: 3 days
5. No. of participants: 5(Subject Matter Specialists of Krishi Vidyan Kendra)
3 One Day Workshop:
1. Title: ‘ maRd va jala saMQaarNaacyaa navyaa idSaa’
2. Sponsorer: Farmers Participatory Action Research Project, Part-II. Ministry of Water
Recourses, Government of India, New Delhi
3. Date: 26th March 2012
4. Duration: 1 day
5. Details of participants:
Sr. No. Particulars No.
1. Farmers 46
2. Governments Officers 62
3. Extension Workers 58
4. others 25
Total 191
108
Plate: 14: One day workshop organized on 26.03.2012
4 1. Title: Jagar Jalasandharanacha
2. Details: d%tk gaava yaaojanaoAtM ga-t
3. Date: 23.10.2012
4. Duration: One day
5. Participants: 207 ( Farmers and Villagers)
Plate: 15: Training programme at adopted village ‘Ladghar’

5 One day workshop for farmers:
1. RKVY project “Innovative Water Resources Development for enhancing
Agricultural Productivity”
2. Date: 18.03.2015
3. Title: “ Water Management for Vegetable Crops”
4. Location: Devkhol Wadi, Kudawale, Tal: Dapoli
5. Number of participants: 90 (farmers and villagers)
109
Plate: 16 One day workshop under RKVY project
b. Seminar/Symposia/Conference/ Workshop organized): Nil
c. Farmer Melawa organized: Nil
d. Radio/TV talks delivered by staff members of the Department/Section:
1. Radio Talk: Prof. Dilip Mahale: Importance of Farm Ponds All India Radio,
Ratnagiri, 2005
2. Prof. dilip MAHALE, Professor and Head delivered T.V. programme on “Water
conservation through people’s participation” March, 2008
3. Radio Talk: Prof. Dilip Mahale: Concept of Watershed and Peoples
Participation at All India Radio, Ratnagiri on 2.11.11
4. Prof. D.M. Mahale: Farm pond: Blessing for Konkan Region. Website:
www.bharat4india.com on 11.02.2013
5. Prof. D.M. Mahale; Professor and Head and Dr.V.V. Aware: Coconut Climber:
website: www.bharat4india.com on 14.03.2013
6. Prof. D.M. Mahale; Professor and Head, Water Resources Problem of Konkan
Region, website: www.bharat4india.com on 11.02.2013
7. Radio talk on “Watershed Development” Community F.M.Radio Centre,
Sharada Krishi Vahini, Baramati, 29.07.2011
8. Radio talk on “Importance of Soil and Water Conservation” Community
F.M.Radio Centre, Sharada Krishi Vahini, Baramati, 18.07.2012
9. Radio talk on” Repairs of Soil and Water Conservation measures in Watershed
” All India Radio, 23.04.2013
110
e. Farmer Scientists forum: Nil
f. Other extension activities: Konkan Viajay Baandharas are constructed during each
year under Water Conservation Campaign.
g. Details of Publications:
BOOKS
1. Prof.D.M. Mahale
a. Marathi Books:
1. Fruit Processing : 2001
2. Soil and Water Conservation Measures :2006
b. English Books:
1. Question Bank Agril. Engineering: 2002
2. Question Bank Agril. Engineering (Revised Edition): 2002
3. Glossary: Irrigation, Drainage, Hydrology and WS Management: 2003
4. Drip Irrigation System: Clogging & Its Prevention: 2003
5. Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management : 2004
6. Ground Water Quality and Environment, One Chapter : 2008
2. Dr. S.B. Nandgude
7. Mahale D. M., Thokal R. T., Nandgude, S. B., Gharde K. D., Bhange H. N.
Marathi book on "Shashvat Panlot Vikasasathi Mruda Va Jalsandharanache
Upachar",2006.
8. Nandgude, S. B. Agricultural Engineering Question Bank, (contributory author for
the book)Jain Publishers, New Delhi.2004
9. Nandgude S.B. Agricultural Engineering Formulae, (contributory author for the
book) Vishwalila , Khed 2003
3. Er.K.D. Gharde
Books:
1. Gharde K D Agricultural Engineering Question Bank, (contributory author for the
book)Jain Publishers, New Delhi.2004
2. Reddey K S,Gharde K D,Varshney A C Performance Evaluation of Foot Valves
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal (MP) 2003
3. Reddey K S,Gharde K D,Singh R M. Design of Centrifugal Pumping System,
Book Chapter for Agricultural Machinery Design. Central Institute of Agricultural
Engineering, Bhopal (MP) 2003
4. Reddey K S, Singh R M ,Gharde K D, Nandey S. Design of Pressurized Irrigation
System “Book Chapter for Agricultural Machinery /Design Central Institute of
Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal (MP) 2003.
FOLDERS
1. Konkan Vijay Bandhara
2. Soil and Water Conservation Measures
3. Lined farm pond
SOUVENIER
1. Souvenir of one day workshop held on 26.03.2012 on “ New Directions of Water
Conservation
TRAINING MANNUAL:
1. Training manual for training organized by the Department on “Soil and Water
Conservation”
2. Training manual for training organized by the Department on “Sustainable
111
Watershed Development”
FUL LENGTH RESEARCH PAPERS:
1 Nandgude, S. B., Kambale, A., Shinde, S., Mahale, D. M., Shinde, V.,( 2014).
Soil erodibility estimation for soil conservation in Dapoli region of
Maharashtra. Trends in Biosciences, A Monthly International Journal, Vol-7
No-3.
2 Nandgude, S. B., Salunkhe, J., Shinde, S., Mahale, D. M., Shinde, V., (2014).
Rainfall-runoff modeling of small watershed in Konkan region using artificial
neural network. Trends in Biosciences, A Monthly International Journal, Vol-7
No-3.
3 Nandgude, S. B., Ahire, D. D., Mahale, D. M., Shinde, V. T., (2014). Flood
forecasting of west flowing river in Sahydri ranges using probalistic model.
Trends in Biosciences, A Monthly International Journal, Vol-7 No-2.
4 Nandgude, S. B., Chavan, P. B., Mahale, D. M., Shinde, V. T., (2014). Study
of Water Harvesting Potential in Morna river basin of Maharashtra using
remote sensing and geographical information system. Trends in Biosciences, A
Monthly International Journal, Vol-7 No-2.
5 Nandgude, S. B., Shinde, S. S., Mahale, D. M.,( 2014). Dry spell analysis in
high rainfall Konkan region of Maharashtra. Ecology Environment and
Conservation, Vol-20 No-1.
6 Nandgude, S. B., Shinde, S. S., Mahale, D. M., (2014). Study on estimation of

soil loss of Urmodi river basin in Maharashtra using geographical information
system. Ecology Environment and Conservation, Vol-20 No-1.
7 Nandgude, S. B., Shinde, V., Mahale, D. M., (2013). Synthesis of rainfall
characteristics for predicting the erosivity pattern of Wakavali region in
Maharashtra, India. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering © ASCE.
8 Shinde, V., Nandgude, S. B., Singh, M., (2013). Assessment of water quality
around surface coal mine in India. Natural Environment and Pollution
Technology, , Vol-12(2).
9 Nandgude, S. B., Kambale, A. A., Mahale, D. M., (2013). Advancement in

estimation of soil erodiblity at Dapoli Region of Maharashtra. All India
Seminar on Recent Advances in Watershed Development Programme, Institue
112
of Engineers, Ahmendnagar.
10. S. B. Nandgude, N. N. Salaskar, V. U. Kulkarni, P.A. Bandhekar and D.M.Mahale
(2011). Development of Software for and Water Conservation Structures in
Watershed. International journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887).Vol 14
No.5, January2011.
11. Sachin Nandgude, Gajanan Ramteke,Dhiraj Patil,Vipul Shinde and Dilip Mahale
(2010).Dry Spell Analysis for Kharland Management to Mitigate the Climate
Change. The International Journal of Climate Change(1835-7156). Vol.2
No.1,2010.
12. A.R.Gattani, D. M. Mahale, S. B. Jajoo and G. K. Piwaltkar (2010). Simulation of
Groundwater Recharge of small watershed. Green Farming (0974-0775).Vol 3(1)
pp 50- 53,January,2010.
13. A.R.Gattani and D. M. Mahale (2010).Impact of Soil and Water Conservation
Measures on Ground Water Recharge. Green Farming (0974-0775).Vol 3 (2)
pp148-150,February,2010.
14. D. U. Patil, S. B. Nandgude, Dilip Mahale, S. K. Jena and Ashwani Kumar
(2009).Mitigation of Critical Dry Spells for Higher Yield in Kharland Region of
Maharashtra. Journal of Indian Water Resources Society, Vol (29)
No.4,October,2009.
15. S. B. Nandgude, D. M. Mahale, V. U. Kulkarni, and P.A. Bandhekar and
(2008).Development of Location Specific Design of Farm Pond. Natural Resources
Management for Sustainable Development of Western India. Allied publishers Pvt.
Ltd. pp189-192,2008.
16. Dhiraj U. Patil, Dilip Mahale, S.B. Nandgude and K. Kanman (2008). Rainfall
Analysis for Kharland Management at Konkan region. International journal of
Tropical agriculture. Vol. 26 No. 1-2, pp:65-68 January-June, 2008
17. Nandgude ,S.B.,D.M. Mahale, P.A. Bandhekar and V.U. Kulkarni (2006).
Development of Softwares for Design of Various Soil and Water Conservation
Structures. 5th International Conference of Asian Federation for Information
Technology in Agriculture, held at Banglore. Pp: 69-80
18. Nandgude ,S.B.,D.M. Mahale, P.A. Bandhekar and V.U. Kulkarni (2006).
Development of Software for Location Specific Design of Farm pond. Chapter in
Book- Natural Resources management for Sustainable Development in Western
India. By allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi
19. Mahale Dilip and Dhane S. S. (2005) Domestic Waste Water as a Enriched Source
113
of Irrigation. 9th International Conference on ECOSAN held at Mumbai, 25-26
November, 2005
20. Mahale Dilip, R.T. Thokal, S.B. Nandgude and K.D. Gharde (2004). Performance
Evaluation of Hydraulic Ram. Proceedings of International Conference on
Emerging Technologies in Agricultural and Food Engineering, held at Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 14-17 December, 2004.
21. Nandgude, S.B., Mahale Dilip, and K.D. Gharde (2004). Synthesis of Rainfall
Characteristics for Predicting the Erosive Pattern of Dapoli Region. Proceedings of
International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Agricultural and Food
Engineering, held at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 14-17 December,
2004.
22. Mahale Dilip and S.S. Dhane (2004). Probability Analysis for Prediction of
Annual Maximum Daily rainfall at Panvel . J. of Agrometeorology, 6(1):150-152.
23. Mahale Dilip and R.T. Thokal ( 2003). Effect of Soil and Water Conservation
Measures on Ground Water Recharge in Priydarshani Watershed. Proceedings of
National Conference on Integrated Sustainable Water Resources Planning and
Management held at Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani on
11-12 October,2003 : 288-293.
24. Mahale Dilip and R.T. Thokal ( 2003). Rainfall Probability Analysis for Crop
Planning at Dapoli. Proceedings of National Conference on Integrated Sustainable
Water Resources Planning and Management held at Birla Institute of Technology
and Science (BITS), Pilani on 11-12 October,2003 : 84-89.
25. Mahale Dilip and S.S. Dhane ( 2003). Rainfall Analysis in Relation to Paddy Crop
in Coastal Saline Soils at Panvel. J. of Agrometeorology, vol 5(1): 89-92.
26. Mahale Dilip, S.V. Sawardekar and S.S. Dhane (2003). Evaluation of Direct
Paddy Seeder in Coastal Saline Soils. J. of Mah. Agril. Uni.28(2):197-198 (2003)
27. Meshram,S.J., S.V. Sawardekar, S.S.Dhane and D.M.Mahale (2003). Feasibility of
Rice-cum Fish Culture in Coastal Saline lands of Maharashtra. J. Indian Soc.
Coastal agric. Res. 21(1)75-78.
28. Dhane, S.S., A.N. Yadav and Dilip Mahale (2002). Urea Briquettes Containing
Diammonium Phosphate (UB-DAP) an Important NP Source for Coastal Saline
Soils. J. of Maharashra Agril. University,27(2)226-228.
29. Mahale Dilip and S.S. Dhane ( 2001). Rainfall Characteristics and Rainfall Based
Cropping Strategy for Coastal Saline Soils at Panvel. J. Indian Soc. Coastal agric.
114
Res., (19 (1&2)142-149.
10 DETAILS OF OTHER ACTIVITIES: Nil
11 CONTACT INFORMATION:
Name of the Head: Prof. D.M. Mahale
Name of the Depaertment: Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
Postal Address:
Dept of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering,
College of Agril. Engineering and Technology,
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 415 712
Dist –Ratnagiri, (M.S.)
Landline Number: (02358) 282414
Mobile Number: 9422052269
Email : dilipmahale@gmail.com
115
12 NEWS:
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1.

NAME OF THE DEPARTMENT/SECTION:

Plate 1: Extension activities of the Department

b. Masters Programme: (M.Tech.)

VII. List of Major subjects (20 credits)

Sr.No. Course No. Course Title Credits

IX. List of supporting subjects (05 credits)

1. SWCE-121 Surveying and levelling

Lec.No. Topics Book Page No.

2 SWCE-232 : Soil Mechanics

3 SWCE-233: Watershed Hydrology

Lec.No. Topics Book Article no. Page No.

5 SWCE-355: Soil Conservation Structure Design

Lec.No. Topics Book Article no. Page No.

Lec.No. Topics Book Article

Lec.No. Topics Book Article No.

9 CAF-SWCE-473: Computer Application in Soil and Water

Lec.No. Topics Book Article no. Page No.

Lec.No. Topics Book Page

11 CAF-SWCE-475: System Engineering

Lec.No. Topics Book Article No.

Lec.No. Topics Book Article Page No.

Plate 3: Differential Global Positioning System

1 Mr. Sachinkumar B. Nandgude

1 Name of the Faculty Mr. Harshalkumar Namdevrao Bhange

1 Name of the Faculty Mr. Mugutrao Haribhau Tharkar

1 Ms. Shwetambari Madhukar Palkar

Plate 4: Watershed Park

Plate 5 : Hydraulic Ram

Plate 6 : Hydraulic Ram

Plate 7 : Konkan Vijay Bandhara

Plate 8: RCC Nala Bandh

Plate 9: Screenshot of software Watershed 3.0

6. An average effective life of loose boulder structures having height of 0.5 m is 5

Plate 10 : Loose Boulder Structure

Plate 11 : Lined Farm Pond

Plate 12 : Online Recharge Pond

Plate 13 : Staggered Contour Trenching

For Wakawali, Dapoli and Mulde analysis of 16 years, 14 years and 14

Nomographs for obtaining the quick solution of rainfall intensity-duration-

Plate 14: Tyre Bandhra

e. Ongoing Research Projects/Programmes/Schemes:

5 Duration of : 3 Years (2014-2017)

6 Location of : Districts: Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg.

9 Farmers’ selection criteria :

Sr. No. Name of post Unit

14 1. Title: Study of soil erodibility of Priyadarshini watershed

20 1. Title: Soil erosion modeling of Priyadarshini watershed by USLE model.

24 1. Title: Measurement of Soil Loss and Runoff from Priyadarshini Watershed

28 1. Title: Resource mapping of Priyadarshini watershed by using differential global

29 1. Title: Evaluation of earthen nala bund in Kherdi watershed

30 1. Title: Evaluation of cement nala bund at Shivnari watershed

32 1. Title: Temporal Analysis Of Rainfall Distribution At Dapoli

34 1. Title: Estimation of Erodibility at Selected Location in Dapoli Tahsil

38 1. Title: Rainfall Runoff modeling of Priyadarshimi Watershed using ANN

water degradation. Hydrological modeling is a powerful technique of hydrologic system

engineers involved in the planning and development of integrated approach for

management of water resources. Rainfall-runoff models play an important role in water

relationship is one of the most complex hydrologic phenomena and it is based on

tremendous spatial and temporal variability of watershed characteristics, precipitation

associated non-point source pollution impacts in the watershed from a long-term

39 1. Title: Evaluation of Cement Nala in Malavi Watershed

The earthen nala bund constructed by considering hydrological and