My Pfe

Ministry of Higher Education
and Scientific Research
Final Graduation Project of The

Petrochemical Engineering Cycle
Elaborated by:
Bargaoui Dhekra
Subject: DEVELOPMENT OF TWO NEW WELLPADS: WELLPAD G
AND WELLPAD K
July 1,2019 in front of the following jury:

Mr. Hedi Negra (University Professor ) President
Mr. Hassen Boualia (Dr.process engineer) Examiner
Mr. Anis Smida (Chemical industrial engineer) University supervisor
Mrs. Sarra Ben Ayed (Process engineer) Industrial supervisor
Project carried out in collaboration with
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would

not have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals and organizations we would like to ex-
tend our sincere thanks to all of them.
My sincere gratitude and great thanks go to Mr. Anis SMIDA,

Professor at CENTRAL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY and
my project supervisor for his encouragement, guidance, availa-
bility and supervision allowing me achieving and improving
this work.
Many thanks go to, Professor at and president of jury

and member of jury for accepting judging this work.
The special thank also goes to Ms. Sarra BEN AYED., my su-
pervisor of this end of studies project at EPPM, for introducing
us the field of
petroleum industry and inspiring us throughout this work. We
also want to thank him for his uninterrupted encouragement,
time, and efforts.
Finally, it is with immense gratitude that we thank all the pro-

fessors for the knowledge and skills they gave us during all our
years of study in Ecole Polytechnique Centrale.
i
DEDICATIONS
I dedicate this work to the memory of my father Mohamed BARAGOUI, who

unfortunately didn’t stay in this world enough to see his daughter become an
engineer.
To my beloved mother Samira and my little sister Yasmine, my source of

inspiration and strength throughout my life. You wiped away many tears, you
gave me the love of a real home.
Thank you for showing me how to be strong, when I wanted to give up; for
showing me how to believe in myself, even when no one else did.
Thank you for being my family.
I also dedicate it for all my friends especially Najla and Khalil and to all my
dear friends.
For believing in me and encouraging me during all of my years of study.
Dhekra
ii
Contents
Aknowledgements............................................................................................................................ i
Dedications ...................................................................................................................................... ii
Contents............................................................................................................................................1
List of figures ...................................................................................................................................4
List of tables .....................................................................................................................................5
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................6
Nomenclature ...................................................................................................................................7
General Introduction ......................................................................................................................8
Chapter I:Overview of the company and the project 12
I. Presentation of the company ................................................................................................13
1. The services .............................................................................................................................. 13
a) Engineering tools and resources ...................................................................................... 13
b) EPC services......................................................................................................................... 14
c) Operating and maintenance services ................................................................................. 14
2. The projects.............................................................................................................................. 14
a) Completed projects.............................................................................................................. 14
✓ Oil and gas .............................................................................................................. 15
✓ Water treatment ..................................................................................................... 16
✓ Industrial projects .................................................................................................. 17
b) Ongoing projects.................................................................................................................. 18
II. Project overview .................................................................................................................18
1. Location .................................................................................................................................... 18
2. Project scope ............................................................................................................................ 20
Chapter II:Literature review 21
I. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................22
II. Crude oil: formation, composition and characteristics ..................................................22
1. Formation ................................................................................................................................. 22
2. Composition ............................................................................................................................. 23
a) Hydrocarbons ...................................................................................................................... 23
• Paraffins (alkanes) .................................................................................................. 23
• Olefins .................................................................................................................... 24
• Naphthenes ............................................................................................................. 25
• Aromatics ............................................................................................................... 26
1
b) Non-Hydrocarbons or Hetero-Atomic Compounds ......................................................... 27
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) .......................................................................................... 28
• Oxygen compounds ................................................................................................. 29
• Metallic compounds ................................................................................................ 29
3. Characteristics ......................................................................................................................... 29
a) Viscosity................................................................................................................................ 29
b) Density .................................................................................................................................. 30
c) Pour point............................................................................................................................. 31
d) Flash point ............................................................................................................................ 31
III. Oil reservoir classification ................................................................................................31
1. Reservoir fluids ........................................................................................................................ 31
IV. Production wells .................................................................................................................33
1. Well pad drilling ...................................................................................................................... 33
V. Oil production plant ..........................................................................................................34
VI. Hydrocarbon liquid pipelines ...........................................................................................38
a) Gathering pipelines ............................................................................................................. 39
b) transmission pipelines ......................................................................................................... 39
c) distribution pipelines ........................................................................................................... 39
d) flowlines ................................................................................................................................ 39
e) Trunkline.............................................................................................................................. 39
f) feeder pipelines .................................................................................................................... 40
5. Major pipeline facilities layout ............................................................................................... 40
6. Pressure drop in flowlines ...................................................................................................... 41
a) Flow Regimes ....................................................................................................................... 41
b) Flow potential ...................................................................................................................... 41
c) Pipe Roughness .................................................................................................................... 41
d) Flowrate................................................................................................................................ 41
e) Velocity Limitations ............................................................................................................ 41
f) Temperature ........................................................................................................................ 42
g) Networks .............................................................................................................................. 42
h) Pressure drop equation ....................................................................................................... 43
VII. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................45
CHAPTER III:Simulation and Results 46
I. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................47
II. The simulator’s role and its utilization ...........................................................................47
III. Design criteria and deliverables .......................................................................................47
• The hydraulic design ............................................................................................................... 48
a) Route Selection .................................................................................................................... 48
b) Design Basis ......................................................................................................................... 49
2
c) Environmental Parameters................................................................................................. 49
d) Properties of the Commodity ............................................................................................. 50
• Mechanical design ................................................................................................................... 50
a) Line Pipe, Fittings, and Valves ........................................................................................... 50
b) Pipe Diameter ...................................................................................................................... 51
IV. Project database .................................................................................................................52
V. Simulation steps .................................................................................................................55
1. Wellpad G ................................................................................................................................ 61
2. Wellpad K ................................................................................................................................ 63
VI. Results .................................................................................................................................66
1. Wellpad G ................................................................................................................................ 66
a) Case 1 .................................................................................................................................... 67
b) Interpretations and recommendations .............................................................................. 69
c) Case 2 .................................................................................................................................... 70
d) Interpretations and recommendations .............................................................................. 70
2. Wellpad K ............................................................................................................................... 71
a) Case 1 .................................................................................................................................... 71
b) Interpretations and recommendations .............................................................................. 73
c) Case 2 .................................................................................................................................... 73
d) Interpretations and recommendations .............................................................................. 75
General Conclusion .......................................................................................................................76
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................77
Webography ...................................................................................................................................79
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................................80
APPENDIX B................................................................................................................................85
3
List of figures
Figure 1: Production of crude oil including lease condensate (source: EIA) ................................... 9
Figure 2:Total primary energy consumption (source: EIA ) ............................................................ 9
Figure 3: Crude oil proved reserve (source: EIA) ............................................................................ 10
Figure 4: Process simulation (source: aspen tech)............................................................................ 14
Figure 5: The lube oil recycling plant (source: EPPM page) .......................................................... 15
Figure 6: Expansion of Wellpad A and Wellpad Q for Petronas Carigali Iraq Hold (source :
EPPM page) ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 7: Rehabilitation/Upgration-IWTP#(LAGOON 4,5,6&7)STAGE-1,PHASE-2 (source :
EPPM page) ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 8: Electrical Power Plant Rades............................................................................................. 17
Figure 9: Location map of the study area(source: PCIHBV TENDER) ........................................ 19
Figure 10: Overall Garraf Wellpad Network ................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: The formation of crude oil (source: oil and gas blog) .................................................... 23
Figure 12: Paraffin hydrocarbons (Chaudhuri, 2011) ..................................................................... 24
Figure 13: Alkens (Chaudhuri, 2011) ................................................................................................ 25
Figure 14: Cyclo-alkanes (Chaudhuri, 2011) .................................................................................... 26
Figure 15: Aromatic hydrocarbon (Chaudhuri, 2011) .................................................................... 27
Figure 16: Some hetero atoms (Chaudhuri, 2011) ........................................................................... 28
Figure 17: PT phase diagram for a multi component fluid (source: evaluation formation) ........ 32
Figure 18: Illustration of wellpad (source: outrum change )........................................................... 34
Figure 19: Oil and gas production overview(source:haard, 2006).................................................. 35
Figure 20: Christmas tree (source: business gateways) ................................................................... 36
Figure 21: Manifold (source: haard, 2006) ....................................................................................... 37
Figure 22: Some types of pipelines (source: earthwaroks) .............................................................. 40
Figure 23: Series and parallel piping systems ................................................................................... 42
Figure 24: Sketch for wellpad G ........................................................................................................ 56
Figure 25: Sketch for wellpad K ........................................................................................................ 57
Figure 26: The source’s parameters .................................................................................................. 59
Figure 27: The flowline’s parameters ................................................................................................ 60
Figure 28: The flowline’s heat transfer ............................................................................................. 60
Figure 29: Wellpad G’s model ........................................................................................................... 67
Figure 30: Wellpad K’s model ........................................................................................................... 71
4
List of tables
Table 1: Resistance coefficients for pipefittings (Maurice, 2016) ................................................... 45

Table 2: The crude oil’s composition ................................................................................................. 52
Table 3: Environmental data.............................................................................................................. 53
Table 4: Ambient temperature ........................................................................................................... 53
Table 5: Trunkline and flowlines characteristics ............................................................................. 54
Table 6: Pipeline properties................................................................................................................ 54
Table 7 : Trunkline K-H principle points coordinates..................................................................... 55
Table 8 : Trunkline G-B principle points coordinates ..................................................................... 55
Table 9 : The coordinates converted of wellpad G ........................................................................... 58
Table 10 :The coordinates converted of well pad k .......................................................................... 58
Table 11: Trunkline G-B principle points coordinates converted .................................................. 61
Table 12: Trunkline K-H principle points coordinates.................................................................... 61
Table 13: Case 1 data for well pad G................................................................................................. 62
Table 14: Case 2 data for wellpad G.................................................................................................. 63
Table 15: Case 1 data for well pad k.................................................................................................. 64
Table 16: Case 2 data for well pad k.................................................................................................. 65
Table 17 : Results for scenario 1 ........................................................................................................ 68
Table 22 : Results for scenario 1 and 2 .............................................................................................. 71
Table 24 : Results for scenario 4 and 5 .............................................................................................. 73
5
Abbreviations
API American Petroleum Institute

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BS British Standards
CS Carbon Steel
EPPM ENGINEERING PROCUREMENT AND PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
F6 Stainless Steel, 13% Cr
GF Garraf
GOR Gas / Oil Ratio
GIFT Garraf Integrated Facilities Terminal
HIPPS High Integrity Pressure Protection System
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ID Inside Diameter
Max Maximum
Min Minimum
Mm Millimeters
MPFS Multiport flow selector skids
MW Molecular Weight
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
NPS Nominal Pipe Size
NPT Nominal Pipe Thread
NPT(F) Nominal Pipe Thread (Female)
NPT(M) Nominal Pipe Thread (Male)
OGF4 Oil Gathering Facilities Phase 4
OD Outside Diameter
SCH Schedule
SS Stainless Steel
STD Standard
WT Wall Thicknes
6
Nomenclature
Measured Quantity Preferred Unit Designation

Head M Meters
Length mm, m, km,ft millimeters, meters, kilometers,feet
Mass kg, mT kilogram, Metric Ton
Mass Flow Rate kg/h kilogram/hour
Diameter in inches
Pressure barg, bara, kPa bar gauge, bar absolute, Kilopascal
Atm Atmospheric
Temperature °C, K degree Celsius, Kelvin
Velocity m/s, m/h meters per second / hour
Volume m3 Cubic meters
Volume Flow (liquid) m3/h Cubic meter/ hour
m3/day Cubic meter/ day
BPD, BOPD, BWPD Barrel / day, Barrel Oil / day, Barrel
Water / day
STB/d stock tank barrel per day
Gas Flowrate MMSCFD Million Standard Cubic feet per Day

GOR gas oil ratio SCF/STB standard cubic foot per stock tank
barrel
Pipe/Nozzle sizes in inches
Molecular Flowrate kmol/hr kilomole per hour
Dynamic Viscosity cP centipoise
Heat Transfer coefficient W/m2.K watts per squared meter kelvin
7
General Introduction
Petroleum is a fossilized mass that has accumulated below the earth’s surface from time
immemorial. Raw petroleum is known as crude (petroleum) oil or mineral oil. It is a mixture of
various organic substances and is the source of hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane, propane,
butane, pentane, and various other paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Oil has
been used for lighting purposes for many thousands of years. In areas where oil is found in
shallow reservoirs, seeps of crude oil or gas may naturally develop, and some oil could simply
be collected from seepage or tar ponds. Historically, we know the tales of eternal fires where
oil and gas seeps ignited and burned. One example is the site where the famous oracle of Delphi
was built around 1,000 B.C. Written sources from 500 B.C. describe how the Chinese used
natural gas to boil water. It was not until 1859 that "Colonel" Edwin Drake drilled the first
successful oil well, with the sole purpose of finding oil. The Drake Well was located in the
middle of quiet farm country in northwestern Pennsylvania, and sparked the international search
for an industrial use for petroleum. These wells were shallow by modern standards, often less
than 50 meters deep, but they produced large quantities of oil. The oil was collected in the
wooden tank in the foreground. Note the many different sized barrels in the background. At this
time, barrel size was not yet standardized, which made terms like "Oil is selling at $5 per barrel"
very confusing (today a barrel is 159 liters, see units at the back). But even in those days,
overproduction was an issue to be avoided. When the “Empire well” was completed in
September 1861, it gave 3,000 barrels per day, flooding the market, and the price of oil
plummeted to 10 cents a barrel. The production nowadays is overrated as we can see from the
(figure.1)
8
Figure 1: Production of crude oil including lease condensate (source: EIA)
With increasing consumption and ever-increasing conventional and unconventional resources,

the challenge becomes not one of availability, but of sustainable use of fossil fuels in the face
of rising environmental impacts, that range from local pollution to global climate effects.
(figure.2)
Figure 2:Total primary energy consumption (source: EIA )
9
And as we can see from the figure below the proved reservoir areas (figure.3)
Figure 3: Crude oil proved reserve (source: EIA)
With oil prices of 50 dollars per barrel or more, even more difficult to access sources become
economically interesting. Such sources include tar sands in Venezuela and Canada as well as
oil shales. Synthetic diesel (semidiesel) from natural gas and biological sources (biodiesel,
ethanol) have also become commercially viable. These sources may eventually more than triple
the potential reserves of hydrocarbon fuels. To extract the remain oil we have to develop the
facilities such to transport the crude from the wellhead to the tanks. Today’s pipeline industry
was originated from the oil business that brought considerable amount of profits to the energy
producers and pipeline operators. Nowadays, pipeline development has been driving by the
expanding energy demands. In addition to be one of the most environment-friendly and the
safest means for oil and natural gas transportation, pipelines have been integrated into the
components of national security in most countries. To avoid some financial damages and
environmental catastrophes we have to simulate the pipes by a simulation software called pipes
it’s used for the design, development, analysis, and optimization of technical processes such as:
chemical plants, chemical processes, environmental systems, power stations, complex
manufacturing operations, and similar technical functions.
This manuscript is subdivided on 4 chapters the first one is about the environment of work and
the scope of the project.
10
The second one is a literature review that gives a hint about the fluid and its characteristics and
the pipelines
The third one is going to involve the project data and the methodology.
The last one is a revelation of the results.
11
Chapter I
Overview of the
company and the
project
12
I. Presentation of the company
In this framework, this study comes as collaboration between l’école Polytechnique
Centrale (UC) and Engineering Procurement and Project Management (EPPM) for the
obtention of the Petrochemical engineering diploma. EPPM is created in 1st June 1993.EPPM
regroups 710 employees and has achieved 150 projects across Africa and the Middle East.
1. The services
EPPM provides a wide range of services including: Engineering, procurement, Project
Management and construction activities and acts as a main contractor in oil & gas fields,
water treatment activities and industrial plants...
a) Engineering tools and resources
EPPM hires engineers from several disciplines such as Process, Piping & Mechanical,
Civil & Steel Structure, Corrosion & Cathodic protection, Safety & Fire Protection, Quality,
Documents Control, Planning & Cost Control. Using the best software in the industry they
excelled in process simulation as shown in (figure.4), equipment sizing, piping design
specification and arrangement drawings, civil specifications and guide drawings.
13
Figure 4: Process simulation (source: aspen tech)
b) EPC services
It englobes:
• the project management that consists of project monitoring, project control, HSE
management…
• the procurement management that defines the preparation of project QHSE

requirements, factory acceptance test, request for cotation….
• the construction: civil and structural works, mechanical works, control system….
• The commissioning and start up that includes factory performance test, execution of the
activities, site and classroom training sessions…
c) Operating and maintenance services

It defines the additional services such as facilities management, logistics, procurement
and spare parts management and preparation and management of major overhauls.
2. The projects
a) Completed projects
14
✓ Oil and gas
EPPM have done over 100 projects in oil and gas filed we can mention:
• Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Revamping of flaring system in Hassi

Messaoud in 2004 with SONATRACH.
• Basic & Detailed design activities for El bibane field development project: Platforms
fabrication & CPF Construction in 2005 with ECUMED
• Used lube oil recycling plant with a capacity of 40 000 in 2007 with STBLOP KSA
Figure 5: The lube oil recycling plant (source: EPPM page)
• Provision of Engineering, Procurement, Construction And Commissioning (Epcc) For

Expansion Of Wellpad A And Wellpad Q For Petronas Caligari Iraq Holding B.V.
Garraf Operations in 2014 with PETRONAS Iraq
15
Figure 6: Expansion of Wellpad A and Wellpad Q for Petronas Carigali Iraq Hold (source : EPPM
page)
✓ Water treatment
EPPM has achieved approximately 40 projects:
• Waste Water Treatment Plant of SOUR El GHOZLENE in 2005 with SONATRACH

• Rehabilitation/Upgration-IWTP#(LAGOON 4,5,6&7)STAGE-1,PHASE-2
16
Figure 7: Rehabilitation/Upgration-IWTP#(LAGOON 4,5,6&7)STAGE-1,PHASE-2 (source :
EPPM page)
✓ Industrial projects
As mentioned before that EPPM provides several services and has completed 10 projects
in the industry field like:
• Electrical Power Plant Rades- step B in 1996 with STEG (Société tunisienne de
l'électricité et du gaz)
Figure 8: Electrical Power Plant Rades
17
• 3 Electrical Power Plants of THYNA/FERIANA&LA GOULETTE in 2003 with
CEGELEC
b) Ongoing projects
• Feasibility study of a new Refinery at Muanda client: SOCIR Location: Congo Kinchasa
• Diagnostic mission for crude oil terminal installation from TRAPSA at Skhira client:
Trapsa Scin Location: Tunisia
• PROVISION OF ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT, CONSTRUCTION AND

COMMISSIONING (EPCC) OF OIL GATHERING FACILITIES PHASE4 client:
Petronas Location: Iraq
II. Project overview

1. Location
Garraf field in the Republic of Iraq takes its name from the Shatt Al Garraf waterway,
a tributary of the River Tigris. It is one of a group of undeveloped fields sometimes referred to
as the Garraf axis fields. The others include Nasiriyah and Rafidain.
Garraf Contract Area (GCA) is located onshore in the province of Thi Qar, approximately 250
km southeast of Baghdad, 275km northwest of Basra and 85 km from Nasiriyah town. Garraf
is within Widyan Mesopotamia Basin which covers an area of 350 sq km.
18
Figure 9: Location map of the study area(source: PCIHBV TENDER)
Gharraf Oil Development are envisaged into several phases based on the full field
development production forecast of Mishrif formation one of the most important reservoirs in
the middle east is the Mishrif Formation. The Mishrif formation make up about 30% of the total
oil in Iraqi reserves During the Cretaceous period within the secondary sedimentary cycle
Cenomanian-Early Turonian the Mishrif formation was deposited (Al-Ameri,2009).
The following picture depicts the wellpad and trunk lines network in all phases of development
from Mishrif formation.
19
Figure 10: Overall Garraf Wellpad Network
2. Project scope
Development of two (2) new wellpads, Wellpad G (2 sectors) and Wellpad K (5 sectors)
complete with trunkline for each wellpad. Wellpad G trunkline to Wellpad B and Wellpad K
trunkline to Wellpad H.
20
Chapter II
literature review
21
I. Introduction
The oil field is a very large domain that includes geological studies, drilling and
completion work, refining processes and special transportation techniques. In this chapter a
literature overview about the fluid circulating in the pipes and some criteria that define the
pipeline.
II. Crude oil: formation, composition and characteristics

1. Formation
There are many hypotheses about the origin of the formation of crude oil. Today, it is
generally agreed that crude petroleum oil was formed from decaying plants and vegetables and
dead animals and converted to oil by the action of high pressure and high temperature under
the earth’s surface, and by the action of the biological activities of micro-organisms. Organic
materials of plant or animal origin accumulate in the lowest places, usually in sea bed, coral
reefs, etc., and are gradually buried under the surface of Earth. The temperature of Earth
increases with depth (geothermal gradient) at the rate of approximately 30°C per kilometre.
Thus, at a depth of 4–5 km, called kitchen by geologists, temperatures of 120°C–150°C exist
where kerogen is converted to hydrocarbon oil under very high pressure of rocks and soil. But
this conversion takes millions of years (geological time period) to complete. Methane is also
formed thermogenically along with biogenic methane already present before the formation of
crude oil. Migration of oil with gas occurs within the rock layers by the pressure gradient from
high to low pressure zones. Crude oil and gas accumulate in the pores of the sedimentary rocky
layer as shown in (Figure.11). This formation may be found from a few kilometers (as deep as
2 km and as deep as 7 km) below the earth’s surface. Some of the common terms used in
petroleum exploration and production are source rock, migration, and reservoir. Sedimentary
rocks are the rocky layer where organics are converted to oil and gas due to high temperature
and pressure over millions of years. From the source rock, oil and gas then migrate to areas or
traps that have a structure favourable for storing oil and gas. Traps are usually anticline or
domed or faulted. Drilling is started only in the prospect area as declared by the geologists
(Chaudhuri, 2011).
22
Figure 11: The formation of crude oil (source: oil and gas blog)
2. Composition
a) Hydrocarbons
Crude oil has been defined as a mixture of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic,(naphthenic) and

aromatic hydrocarbons, containing low percentages of sulfur and trace amounts of nitrogen and
oxygen compounds' Crude oils are often classified on the basis of chemical composition,
according to the proportion of hydrocarbon constituents. (Sachanen, 1950).
• Paraffins (alkanes)
Alkanes are straight-chain normal alkanes and branched iso-alkanes with the general
formula 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms in that compound. The major paraffinic
components of most crude oils are in the range to 𝐶1 to 𝐶35 (Speight, 1980) Examples are
methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane as shown in (figure.12), although smaller
quantities of alkanes up to 𝐶60 or higher may be present. Crude oils vary widely in alkane
content (Dickey, 1981). The ratio of n-alkanes to isoalkanes is shown in Table 1 for one crude
oil sample.
23
Figure 12:Paraffin hydrocarbons (Chaudhuri, 2011)
• Olefins
Olefins are unsaturated hydrocarbons. the double bond is present between the two carbon
atoms in the formula. The generic formula is 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 , and the lowest member of this homologous
series is ethylene, 𝐶2 𝐻4. This series is known as alkenes. These are highly reactive and can
react to themselves to mono olefins as shown in (Figure.13). Olefins react readily with acids,
alkalis, halogens, oxidizing agents, etc. Olefins are not present in crude oil, but they are
produced by thermal and catalytic decomposition or dehydrogenation of normal paraffins. Like
paraffins, olefins may be straight (normal) chain or branched chain (iso-) hydrocarbons. Olefins
can be determined by the bromine or iodine number in reaction with bromine or iodine. They
are readily converted to diolefins in the presence of oxygen and form a gum-like substance.
Olefins present in petroleum products can be removed by absorption in sulfuric acid.
24
Figure 13: Alkens (Chaudhuri, 2011)
• Naphthenes
Cycloalkanes (or cycloparaffins), also called naphthenes in the petroleum industry, are
saturated hydrocarbons containing structures with carbon atoms linked in a ring. The
cycloalkane composition in crude oil worldwide typically varies from 30% to 60% Since they
are saturated, they are relatively inactive, like paraffins. Naphthenes are desirable compounds
for the production of aromatics and good quality lube oil base stocks. Some of these are shown
in as shown in (Figure.14).
25
Figure 14: Cyclo-alkanes (Chaudhuri, 2011)
• Aromatics
Often called benzenes, are chemically very active as compared to other groups of
hydrocarbons. Their general formula is CnH2n-6. The concentration of benzene in crude OH
has been reported to range between 0.01 % and 1 % (Bestougeff, 1967). These hydrocarbons in
particular are attacked by oxygen to form organic acids. Naphthenes can be dehydrogenated to
aromatics in the presence of a platinum catalyst. Lower aromatics, such as benzene, toluene,
and xylenes, are good solvents and precursors for many petrochemicals. Aromatics from
petroleum products can be separated by extraction with solvents such as phenol, furfurol, and
diethylene glycol. Some of these are presented in as shown in (Figure.15).
26
Figure 15: Aromatic hydrocarbon (Chaudhuri, 2011)
b) Non-Hydrocarbons or Hetero-Atomic Compounds
Common hetero atoms in hydrocarbons are sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and metallic atoms.
Sulfur compounds are present in crude oil as mercaptans, mono- and disulfides with the general
formula R-SH, R-S-R1, R-S-S-R1, where R and R1 are the alkyl radicals. Mercaptans are very
corrosive whereas mono- and disulfides are not. Examples of cyclic sulfur compounds are
thiophenes and benzothiophene as shown in (figure.16).
27
Figure 16: Some hetero atoms (Chaudhuri, 2011)
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Crude oils vary widely in sulfur content, which can range from ':0. 1 % to 10% by weight.
The following types of sulfur compounds have been identified in crude oIls: thiols
(mercaptans), sulfides, disulfides and thiophenes (Costantinides & Arich, 1967). ln the lower
distilation range up to about 150°C, the most abundant sulfur compounds are thiols. ln the 150-
250°C distilation range, the most abundant compounds are thiocyclo-, thiobicyclo- and
thiotricycloalkanes and thiophenes. These sulfur compounds are replaced, in turn, by
benzothiophenes and more complex ring structures in the higher distillation ranges
(Costantinides & Arich, 1967). H2S is corrosive at high temperatures and in the presence of
moisture. Crude oil that contains large amounts of H2S is called sour crude. Sulfur present in
petroleum fuel products also forms various oxides of sulfur (SOx) during combustion, which
are strong environmental pollutants. H2S can be removed from gases by absorption in an amine
solution.
28
• Nitrogen compounds
The nitrogen content of crude oils ranges from trace amounts to 0.9% by weight. The
bulk of the nitrogen in fractions that boil below about 200°C is basic nitrogen. The basic
nitrogen compounds often found in crude oils include pyridines and quinolines, 3-
methylpyridine and quinoline, while nonbasic nitrogen compounds include pyrroles indoles and
carbazoles, e.g., carbazole, and amides (Costantinides & Arich, 1967). Nitrogen in petroleum
fuels causes the generation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which are also strong pollutants of the
atmosphere. Nitrogen can be eliminated from petroleum products by catalytic hydrogenation.
Like sulfur, nitrogen in the heavier parts of petroleum cannot be removed without severe
cracking or hydrogenation reactions.
• Oxygen compounds
The oxygen content of crude oils ranges from 0.06% to 0.4% by weight, the majority of
components being alkane and cycloalkane (naphthenic) acid which are responsible for corrosive
activities. Oxygen also acts as a poison for many catalysts. This can be removed by catalytic
hydrogenation. Excess oxygen compounds may even lead to explosions. Other minor
components include ketones and phenols (Costantinides & Arich, 1967). The oxygen content
of crude oils increases with boiling range, so that more oxygen-containing compounds are found
in distillates that boil above 400°C.
• Metallic compounds
Traces of many metallic compounds can be found in crude oils. Nickel and vanadium
compounds have been identified in crude oils at levels ranging from a few parts per million to
200 ppm (mg/ kg) nickel and up to 1200 ppm (mg/ kg) vanadium. These metals occur primarily
as complexes (Costantinides & Arich, 1967) which are stable and can be distilled at
temperatures above 500°C.Petroleum fuels containing these metallic compounds may damage
the burners, lines, and walls of the combustion chambers.
3. Characteristics
a) Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow; the lower the viscosity of a fluid, the
more easily it flows. Like density, viscosity is affected by temperature. As temperature
29
decreases, viscosity increases. The SI unit of dynamic viscosity is the millipascal-second
(mPa∙s). This is equivalent to the former unit of centipoise (cP). )
The dynamic viscosity is measured following this equation:
𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
Dynamic viscosity = 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 (1)
Shear stress is the amount of force per unit area perpendicular to the axle of the member
Shear rate is the rate of change of velocity at which one layer of fluid passes over an adjacent
layer. Shear rate is the rate of change of velocity at which one layer of fluid passes over an
adjacent layer.
Kinematic viscosity can also be calculated from dynamic viscosity and density data determined
at the same temperature. The kinematic viscosity is described by the relationship between
dynamic viscosity and density.
𝐝𝐲𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲
Kinematic viscosity = 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲
(2)
b) Density
One of the most important physical properties of crude oil is its specific gravity the ratio
of the density of oil to the density of water, both taken at the same temperature and pressure.
From the specific gravity, the ratio of aromatic (high-density) to saturated (low-density)
hydrocarbons in crude oil samples may be estimated. An alternative expression for specific
gravity, developed for petroleum applications.
Since oil is lighter than water, API gravity is always greater than 10. The lighter the oil, the
larger the API gravity. However, gravity is not the only measurement of crude oil, but a mere
indicator of lightness. Since crude oil is, in fact, a mixture of various hydrocarbons varying
141.5
Degree API (API°) = 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐭 15.5°𝐂 – 131.1 (3)
30
from gases to semi-solid asphalts, it is convenient to separate these into various boiling fractions
rather than as individual chemical species (Dickey, 1981).
c) Pour point
The pour point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil will just flow, under
standard test conditions.
d) Flash point
The flash point of oil is the temperature at which the vapor over the liquid will ignite upon
exposure to an ignition source. A liquid is considered flammable if its flash point is less than
60°C. Flash point is an important factor in relation to the safety of spill cleanup operations.
III. Oil reservoir classification
1. Reservoir fluids
The distribution of a particular set of reservoir fluids depends not only on the
characteristics of the rock-fluid system now, but also the history of the fluids, and ultimately
their source. A list of factors affecting fluid distribution would be manifold. However, the most
important are:
• Depth: The difference in the density of the fluids results in their separation over time
due to the gravity (differential buoyancy).
• Fluid Composition: The composition of the reservoir fluid has an extremely important
control on its pressure-volume-temperature properties, which define the relative volumes

of each fluid in a reservoir.
• Reservoir Temperature: Exerts a major control on the relative volumes of each fluid in
a reservoir.
• Fluid Pressure: Exerts a major control on the relative volumes of each fluid in a reser-
voir.
• Fluid Migration Different fluids migrate in different ways depending on their density,
viscosity, and the wettability of the rock. The mode of migration helps define the dis-
tribution of the fluids in the reservoir.
31
• Trap-Type Clearly, the effectiveness of the hydrocarbon trap also has a control on fluid
distribution (e.g., cap rocks may be permeable to gas but not to oil).
The initial expansion of the liquid is similar to that for the single component case. Once the
bubble point is reached, further expansion does not occur at constant pressure but is
accompanied by a decrease in pressure (vapour pressure) due to changes in the relative
fractional amounts of liquid to gas for each hydrocarbon in the vaporizing mixture. In this case
the bubble points and dew points differ, and the resulting pressure-temperature plot is no longer
a straight line but a phase envelope composed of the bubble point and dew point curves, which
now meet at the critical point (Glover, n.d.) (Figure.17).
Figure 17: PT phase diagram for a multi component fluid (source: evaluation formation)
There are also two other points on this diagram that are of interest. The cricondenbar, which
defines the pressure above which the two phases cannot exist together whatever the
temperature, and the cricondentherm, which defines the temperature above which the two
phases cannot exist together whatever the pressure. A fluid that exists above the bubble point
curve is classified as undersaturated as it contains no free gas, while a fluid at the bubble point
32
curve or below it is classified as saturated, and contains free gas. Figure 23 shows the PT
diagram for a reservoir fluid, together with a production path from the pressure and temperature
existing in the reservoir to that existing in the separator at the surface. Note that the original
fluid was an undersaturated liquid at reservoir conditions. On production the fluid pressure
drops fast with some temperature reduction occurring as the fluid travels up the borehole. All
reservoirs are predominantly isothermal because of their large thermal inertia. This results in
the production path of all hydrocarbons initially undergoing a fluid pressure reduction.
IV. Production wells

With the knowledge of crude oil and natural gas, we need to do something to get the oil and
gas out from the deep formations. As far as we know, the only way is to drill a well. Since 1895
the first commercial oil well was drilled using the percussion drilling method, the drilling
technologies had got a great progress (Ma, Chen, & Zhao, 2016).
1. Well pad drilling

Pad drilling, like hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, is one of the most influential
innovations to hit the oil and natural gas industry in recent years. It's become the standard for
more efficient drilling operations, and is expected to continue to become more prevalent. This
technique has appeared at first in offshore drilling, but began to pick up steam once it moved
on shore. Drilling operations first used it on shore in the Rockies in 2004.Its use in the Eagle
Ford Shale around 2006 helped make the practice mainstream. In the fourth quarter of 2012,
just 20 percent of horizontal wells used pad drilling. By the first quarter of 2014, that percentage
had increased to 70 percent. For comparison, DI Analytics reports that in 2006, when pad
drilling was just getting its start, only 5 percent of wells in nine unconventional plays. used
multi-well pads. That number had increased to 58 percent by the third quarter of 2013. 2013
was the year when pad drilling become a prominent tactic in the oil and gas industry. This
caused a decrease in the amount of oil rigs and increases in well count and production, and led
to increased efficiency across various projects. Pad drilling, sometimes called multi-well pad
drilling, is a drilling practice that allows multiple wellbores to be drilled from a single, compact
piece of land known as a pad. Drilling pads, the area of land cleared for a drilling rig to work
on, are often between four and five square acres and could contain any number of wells that
can safely and economically fit on it. It could have anywhere from two wells to more than 20,
depending on factors including the size of the pad, the geography of the land, the availability
33
of oil and more. All these factors need to be taken into consideration when planning a multi-
well pad drilling operation. How does pad drilling work? Operators use pad drilling in
conjunction with horizontal drilling, as opposed to the more traditional vertical drilling.
Horizontal drilling, enables multiple wellbores to come from the same pad. These wells start
close to one another, but stretch out in different horizontal directions once they get further
underground. They are typically between 2,000 and 3,000 feet long, but can stretch even further
in the right situations. This allows them to reach multiple reservoirs and even extend far enough
to reach multiple formations, making them more productive than vertical wells in many cases.
This capability enables multiple wellbores to be drilled from the same location, cutting down
on the amount of space and the number of rigs needed for an operation, while increasing the
number of wells ‐ and, potentially the amount of resources – those wells can reach. Pad drilling
is used more heavily in the most productive areas of a play. Multi-well pad drilling can boost
efficiency, cut costs and increase production, especially in areas with particularly plentiful
resources (figure.18) (source: oil scams, 2018).
Figure 18: Illustration of wellpad (source: outrum change)
V. Oil production plant

The oil and gas industry facilities and systems are defined, according to their use in the
oil and gas industry production: Exploration Includes prospecting, seismic and drilling
activities that take place before the development of a field is finally decided. Our aim here to
explain the major facilities in upstream. Upstream Typically refers to all facilities for production
34
and stabilization of oil and gas. Although there is a wide range of sizes and layouts, most
production facilities have many of the same processing systems shown in this simplified
overview (figure.19):
Figure 19: Oil and gas production overview (source: haard, 2006)
35
• Wellheads
The wellhead sits on top of the actual oil or gas well leading down to the reservoir. A
wellhead can be an injection well, of water or gas back into the reservoir to maintain pressure
and levels to maximize production. The wellhead structure, often called a Christmas
tree(figure.20), must allow for a number of operations relating to production and well workover
(Haard, 2006).
Figure 20: Christmas tree (source: business gateways)
• Manifolds and gathering
The individual well streams are brought into the main production facilities over a
network of gathering pipelines and manifold systems. The purpose of these pipelines is to allow
setup of production "well sets" so that for a given production level, the best reservoir utilization
well flow composition (gas, oil, water), etc., can be selected from the available wells. For
multiphase flows (combination of gas, oil and water), the high cost of multiphase flow meters
36
often leads to the use of software flow rate estimators that use well test data to calculate actual
flow (Haard, 2006)(figure.21).
Figure 21:Manifold (source : haard, 2006)
• Separation
Some wells have pure gas production which can be taken directly for gas treatment
and/or compression. Separation and process is needed when the well is contaminated. In gravity
separation, the well flow is fed into a horizontal vessel. The pressure is often reduced in several
stages (high pressure separator, low pressure separator, etc.) to allow controlled separation of
volatile components. A sudden pressure reduction might allow flash vaporization leading to
instability and safety hazards.
• Metering, storage and export
Most plants do not allow local gas storage, but These employ specialized meters to
measure the natural gas or oil as it flows through the pipeline, without impeding its movement
oil is often stored before loading on a vessel, such as a shuttle tanker taking oil to a larger tanker
terminal, or direct to a crude carrier. A larger production complex generally has an associated
tank farm terminal allowing the storage of different grades of crude to take up changes in
demand, delays in transport, etc. Metering stations allow operators to monitor and manage the
natural gas and oil exported from the production installation. These employ specialized meters
37
to measure the natural gas or oil as it flows through the pipeline, without impeding its movement
(Haard, 2006).
• Gathering
Many upstream facilities include the gathering system in the processing plant. However,
for distributed gas production systems with many (often small) producers, there is little
processing at each location and gas production from thousands of wells over an area instead
feed into a distributed gathering system. This system in general is composed of:
• Flowlines: it’s a connection between the wellpad with a field gathering station (FGS), in
general equipped with a fixed or mobile type pig launcher.
• FGS is a system allowing gathering of several flowlines and permits transmission of the
combined stream to the central processing facility (CPF) and measures the oil/water/gas ratio.
Each FGS is composed of: o Pig receiver (fixed/mobile)
o Production header where all flowlines are connected
o Test header where a single flow line is routed for analysis
purposes (GOR Gas to oil ratio, water cut)
o Test system (mainly test separator or multiphase flow meter)
o Pig trap launcher
• Trunk line – pipeline connecting the FGS with the CPF. Equipped with a pig receiver at the
end (Haard, 2006).
VI. Hydrocarbon liquid pipelines

Pipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water.
Physical constraints are low and include the landscape and permafrost in arctic or subarctic
environments. Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter, and increase
proportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids.
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, any chemically stable liquid or gas can
be sent through a pipeline. Oil pipelines are generally made from steel tubes with inner diameter
typically from 4 to 48 inches (From 2 to 56 inches for gas). Most pipelines are buried at a typical
depth of about 3 to 6 feet. The oil is kept in motion by pump stations along the pipeline, and
38
usually flows at the speed of about 1 to 6 m/s. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport
two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline. Usually in multi-product
pipelines there is no physical separation between the different products (Cheng, n.d.).
Types of pipeline
a) Gathering pipelines
A gathering system consists of a line downstream of field manifolds or wellhead

separators conveying fluid from multiple wells and leading to the production facility. Typical
products carried by gathering pipelines include; natural gas, crude oil (or combinations of these
2 products), natural gas liquids, such as ethane, butane and propane. In a gathering pipeline,
raw gas is usually carried at pressures of approximately 715 psi. Compared to other pipelines,
lengths in this category are relatively short – approximately 200 meters long as shown in
(figure.22) (Maurice, 2016).
b) transmission pipelines
A transmission line consists of a cross-country piping system for transporting gas or

liquids, usually over long distances. The inlet is normally the custody transfer point or the
production facility boundary with the outlet at its final destination, for example, processing
plants and refineries. Transmission lines are usually long and have large diameters are up to
42” diameter, with most being more than 10” diameter as shown in (figure.22) (Maurice, 2016).
c) distribution pipelines
Distribution pipelines classed the step between high-pressure transmission lines and low-
pressure service lines. Service pipes are made of steel cast iron and plastic. ‘Mains’ distribution
pipelines are small to medium sized (from 2” to 24” diameter). ‘Service’ pipelines use narrow
pipes (usually less than 2” diameter) as shown in (figure.22).
d) flowlines
A well flowline identifies a two-phase line from a wellhead to a production manifold or

separator. The line between a production manifold and the first separator is sometimes referred
to as a flowline but is generally referred to as a production header. Flowlines range in size from
2 in. (50.8 mm) to 20 in. (508 mm) (Maurice, 2016).
e) Trunkline
39
A trunkline is a larger line that connects two or more well flowlines that carry the
combined well streams to the production manifold. Trunklines range from 10 in (25.4 mm) to
42 in (106.8 mm) (Maurice, 2016).
f) feeder pipelines
Feeder pipelines are used to move the product it can be crude oil, natural gas liquids from
processing facilities and storage tanks to the long-distance transmission pipelines. The
diameter’s lines vary from 6inch to 12 (Maurice,2016).
Figure 22: Some types of pipelines (source: earthwaroks)
5. Major pipeline facilities layout
Choke valve: is a type of control valves, mostly used in oil and gas production wells to control
the flow of well fluids being produced. Another purpose that the choke valves serve is to kill
the pressure from reservoir and to regulate the downstream pressure in the flowlines
Globe Valves: have a conical plug, which reciprocates into and out of the valve port. Globe
valves are ideal for shutoff as well as throttling service in high pressure drop and high
temperature applications.
Ball Valves: were a welcomed relief to the process industry. They provide tight shutoff and
high capacity with just a quarter-turn to operate.
Piping Elbows: are very important pipe fitting which are used very frequently for changing
direction in piping system
40
6. Pressure drop in flowlines
a) Flow Regimes
The basic types of flow in a pipe are laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow occurs
at low velocities. At low velocities, fluid particles flow smoothly in one direction and there is
little or no collision between themselves and the pipe walls. As the velocity increases, a critical
point is reached when the flow changes from laminar to turbulent. The flow becomes chaotic
and fluid particles collide with each other and with the walls of the pipe. This critical point
depends on the fluid density and viscosity, pipe diameter and velocity of flow.
In laminar flow, the pipe internal roughness has no effect on the pressure drop, and the
pressure drop is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid whilst for turbulent flow,
viscosity has little effect on the pressure drop but the pipe roughness plays a very important
role in determining the total the total pressure drop.
b) Flow potential
It is the total pressure drop that is required to transport fluid in a pipe section. the pressure
difference between the inlet and the outlet of the pipe section. In an inclined pipe, this pressure
difference also includes the pressure loss due to elevation. The flow potential should be equal
or greater than that required to flow a given quantity of fluid in a pipeline of a specific diameter.
Otherwise, a pump, compressor or a larger diameter pipeline would be needed.
c) Pipe Roughness
In laminar flow, the pressure loss is independent of the pipe wall roughness. In turbulent
flow, the pressure drop is highly dependent on the pipe wall roughness and therefore affects the
pressure gradient. As the velocity increases, the fluid boundary increasingly becomes thinner
exposing the irregularities in the pipe wall to the higher velocity outside the boundary layer .
d) Flowrate
The higher the flowrate, the higher the pressure loss due to friction. The capacity of
the pipe also depends on the expected flow rate and velocity at design stage and its allowable
pressure drop (flow potential).
e) Velocity Limitations
Increased fluid flow rate can lead to increased velocity, which can cause pipe damage.
The avoidance of pipe damage sets an upper limit on the capacity of the pipe (Maurice, 2016).
41
One criterion used to estimate the critical fluid velocity above which pipe damage may occur
is found in API RP 14E, which suggests that a critical erosional velocity is expressed as:
𝑪
Ve =
√𝛒
(4)
𝜌 = mixture density (lbm/ft3),
Ve = erosional velocity threshold (ft/s),
C = 125 for intermittent service,
= 100 for continuous service
= 60 for corrosive service,
f) Temperature
Fluid temperature affects the pressure drop-flow rate relations and the density of the fluid,
which can have an impact on the erosional viscosity limitations.
g) Networks
Piping systems are usually constructed of segments with different diameters
interconnected with manifolds. Some pipe systems may be so complicated that, empirical
correlations are not applicable and computer software simulation should be used as shown in
(figure.23).
Figure 23: Series and parallel piping systems
42
For pipes of different diameters in series, the flow rate is the same, but the pressure drop is
different. Therefore, the total pressure drop is determined by calculating the pressure drops for
each individual pipe and then summing them up.
For pipes in parallel, the total flow rate is equal to the sum of the flow rates through each of the
individual pipes but the pressure drops are identical for each segment.
h) Pressure drop equation

The linear pressure losses are calculated by the following equations:
∆𝑷𝑳 = 𝝆 × 𝒈 × 𝒉𝒇 (5)
𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇 × (𝑳⁄𝑫) × 𝟐 𝒈 (6)
∆PL: linear pressure losses [Pa]
ρ: fluid density [Kg/m³]
g: acceleration due to gravity [m/s²]
hf : head losses [m]
f: friction factor [-]
L: pipe length [m]
D: pipe internal diameter [m]
V: average fluid velocity at the cross section [m/s]
Head loss in valves and pipe fittings
The pressure drop equations described above are useful for calculating the pressure
drop-flow rate relations in straight pipes. Additional pressure drop occurs through valves,
pipefittings, and enlargements and contractions. For piping systems within production facilities,
the pressure drop through fittings and valves can be much greater than that of the straight pipe
43
itself. In long pipeline systems, the pressure drop through fittings and valves can be often
ignored a pipe restriction that changes velocity or direction of the flow stream causes pressure
drops greater than that, which would normally occur in a straight piece of pipe of the same
length. The extension involves the determination of either of the following (Maurice, 2016):
• Resistance coefficients for fittings
• Flow coefficients for valves
• OR equivalent lengths for both valves and fittings
• Resistance coefficients
The head loss in valves and fittings can be calculated with resistance coefficient as:
𝑽
𝑯𝒇 = 𝑲 𝑹 (7)
2𝒈
Kr = resistance coefficient, dimensionless, Hf = head losing fitting (ft or m),
V = average velocity (ft/s or m/s),
g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2).
Comparing equation with the Darcy-Weisbach equation shows that, for a straight pipe
𝒇𝒍
𝑲𝑹 = (8)
𝑫
Where,
Kr = fitting resistance coefficient, dimensionless,
f = Moody friction factor, dimensionless,
L = length (ft.),
D = pipe inside diameter (ft.).
Total system frictional losses in valves and fittings can be determined by summing up the head
loss in all fittings, as defined by the following equation (Maurice, 2016):
44
𝑽4
∑𝑯𝑳𝒇 = ∑𝑲
2𝒈
(9)
Where,
∑𝐻𝐿𝑓 = total system frictional losses in valves and fittings measured in feet (ft).
Once the resistance coefficients for the fittings and valves have been determined, the frictional
head losses due to the fittings and valves can be calculated and then added to that of the straight
runs of pipe.
Approximate values of Kr are given in table for various pipefittings (Maurice, 2016).
Table 1: Resistance coefficients for pipefittings (Maurice, 2016)
Fitting Kr
Globe valve, wide 10.0
open
Angle valve, wide 5.0
open
Gate valve, wide open 0.2
Gate valve, half open 5.6
Return bend 2.2
Tee 1.8
Elbow 90° 0.9
Elbow 45° 0.4
VII. Conclusion
This chapter has resumed the most important aspects of the fluid such as composition,
properties and the pipeline ‘s criteria which the pressure drop is qualified the most important
one.
45
CHAPTER III
Simulation and Results
46
I. Introduction
Design is actually the first stage of pipeline construction. As stated, highly trained
engineers work to design a system that meets the needs of producers and shippers in moving
their product to the marketplace. At the same time, pipeline employees who specialize in
planning work minimize the impact of construction projects on the environment, in addition to
consulting with communities and landowners along the route about the project. Every pipeline
project planning team must meet federal and state requirements, obtain necessary permits and
respond to local concerns. Typically, the actual construction phase of a project occurs in the
shortest amount of time. The construction phase can only begin after route selection, easement
negotiations, environmental permitting, and many other pre-construction actions have been
accomplished. This chapter is a basic guide to the design of cross-country pipelines for liquid
petroleum and related products. It focuses on the fundamentals of pipeline design, emphasizing
practical guidelines for real systems.
II. The simulator’s role and its utilization

Simulators are based on the resolution of mass and energy balances, thermodynamic
equilibrium equations. They are mainly used for the design of new processes involving the
dimensioning of the devices, the analysis of the operation for different operating conditions,
and the optimization as well as the evaluation of the changes made to the operating conditions.
In order to predict the physical properties of the material, the simulators have a thermodynamic
database containing the properties of pure substances (molar mass, boiling temperature, vapor
pressure, ...). This base is enriched with a set of thermodynamic models allowing to estimate
the properties of the mixtures.
III. Design criteria and deliverables

It is necessary to consider many aspects of design and operation the preferred pipeline
system to transport a commodity, or commodities, from a source to a destination. On a technical
or engineering level, we have to pay attention to three aspects of design, which are interrelated
in the system approach to design:
● Hydraulic
● Mechanical
47
● Operations and Maintenance
• The hydraulic design

The hydraulic design is the method of evaluating the physical characteristics of the
transportation line, the quantities to be transported, the pipeline route and topography, and the
vary of pressures, temperatures, and environmental conditions along the route. Identifying the
number and location of pump stations with respect to the hydraulic characteristics of the system
is also part of the hydraulic design. In the final process, the route selected, pipeline size
determined, and type of pipe selected, the hydraulic calculations are refined to determine the
conditions for over-pressure control during line shutoff and surges during operation. Hydraulic
calculations can also be made for the variables in the operating conditions (temperature, ranges
of viscosities for products pipelines, et cetera) and for future expansion of system capacity
(Hein, 1984).
a) Route Selection
Aerial photographs and contour plan of the area are sufficient information to identify a
preliminary route for the pipes and suitable locations of the plant components. The preliminary
route is then inspected on site to check land owner, houses, swamps, soil condition for
foundations, anchors and expansion loops, hot spots, slip risk, road crossing, watercourses,
change in elevation, access. Using the preliminary pipe route, an estimate of equivalent line
length can be made. The design flow and enthalpy are determined from the well data, and with
this information, the optimum diameter for the pipes can be known.
Given the task of transporting a liquid commodity from one point to another— whether
it is from the point of production or storage to a processing plant, or from the process plant to
distribution facilities—the first selection of route will logically be the shortest course, or a
straight line. While a straight-line route is a reasonable first approximation of the pipeline route,
there are several common-sense reasons for deviation, including:
● Significant natural obstacles such as mountain ranges, rivers, swamps, et cetera.
● Minimizing of control points in the hydraulic profile (discussed later).
● Access for construction equipment and materials.
● Permitting restrictions.
48
A preliminary route is determined using suitable maps of the area which need to show
geographic features such as contour lines as well as towns, roads, rivers, railroads, existing
pipelines and utility corridors, et cetera. World Aeronautical Charts are available for most parts
of the world, on different scales, for this purpose. U.S. Geological Survey maps are particularly
useful for pipeline routing in the United States. Aerial photographs are also useful. Several of
the factors which will influence the selection of the design route may not be readily identifiable
or resolved until later phases of design, in particular, environmental and permitting
requirements and land acquisition. However, a preliminary route can be selected and later
modified when more information on the specific and final route is available. Once an initial
route is identified, the ground profile is plotted for use in the hydraulic design.
b) Design Basis
When beginning the design of a pipeline system, it is necessary to define the basis of the
design as completely as possible. The general parameters which are required for the design of
the system include:
● System operating parameters, such as design through put or flow rate; operating temperature
of the system
● Environmental conditions, such as ambient ground and air temperature (average and
extremes)
● Properties of the transported fluid(s), or commodity, such as viscosity, relative density, vapor
pressure, and pour point temperature. System Parameters. It is helpful for the design flow rate
for the system to be defined as closely as possible. Maximum, minimum, and forecast future
daily or annual throughputs of the pipeline system are required for good design, resulting in
selection of the economically preferred line size as early as possible. This limits the iterations
of the design as well as the range of alternatives. The design throughput of an oil pipeline may
vary by year and is usually expressed as the average daily flow rate in barrels per day (BPD) or
1000 m3 per calendar day (1,000 m3/cd), or in million tonnes a per annum (MTA), which
requires conversion to daily rates for computation. (Fletcher, 1984).
c) Environmental Parameters
The critical environmental parameter for the hydraulic design is the ambient temperature
of the ground, for buried pipelines, or the air, for aboveground systems. Most locations will
have seasonal variations, and long pipeline systems may have variations over the length of the
49
system. It is important to identify the mean or average ambient temperature as well as the
seasonal and local extremes.
d) Properties of the Commodity

Specification of the commodity to be transported includes identification of viscosity,
density, vapor pressure, and pour-point temperature. Some of these properties will have to be
determined from laboratory tests on specific commodity samples. However, design may
proceed on the basis of a typical commodity and include flexibility for a specified range of
variation. Viscosity is the physical property of fluids which resists flow and, for liquids, varies
inversely with temperature. Besides density, viscosity is a key characteristic of the fluid to be
considered in the design of liquid pipelines, having a significant effect on determining line size,
station spacing, and pumping-power requirements. Several of the references may also be
consulted for viscosity data on specific hydrocarbons and other fluids.
• Mechanical design
Mechanical design of a pipeline system is the selection of materials, including type of
steel and diameter and wall thickness of pipe. Selected also are methods of support and restraint
for the system in response to the loadings and stresses imposed on the pipeline system by
physical pressures and forces such as the internal and external design pressures; static loadings
and weight effects of the pipe, fluid, and soil; dynamic loadings from wind, waves, earthquake,
and other natural forces; and relative motion of connected components. These factors impose
loadings on the pipe and result in longitudinal, hoop, and radial stresses which must be
evaluated in the mechanical design of the piping system. Mechanical piping-system design
primarily utilizes computer programs, many of which operate on personal computers. In most
cases, the code requirements are built into the programs, so for a set of internal pressures and
external loadings, the program will give the optimum wall thickness, pump locations, and
maximum stress values on the basis of parameters input by the engineer. However, this does
not preclude the possibility of error. The engineer must be able to determine accurately the
required loadings and pressure and to analyze the computer results, verifying their validity to
the overall system (Vincent-Genod, 1984).
a) Line Pipe, Fittings, and Valves

Specifications for line pipe and for fittings, valves, and flanges are given in various
API, ANSI, and ASME standards and specifications including:
● ANSI/ASME B36.10M, Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
50
● ANSI/ASME B36.19M, Stainless Steel Pipe
● API 5L, 5LU, Line Pipe
● ANSI B16.5, B16.9, B16.10, B16.11, B16.25, B16.28, Flanges, Fittings, Valves
● API 6D Pipeline Valves, Gate, Plug, Ball, and Check Valves
● API 600, 602, 603, Valve
Codes and standards are showing in the table A.1 (APPENDIX A)
b) Pipe Diameter
In the hydraulic design of a pipeline system, line size is initially based on a preliminary
choice of diameter and wall thickness from experience and from simplified charts. Further
calculations are needed to verify the selection and finalize the system design based on the Code
requirements as well as on considerations for project cost and material availability. For most
pipeline systems, the pipe cost, which is based on the diameter and wall thickness, will be the
highest material cost in the system. In addition, the size of pipe will have a direct effect on the
cost of installation. Therefore, total project cost is impacted by the selection of pipe size. For
this reason, it is important to optimize the pipe diameter, wall thickness, and grade of steel to
be used so that the overall project cost is contained. As discussed earlier in the hydraulic-design
section of this chapter, the diameter of pipe is based on the design flow rate, and mechanical-
design considerations have little effect on diameter selection. However, internal and external
pressure, allowable stress, and other considerations do affect the final design of the wall
thickness for the selected diameter.
c) Wall Thickness
In the hydraulic design, a preliminary determination of wall thickness is based on

experience for the preliminary selection of pipe diameter and grade of steel. The actual design
of a system must reflect Code requirements for the wall thickness, which is based on internal
design pressure and additional loads at the design temperature. which is based on internal design
pressure and additional loads at the design temperature. Internal Design Pressure: The piping
component at any point in the piping system shall be designed for an internal design pressure
which shall not be less than the maximum steady state operating pressure at that point, or less
than the static head pressure at that point with the line in a static condition.
51
IV. Project database
For the 2 wellpads we need the compositional fluid composition:
Table 2:The crude oil’s composition
Liquid
Crit T Crit P Acentric Normal Wtav Crit V
Component Mole% Mol wt Density
°C bara factor Tb °C Mol wt cm³/mol
g/cm3
N2 0,402 28.014 - -146.95 33.953103 0.04 -195.75 28.014 89.8
CO2 0,284 44.01 - 31.05 73.784138 0.225 -78.5 44.01 94
C1 33,15 16.043 - -82.55 46.013793 0.008 -161.55 16.043 99
C2 9,072 30.07 - 32.25 48.851724 0.098 -88.55 30.07 148
C3 5,931 44.097 - 96.65 42.466207 0.152 -42.05 44.097 203
iC4 1,012 58.124 - 134.95 36.486897 0.176 -11.75 58.124 263
nC4 3,294 58.124 - 152.05 38.006897 0.193 -0.45 58.124 255
iC5 1,509 72.151 - 187.25 33.851724 0.227 27.85 72.151 306
nC5 2,116 72.151 - 196.45 33.750345 0.251 36.05 72.151 304
C6 3,311 86.178 0.664 234.25 29.695862 0.296 68.75 86.178 370
C7 3,62 84 0.685 235.958 31.664828 0.2967 91.95 84 497.06
C8 3,585 96 0.722 262.074 30.837931 0.3373 116.75 96 496.4
C9 3,228 107 0.745 283.007 29.830345 0.3741 142.25 107 512.93
C10-C13 8,121 138.835 0.7822 335,099 26,922069 0,4805 196,66 140.418 613.65
C14-C17 5,165 196,252 0.8256 408,593 21,866897 0,6468 273,248 197.804 828.7
C18-C22 4,099 265,931 0.8585 483,013 18,809655 0,823 337,011 268.229 1133.88
C23-C28 3,174 349,662 0.8865 560,127 16,904828 0,9882 401,258 351.302 1521.44
52
Liquid
Crit T Crit P Acentric Normal Wtav Crit V
Component Mole% Mol wt Density
°C bara factor Tb °C Mol wt cm³/mol
g/cm3
C29-C35 2,525 441,077 0.9081 636,989 15,729655 1,1083 461,616 442.836 1970.5
C36-C40 2,141 525,809 0.9605 706,651 15,363448 1,1611 506,693 526.548 2417.11
C41-C46 1,673 601,808 1.0352 770,302 15,441379 1,1562 543,209 602.747 2881.9
C47-C55 1,409 702,737 1.1212 851,454 15,571034 1,0721 593,71 704.55 3563.83
C56-C80 1,18 894,234 1.2552 1001,023 15,856552 0,6584 672,617 903.73 5062.94
Note:
Wt. av. Mol. Wt.: weight average molecular weight
• Environmental conditions
Table 3 : Environmental data
Parameter Unit Value
Air velocity m/s 1
Ground Type - Clay soil (dry)
Ground conductivity W/m-k 0.424888
For each simulation case either for wellpad-K or wellpad-G we have to consider the following
temperature:
Table 4: Ambient temperature
Simulation Ambient
Wellpad
case Temperature (°C)
1 27.9
K
2 30.5
G 1 9,4
53
Simulation Ambient
Wellpad
case Temperature (°C)
2 12
Table 5: Trunkline and flowlines characteristics
Parameter Unit Value
Carbon steel pipe Thermal Conductivity w/m-k 45.3
Carbon steel pipe Roughness mm 0.045
Burial depth mm -150
Trunkline coating thickness mm 3
Trunkline coating Thermal Conductivity w/m-k 0.4
Coating type - 3 LPE
Normal trunkline burial depth m 1
• Pipe sizing
Table 6: Pipeline properties
Nominal Size
Class SCH OD (mm) WT (mm) ID (mm)
(inch)
6 091440XG 160 168.3 18.26 131.78
12 091440XG 120 323.8 25.4 273
16 091440XG 120 406.4 30.96 344.48
18 091440XG 120 457 34.93 387.14
24 031440RG - 610 10.5 589
• Trunkline routing
The trunkline routing has been determined based on the coordinate of the principal trunkline
points coordinate.
The following table shows the Trunkline K-H principle points coordinates:
54
Table 7 : Trunkline K-H principle points coordinates
Point Easting Norting
IP-01 607909.276 3514055.267
IP-02 607592.093 3514055.267
IP-03 607355.198 3514297.477
IP-04 606953.310 3514193.396
IP-05 606408251 3513941.780
IP-06 605901.147 3513609.589
IP-07 604956.695 3513583.652
IP-08 604625.765 3513379.779
IP-09 604596.281 3513344.653
The following table shows the Trunkline G-B principle points coordinates:
Table 8 : Trunkline G-B principle points coordinates
Point Easting Norting
IP-01 597857.98 3519758.99
IP-02 597687.05 3519675.99
IP-03 597895.96 3518822.05
IP-04 597818.97 3517817.95
IP-05 597937.97 3517700.02
IP-06 597966.98 3517636.00
IP-07 597995.96 3517606.01
V. Simulation steps
In order to have a successful simulation models we have to follow these figures (figure.24)
and (figure. 25) for the two wellpads under the scope of study.
55
Figure 24: Sketch for wellpad G
The sketch represents the model of wellpad G, for example XCV 1150 represents a source.
S1 is a sector which regroups the sources. MPFS and the HIPPS will be assimilated to junctions,
the pig launcher is a designed and fabricated tool used to launch pig’s inside crude oil,
petroleum products or gas pipelines. Pig refers to pipeline intervention gadgets that are used to
perform multiple maintenance operations such as cleaning and inspection inside the pipelines
is assimilated to a junction and the pig receiver to a sink with a pressure pre-defined equal to
20,2 barg. We have to follow 2 configurations according to the diameter of pipe.
56
Figure 25: Sketch for wellpad K
As we saw in the wellpad G XCV-1010 for example will be assimilated to a source the
MPFS, HIPPS, pig launcher will be defined as junctions and the pig receiver to a sink with
pressure 22.1 barg .
As we can see from the two figures the simulation involves the modeling of two main
components:
• The source
It is the point through which the fluid enters to the system. Defined by its coordinates,
temperature (56 barg) flowrate and GOR as we can see from the figures below (figure.26)
The coordinates : It is necessary to extract the coordinates of the plot showing in figure B.1
and figure B.2(APPENDIX B) and to convert them in utm to introduce them in the software in
order to define the points sources and MPFS on the ArcGIS map .
57
Table 9 : The coordinates converted of wellpad G
longitude( latitude( N )
E)
WH-X01 598032,58 46,0357 3519674,28 31,808478
WH-X02 598041,244 46,03579 3519656,61 31,808318
WH-X03 598049,627 46,035876 3519638 31,808149
WH-X04 598059,118 46,035975 3519620,35 31,807989
WH-X05 598067,905 46,036066 3519601,94 31,807822
WH-X06 598075,939 46,036149 3519584,05 31,80766
WH-X07 598084,716 46,03624 3519566,06 31,807497
MPFS 1 597986,15 46.035202 3519601,91 31,807829
WH-X08 598093,944 46.036335 3519548,55 31.807339
WH-X09 598102,84 46.036428 3519530,21 31.807172
WH-X10 598111,227 46.036514 3519513,12 31.807017
WH-X11 598120,451 46.03661 3519494,21 31.806846
WH-X12 598129,242 46.036701 3519476,18 31.806683
WH-X13 598138,022 46.036792 3519458,57 31.806523
WH-X14 598146,492 46.03688 3519440,43 31.806359
MPFS 2 598062,023 46,035988 3519448,559 31,806439
Table 10 :The coordinates converted of well pad k
Longitude ( latitude (N)

E)
WH-01 608028.1247 46.140622 3513896.577 31.755458
WH-02 608028.1247 46.140622 3513878.2520 31.755293
WH-03 608028.1247 46.140622 3513858.1317 31.755111
WH-04 608028.1247 46.140622 3513838.1317 31.754931
WH-05 608028.1247 46.140622 3513818.1317 31.754751
WH-06 608028.1247 46.140622 3513798.0115 31.754569
WH-07 608028.1247 46.140622 3513777.8912 31.754388
WH-08 608028.1254 46.140622 3513757.8912 31.754207
WH-09 608028.1255 46.140622 3513737.7710 31.754026
WH-10 608028.1256 46.140622 3513717.7710 31.753845
WH-11 608028.1257 46.140622 3513697.6508 31.753664
WH-12 608028.1258 46.140622 3513677.6508 31.753483
WH -13 608028.1259 46.140622 3513657.6509 31.753303
WH-14 608028.1260 46.140622 3513637.6510 31.753123
WH-15 608028.1261 46.140622 3513617.6511 31.752942
WH-16 608028.1262 46.140622 3513597.4103 31.75276
WH-17 608028.1263 46.140622 3513577.299 31.752578
WH-18 608028.1264 46.140622 3513557.4103 31.752399
58
WH-19 608028.1265 46.140622 3513537.299 31.752217
WH-20 608028.1266 46.140622 3513517.1698 31.752036
WH-21 608028.1267 46.140622 3513497.0496 31.751854
WH-22 608158.5455 46.142020 3513898.2520 31.755461
WH-23 608158.5456 46.142020 3513878.2521 31.755281
WH-24 608158.5457 46.142020 3513858.1317 31.755099
WH-25 608158.5458 46.142020 3513838.1317 31.754919
WH-26 608158.5459 46.142020 3513818.0115 31.754737
WH-27 608158.5460 46.142020 3513798.0115 31.754557
WH-28 608158.5461 46.142020 3513777.8912 31.754375
WH-29 608158.5462 46.142020 3513757.8912 31.754195
WH-30 608158.5463 46.142020 3513737.7710 31.754013
WH-31 608158.5464 46.142020 3513717.7710 31.753833
WH-32 608158.5465 46.142020 3513697.6508 31.753651
WH-33 608158.5466 46.142020 3513677.6508 31.753471
WH-34 608158.5467 46.142020 3513657.5305 31.75329
WH-35 608158.5468 46.142020 3513637.5305 31.753109
MPFS 1 607953.9764 46.139857 3513854.0035 31.755062
MPFS 2 607953.9764 46.139857 3513685.7470 31.753563
MPFS 3 607953.9764 46.139823 3513545.3862 31.752297
MPFS 4 608292.7339 46.143433 3513854.0035 31.755049
MPFS 5 608292.7340 46.143414 3513685.7470 31.753531
flowrate and GOR: those parameters are calculated according to the cases described after.
Figure 26: The source’s parameters
59
• The pipelines and Trunklines
It is defined by its: length, wall thickness, roughness, thermal conductivity, burial depth
and temperature in each section following the database as shown in(figure.27) and (figure.28).
Figure 27: The flowline’s parameters
Figure 28: The flowline’s heat transfer
Trunkline: We have to convert the coordinate points into utm and introduce them as junctions
connected to have the trunkline defined by length, wall thickness, roughness, thermal
conductivity, burial depth and temperature in each section following the database.
60
Table 11: Trunkline G-B principle points coordinates converted
Longi- Lati-
tude(E) tude(N)
IP-01 597857.98 46.033864 3519758.99 31.809257
IP-02 597687.05 46.03205 3519675.99 31.808523
IP-03 597895.96 46.034171 3518822.05 31.800802
IP-04 597818.97 46.033257 3517817.95 31.791751
IP-05 597937.97 46.034502 3517700.02 31.790677
IP-06 597966.98 46.034802 3517636.00 31.790097
IP-07 597995.96 46.035105 3517606.01 31.789824
Table 12:Trunkline K-H principle points coordinates
Longitude Latitude(N)
(E)
IP-01 607909.276 46.139407 3514055.267 31.756901
IP-02 607592.093 46.136059 3514055.267 31.756931
IP-03 607355.198 46.133584 3514297.477 31.759138
IP-04 606953.310 46.12933 3514193.396 31.758237
IP-05 606408.251 46.123548 3513941.780 31.756018
IP-06 605901.147 46.118159 3513609.589 31.753068
IP-07 604956.695 46.108185 3513583.652 31.752922
IP-08 604625.765 46.10467 3513379.779 31.751113
IP-09 604596.281 46.104355 3513344.653 31.750799
Like every simulation, we have to introduce all the chemical components that will react in
the process, precisely all the reagents and products involved also the fittings along the flowlines
as showed in the figure B.4 (APPENDIX B).
After modeling the system, we can run the model by selecting the sensitivity, conclude the
correct size of the pipe and the suitable scenario for each wellpad.
For each well pad we have to follow 2 cases.
1. Wellpad G
✓ Case 1: in this case the temperature is about 9,4°C
Scenario 1: Only the confirmed wells (04) will be considered and simulated (15 janvier-2023).
Scenario 2: 10 wells will be considered following the production profile
61
Scenario 3: for the not confirmed wells (04 wells) the flow will be considered
as maximum flow,14 wells will be simulated.
Note : for every wellehead we have to calculate the
GOR =(GAS RATE / OIL RATE) *1000
WT= ( WATER RATE /OIL RATE)*100
LIQUID FLOWRATE =OIL RATE + WATER RATE
Table 13: Case 1 data for well pad G
SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO 2 SCENARIO 3

WELL Sl Phas GOR WC Liqu GOR WT Liqu GOR WC Liqu
TARG ot e id id id
SCF/S % SCF/S % SCF/S %
ET TB STB TB STB TB STB
/d /d /d
N/C 1 Futu 612.58 2.2 6093
re 3
HPI-4 2 OGF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4
HII-4 3 Futu 0 0 0 0 0 0
re
N/C 4 Futu 612.58 2.2 6093
re 3
N/C 5 Futu 612.58 2.2 6093
re 3
HPI-5 6 OGF 612.57 6.0 3541 612.57 6.0 3541 612.57 6.0 3541
4 4 17 4 17 4 17
HIH-4 7 Futu 612.58 2.2 6093 612.58 2.2 6093
re 3 3
HPH-4 8 OGF 612.67 2.9 3478 612.67 2.9 3478 612.67 2.9 3478
4 3 9 3 9 3 9
HII-6 9 OGF 612.64 38. 2769 612.64 38. 2769 612.64 38. 2769
4 4 93 4 93 4 93
HIH-5 10 Futu 612.57 2.4 2215 612.57 2.4 2215
re 04 04
HIG-4 11 Futu 612.62 10. 4483 612.62 10. 4483
re 12 12
HIF-4 12 Futu 612.56 3.3 3157 612.56 3.3 3157
re 0 0
62
HIG-5 13 Futu 613.06 1.2 2620 613.06 1.2 2620
re 7 7
N/C 14 Futu 612.58 2.2 6093
re 3
✓ Case 2: in this case the environmental temperature is about 12°C

Scenario 4: Minimum liquid production for (04) wells(15-Feb-2021).
Scenario 5: Minimum liquid production for (10) wells(15-Feb-2021).
Table 14: Case 2 data for wellpad G
SCENARIO 5
SCENARIO 4
WELL Slot Phase GOR WC Liquid GOR WC Liquid
TARGET
SCF/STB % STB/d SCF/STB % STB/d
HPI-4 2 OGF4 0 0 0 0 0 0
HII-4 3 Future 0 0 0
HPI-5 6 OGF4 0 0 0 0 0 0
HIH-4 7 Future 0 0 0
HPH-4 8 OGF4 612.68 1.52 2326 612.68 1.52 2326
HII-6 9 OGF4 0 0 0 0 0 0
HIH-5 10 Future 0 0 0
HIF-4 12 Future 0 0 0
HIG-5 13 Future 0 0 0
2. Wellpad K
✓ Case 1: temperature is about 27,9°C
• Scenario 1: Only the confirmed wells (18) will be considered and simulated for case1
(15-May-2021).
• Scenario 2: 29 wells will be considered following the production profile.
• Scenario 3: for the not confirmed wells (06 wells) the flow will be considered as maxi-
mum flow; 35 wells will be simulated.
63
Table 15: Case 1 data for well pad k
WELL Sl Phas
GOR WC Liqui GOR WC Liqui GOR WT Liqui
TARG
d d C d
ETS SCF/ST % SCF/ST % SCF/ST
ot e B STB/ B STB/ B % STB/
d d d
HPG 1 OGF 612,76 2,61 1415 612,76 2,61 1415 612,76 2,61 1415
16 4 0 0 0
HPG 2 OGF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 4
HPF 3 OGF 612,33 2,9 1168 612,33 2,9 1168 612,33 2,9 1168
17 4
HPG 4 OGF 612,72 3,13 2237 612,72 3,13 2237 612,72 3,13 2237
18 4
HID 5 Futur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 e
NC 6 Futur 612,84 3,46 3108
e
HIE 7 Futur 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 e
NC 8 Futur 612,84 3,46 3108
e
HPE 9 Futur 612,69 2,39 1581 612,69 2,39 1581
17 e
HPF 10 OGF 612,92 2,15 2465 612,92 2,15 2465 612,92 2,15 2465
18 4
NC 11 Futur 612,84 3,46 3108
e
HPE 12 OGF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 4
HPD 13 OGF 613,007 2,81 2229 613,007 2,81 2229 613,007 2,81 2229
18 4
HIF 18 14 Futur 0 0 0 0 0 0
e
HIF 19 15 Futur 0 0 0 0 0 0
e
NC 16 Futur 612,84 3,46 3108
e
HID 17 Futur 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 e
HPF 18 OGF 612,52 3,66 1838 612,52 3,66 1838 612,52 3,66 1838
19 4
HPE 19 OGF 612,88 2,36 2335 612,88 2,36 2335 612,88 2,36 2335
19 4
NC 20 Futur 612,84 3,46 3108
e
HPD 21 OGF 612,63 2,84 2132 612,63 2,84 2132 612,63 2,84 2132
19 4
HPG 22 OGF 612,53 5,06 1928 612,53 5,06 1928 612,53 5,06 1928
21 4
HPG 23 OGF 612,53 4,08 2065 612,53 4,08 2065 612,53 4,08 2065
20 4
64
HPG 24 OGF 612,36 3,73 1694 612,36 3,73 1694 612,36 3,73 1694
19 4
HPF 25 OGF 612,56 2,3 2657 612,56 2,3 2657 612,56 2,3 2657
21 4
HPF 26 Futur 612,32 3,29 1660 612,32 3,29 1660
20 e
HPD 27 Futur 612,73 2,77 2001 612,73 2,77 2001
17 e
HIE 28 Futur 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 e
HIF 20 29 Futur 0 0 0 0 0 0
e
HIF 17 30 Futur 0 0 0 0 0 0
e
NC 31 Futur 612,84 3,46 3108
e
HPD 32 OGF 612,60 2,73 2705 612,60 2,73 2705 612,60 2,73 2705
20 4
HPE 33 OGF 612,84 3,46 3108 612,84 3,46 3108 612,84 3,46 3108
21 4
HPD 34 OGF 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0
21 4
HPE 35 OGF 612,51 2,74 2840 612,51 2,74 2840 612,51 2,74 2840
20 4
✓ Case 2: in this case the temperature is about 30,5 °C
• Scenario 4: case 2 Minimum liquid production for 18 wells (15 sept 2020)
• Scenario 5: case 2 Minimum liquid production for 29 wells (15 sept 2020)
Table 16: Case 2 data for well pad k
Scenario 4 Scenario 5
Well Slot Phase
GOR WT Liquid GOR WT Liquid
targets
SCF/STB % STB/d SCF/STB % STB/d
HPG 16 1 OGF4 615,38 2,56 760 615,38 2,56 760
HPG 17 2 OGF4 0 0 0 0 0 0
HPF 17 3 OGF4 613,60 2,62 664 613,60 2,62 664
HPG 18 4 OGF4 0 0 0 0 0 0
HID 20 5 Future 0 0 0 0 0 0
HIE 20 7 Future 0 0 0
HPE 17 9 Future 613,44 2,28 852
HPF 18 10 OGF4 612,94 1,99 1418 612,94 1,99 1418
HPE 18 12 OGF4 613,039 2,2 1207 613,039 2,2 1207
HPD 18 13 OGF4 613,085 2,66 1271 613,085 2,66 1271
HIF 18 14 Future 0 0 0
HID 19 17 Future 0 0 0
65
HPF 19 18 OGF4 612,84 3,38 1223 612,84 3,38 1223
HPE 19 19 OGF4 612,815 2,11 1498 612,815 2,11 1498
HPD 19 21 OGF4 0 0 0 0 0 0
HPG 21 22 OGF4 612,554 4,54 966 612,554 4,54 966
HPG 20 23 OGF4 612,72 3,72 1141 612,72 3,72 1141
HPG 19 24 OGF4 612,87 3,47 1013 612,87 3,47 1013
HPF 21 25 OGF4 612,44 3,14 1541 612,44 3,14 1541
HPF 20 26 Future 613,023 2,97 1107
HPD 17 27 Future 612,60 2,52 1220
HIE 18 28 Future 0 0 0
HPD 20 32 OGF4 0 0 0 0 0 0
HPE 21 33 OGF4 612,90 2,94 1819 612,90 2,94 1819
HPD 21 34 OGF4 0 0 0 0 0 0
HPE 20 35 OGF4 612,74 2,37 2025 612,74 2,37 2025
VI. Results
In this section the results of the study are presented and discussed with reference to the
aim of the study, which was to determine the best scenario for each wellpad. you have to respect
the critical values which are: the calculated flowing pressure at each wellhead shall not exceed
24,1barg.
The pressure drop between the wellhead and launcher inlet shall not exceed 1,5 bar.
The erosional velocity ratio (EVR) shall be less than one (1).
1. Wellpad G
66
Figure 29: Wellpad G’s model
a) Case 1
In this case the temperature is set to 9,4°C and every scenario follow 2 configurations of pipe
sizing 12/16, 12/18
67
Table 17 : Results for scenario 1
Scenario 1
Size 12/16 Size 12/18
WELL Pressur DP EVR Pressur Pressur DP EVR Pressur
TARGE e out e e out e drop
(bar) (bar)
T (Barg) (Barg)
drop
HPI-5 21,0855 0,253993 0,133102 0,8856 21,0758 0,2539991 0,133102 0,8769
2 5 8 7 4 3 8 9
HPH-4 21,4299 0,607507 0,320112 1,2301 21,4203 0,6075894 0,320180 1,2215
6 1 1 8 2 3
HII-6 21,1696 0,374437 0,104083 0,9697 21,1872 0,3744363 0,104083 0,8769
9 9 5 2 9 9
SINK 20,1998 0,478546 0,132374 _ 20,1988 0,4733308 0,132386 _
5 2 5 5 7
Table 18 :Results for scenario 2
SCENARIO 2
Size 12/16 Size 12/18
WELL Pressure DP EVR Pressur Pressure DP EVR Pressure
TARGE out e out drop
(bar) (bar)
T (Barg) (Barg)
drop
HPI-5 22,6889 0,53311 0,30964 2,4890 22,4173 0,53380 0,31011 2,2175
2 73 71 7 4 45 8
HIH-4 23,7026 1,54688 0,54492 3,5 23,0449 1,55253 0,54575 2,84449
8 1 37 8 1 01 95
HPH-4 23,1942 0,59222 0,30593 2,9943 22,9304 0,59274 0,30637 2,73089
4 45 06 9 7 51 72
HII-6 23,1942 0,38320 0,19642 2,9943 22,8116 0,38352 0,19674 2,61184
24 79 9 74 9 31 07
HIH-5 22,9852 0,28021 0,19654 2,7853 22,7446 0,28043 0,19683 2,54447
2 11 79 7 1 15 43 6
HIG-4 22,8822 0,53457 0,38147 2,7464 22,8871 0,53505 0,38202 2,68725
2 08 21 7 97 63
HIF-4 23,1365 0,40418 0,27811 2,9367 22,8088 0,40448 0,27851 2,60903
8 57 53 3 86 73 6
HIG-5 22,9463 0,34431 0,23365 2,7464 22,7655 0,34457 0,23399 2,56572
2 22 85 7 7 86 86
SINK 20,1998 1,91022 0,57659 _ 20,1998 1,83812 0;57902 _
5 3 81 5 7 86
68
Scenario 3
Size 12/16 Size 12/18
WELL Pressure DP EVR Pressure Pressur DP EVR Pressure
TARGE out(Barg drop(Ba e drop(Ba
(bar) (bar)
T ) r) out(Bar r)
g)
N/C 27,2439 0,98353 0,50629 7,04405 27,0910 0,99067 0,50488 6,89121
1 57 68 6 33 44
N/C 27,1444 0,88415 0,50663 6,94460 26,9909 0,89059 0,50522 4,9924
54 77 54 4 8 26 17
N/C 27,2585 0,99814 0,50634 7,05868 27,1054 1,00507 0,50493 5,0562
3 94 86 7 8 6
HPI-5 26,7574 0,49709 0,28779 6,55762 26,5987 0,49837 0,28701 5,39889
7 28 35 6 11 57
HIH-4 27,5417 1,28140 0,50543 7,34193 27,3905 1,29017 0,50402 6,19071
8 6 08 6 6 55
HPH-4 27,4687 0,56323 0,28369 7,26889 27,3109 0,56417 0,28295 6,11106
4 38 77 1 56 23
HII-6 27,2711 0,36564 0,18372 7,07129 27,1129 0,36621 0,18329 5,9131
4 12 67 5 78 17
HIH-5 27,1734 0,26799 0,18210 6,97364 27,0151 0,26838 0,18161 5,81527
9 01 73 2 59 9
HIG-4 27,4130 0,50757 0,35357 7,21323 27,2551 0,50844 0,35263 6,05533
8 26 32 8 77 27
HIF-4 27,2935 0,38802 0,25784 7,09368 27,1352 0,38854 0,25715 5,93542
3 61 64 7 16 97
HIG-5 27,2351 0,32959 0,21650 7,03525 27,0768 0,33067 0,21592 5,877
35 35 5 3
N/C 27,8935 0,98805 0,50062 7,69371 27,7406 0,99391 0,49927 6,5408
6 28 65 5 7 6
SINK 20,1998 5,83732 1,03395 - 20,1998 5,67718 1,03358 -
5 5 5 7 8
b) Interpretations and recommendations

According to the results generated for the 3 scenarios it was found that only the results of
the scenario 1 did not exceed the critical values defined previously and again the scenario 1
whose configuration corresponds to the size 12/18 presented better values by compared to the
pressure drop so that this scenario will be adopted.
69
AS for scenario 2 and 3, think of: reducing the length of the pipeline or decrease the flow of
circulation.
c) Case 2
In this case the temperature is set to 12°C and every scenario follow 2 configurations of pipe
sizing 12/16, 12/18
SCENARIO 4
SIZE 12/16 SIZE 12/18
WELL Pressur DP(bar EVR PRESSU Pressur DP(bar EVR PRESSU
TARG e ) RE e ) RE
ET out(Bar DROP out(Bar DROP
g) g)
HPH-4 20,9029 0,40590 0,21631 0,70305 20,908 0,40587 0,21628 0,70815
53 29 94 91
SINK 20,1998 0,26696 0,04862 - 20,1998 0,27136 0,04862 -
5 2 922 5 13 441
SCENARIO 5
SIZE 12/16 SIZE12/18
WELL Pressure DP EVR Presur Pressure DP EVR Pressur
TARGE out(Bar (bar) e drop out(Bar e drop
T g) (barg) g) (barg)
HPH-4 20,9030 0,40590 0,216289 0,703 20,9081 0,40587 0,216288 0,7083

5 45 1 2 7 85 3 2
SINK 20,1998 0,26707 0,048624 - 20,1998 0,27154 0,048624 -
5 91 41 5 14 21
d) Interpretations and recommendations

In this case we have increased the temperature to reach 12 ° C and the flowrate is
minimun we found qualified values close and we find that the pressure drop of the scenario 4
configuration 12/16 is slightly lower than the other pressure drop which leads us to adopt this
scenario.
We have no recommendations in this case since all the scenarios have shown values that have
not exceeded the limit.
70
2. Wellpad K
Figure 30 : Wellpad K’s model
a) Case 1
In this case the temperature is about 27,9 °C
Table 22 : Results for scenario 1 and 2
SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO 2
WELL Pressur DP (bar) Pressur Pressur DP (bar)
EVR EVR Pressur
TARGE e e drop e
e drop
TS out(bar (barg) out(bar
(barg)
g) g)
HPG 16 22,9496 0,138801 0,053292 0,8496 23,6015 0,142107 0,12385 1,5019
7 1 84 3 9 8 9
HPG 17 0 0 0 0
HPF 17 22,8966 0,085797 0,043990 0,7966 23,5554 0,09598 0,16872 1,4554
7 15 15 3 6 5 6
HPG 18 23,0111 0,200321 0,084251 0,9111 23,6474 0,187976 0,19582 1,5474
9 3 64 5 5 3 6 5
71
HID 20 0 0 0 0
HIE 20 0 0 0 0
HPE 17 23,8069 0,20234 0,16584 1,7069
1 3 1
HPF 18 22,9866 0,093847 0,093518 0,8867 23,8027 0,198227 0,21545 1,7027
1 46 6 5 9 9 1 9
HPE 18 0 0 0 0
HPD 18 22,9639 0,071187 0,083950 0,8639 23,7703 0,165756 0,19428 1,6703
5 36 39 1 2 9 8 2
HIF 18 0 0 0 0
HIF 19 0 0 0 0
HID 19 0 0 0 0
HPF 19 22,9405 0,252497 0,069224 0,8405 23,7580 0,212095 0,15946 1,6580
6 4 24 2 4 1 6 4
HPE 19 23,0603 0,373303 0,087942 0,9603 23,8056 0,259739 0,20384 1,7056
6 2 54 2 8 5 7 8
HPD 19 23,0529 0,365870 0,080884 0,9528 23,8294 0,283474 0,18553 1,7294
3 4 94 9 1 7 1
HPG 21 23,4151 0,378234 0,072613 1,3150 24,9207 0,325591 0,16238 2,8207
1 7 44 7 7 5
HPG 20 23,2707 0,233861 0,077773 1,1706 24,9516 0,294689 0,17485 2,8516
3 7 37 9 3 9
HPG 19 23,3846 0,347821 0,073969 1,2846 25,9124 0,286391 0,14376 3,8124
9 2 33 5 4
HPF 21 23,4465 0,409683 0,100069 1,3465 25,0209 0,394897 0,22675 2,9209
6 6 5 2 3 8
HPF 20 24,8840 0,258001 0,14126 2,7840
1 1 1
HPD 17 24,9613 0,335346 0,17056 2,8613
5 8 4 5
HIE 18 0 0 0 0
HIF 20 0 0 0 0
HIF 17 0 0 0 0
HPD 20 23,4307 0,342407 0,101877 1,3307 25,0797 0,399158 0,23010 2,9797
6 3 3 2 8 4 0 8
HPE 21 23,4764 0,388085 0,117055 1,3764 25,1336 0,452983 0,26362 3,0336
HPD 21 0 0 00
HPE 20 23,4655 0,377190 0,106961 1,3655 25,0904 0,409865 0,24150 2,9904
SINK 22,1000 0,533111 0,290194 - 22,1 1,834222 0,80262 -
SCENARIO 3
WELL TARGETS Pressure DP (bar) Pressure drop
EVR
out(barg) (barg)
HPG 16 26,37772 0,1391446 0,2537735 4,27772
HPF 17 26,3313 0,09271921 0,09692134 4,2313
HPG 18 26,42262 0,1840379 0,1850278 4,32262
NC 26,53825 0,2996665 0,2718101 4,43825
NC 27,06767 0,3055572 0,2537735 4,9676
HPE 17 26,95259 0,1904718 0,2027184 4,85859
HPF 18 26,95237 0,1902526 0,04558447 4,85237
72
NC 27,00906 0,2469453 0,2541114 4,90906
HPE 18 27,02546 0,1074 0,04558477 4,92546
HPD 18 26,9198 0,157682 0,1830652 4,8198
NC 27,15811 0,4055836 0,2539207 5,05811
HPF 19 26,96347 0,2109366 0,1501364 4,86347
HPE 19 27,01153 0,2589946 0,1919074 4,91153
NC 27,06061 0,3080777 0,2563049 4,96061
HPD 19 27,03537 0,2828363 0,1746888 4,93537
HPG 21 27,1408 0,321531 0,1655675 5,0408
HPG 20 27,10664 0,2873751 0,178293 5,00664
HPG 19 27,10198 0,2827111 0,1465928 5,00198
HPF 21 27,20737 0,3881035 0,23121 5,10737
HPF 20 27,07287 0,2536001 0,1657661 4,97287
HPD 17 27,14861 0,3293386 0,1639359 5,04861
NC 27,27562 0,3650334 0,2718101 5,17562
HPD 20 27,3018 0,3912074 0,2346116 5,2018
HPE 21 27,35435 0,4437585 0,2688477 5,25435
HPD 21 0 0 0 0
HPE 20 27,31145 0,4008603 0,246279 5,21145
SINK 22,1 3,54311 0,2541114 -
b) Interpretations and recommendations

According to the results generated for the 3 scenarios it was found that only the results
of the scenario 1 did not exceed the critical values defined previously and again the scenario 1
presented better values by compared to the pressure drop so that this scenario will be adopted.
AS for scenario 2 and 3, think of: reducing the length of the pipeline.
decrease the flowrate.
Or increase the diameter of the pipe.
c) Case 2
For this case the temperature is set to 30,5°C.
Table 24 : Results for scenario 4 and 5
Scenario 4 Scenario 5
Well DP (bar) EVR Pressur DP (bar) EVR
Pressur Pressure Pressu
target e re drop
e Drop(ba
s out(bar (bar)
out(bar r) g)
g)
HPG 22,7718 0,089801 0,028623 0,67181 22,8498 0,089804 0,028623 0,7498
16
HPG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17
73
HPF 22,7354 0,053452 0,025008 0,63546 22,8135 0,053453 0,025008 0.7135
17 6 17 11 92 09
HPG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18
HID 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20
HIE 0 0 0 0
20
HPE 22,7393 0,102183 0,032088 0,6393
17 5 75 5
HPF 22,793 0,038029 0,053796 0,69328 22,8795 0,038033 0,053796 0,7795
18 0 91 6
HPE 22,8591 0,10386 0,045459 0,75911 22,9453 0,103863 0,045458 0,8453
18 1 02 9 5 97 9
HPD 22,760 0,005138 0,047869 0,66039 22,846 0,005142 0,047869 0,7466
18
HIF 0 0 0 0
18
HIF 0 0 0 0
19
HID 0 0 0 0
19
HPF 22,8208 0,211933 0,046061 0,7208 22,6049 0,211937 0,046061 0,5049
19 9 65 2 8 6 2
HPE 22,9258 0,316976 0,056418 0,82584 23,0099 0,316981 0,056418 0,5049
19 4 4 88 7 3 81 2
HPD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19
HPG 23,0841 0,258122 0,036382 0,98412 23,2470 0,258133 0,036382 1,147
21 2 8 16 7 5 08
HPG 22,9485 0,122555 0,042973 0,84855 23,1115 0,122566 0,042973 1,1470
20 5 22 5 13 7
HPG 23,0612 0,235279 0,038152 0,96128 23,2242 0,235290 0,038152 1,1242
19 8 8 32 3 3 24 3
HPF 23,0997 0,273702 0,057021 0,9997 23,2626 0,273718 0,057021 1,1626
21 8 35 5 4 23 5
HPF 23,1659 0,176997 0,041997 1,0659
20 3 9 79 3
HPD 23,1814 0,192523 0,046284 1,0814
17 6 83 6
HIE 0 0 0 0
18
HIF 0 0 0 0
20
HIF 0 0 0 0
17
HPD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20
HPE 23,0915 0,237481 0,068508 0,99159 23,2475 0,237499 0,068508 1,1475
21 9 7 51 37
HPD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21
74
HPE 23,1303 2,37 0,076267 1,0303 23,2863 0,276301 0,076266 1,1863
20 9 5 84
sink 22,1 0,276281 0,144674 - 22,1 0,368654 0,172627 -
1 8 5 6
d) Interpretations and recommendations

In this case the best scenario among the 2 is scenario 4 with better results of pressure drop
but the 2 scenarios have represented results that not exceeded the critical values we have no
recommendations to give.
75
General Conclusion
From the results of the simulation for wellpad G following case 1 where the temperature is set
to 9,4°C scenario 1 configuration 12/16 has showed better results , for case 2 the temperature
is set to 12°C results for the 2 scenarios are close but the better one is scenario 4 considering
the pressure drop .As for wellpad K when the temperature is set to 27,9°C the better scenario
was the first one that not exceeded the critical values and for the case 2 , the temperature was
30,5 the best scenario was scenario 4 . noticing that the erosional velocity for all cases has not
exceeded 1 . In oil business, the cumulative oil production is not the only determinant of the
choice of pipe diameter. Certainly, larger diameters always have higher production and lower
pressure drops. Larger pipe diameters come along with higher cost of design of the pipes due
to more materials needed for construction and possible construction limitations like; available
space, more support required etc. Apart from cumulative oil production, some of the factors
taken into consideration when choosing pipe diameter include maximum allowable speed and
pressure drop, possible slug flow, water hammer effects, noise etc.
76
Bibliography
[1] Al-Ameri,T., Al-Khafaji,A., Zumberge., J (2009). Petroleum system analysis of the

Mishrif reservoir in the Ratawi, Zubair, North and South Rumaila oil fields,southern Iraq, 14,
91-103
[2] ASTM D341–Standard (1993) : Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum

Products,American Society for Testing and Materials.
[3] Bestougeff, M.A. (1967) .Petroleum hydrocarbons. ln: Nagy, B. & Colombo, U., eds,
Fundamental Aspects of Petroleum Geochemistry, Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 77-108
[4] Crane.(1981). ‘Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe, ’’ Technical Paper no.
410 by Company, New York.
[5] Cheng. (n.d.).
[6] Dickey, P.A. (1981). Petroleum Development Geology, 2nd ed., Tulsa, OK, Penn W eU
Publishing, pp. 194-226
[7] Fletcher, L.(1984). ‘‘Design and Operation of Pipeline Control Systems,’’ Proceedings
of a session sponsored by the Pipeline Division of ASCE (San Francisco, Oct. 5, 1984),
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
[8] Glover. (n.d.). F o r m a t i o n E v a l u a t i o n.
[9] Haard. (2006). Oil and gas production handbook: An introduction to oil and gas
production. An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production, 115.
[10] Hein, M.A.(1984). HP41 Pipeline Hydraulics and Heat-Transfer Programs, PennWell
Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1984
[11] J. Vincent-Genod,(1984). Fundamentals of Pipeline Engineering, Gulf Publishing,

Houston.
[12] Ma, Chen, & Zhao. (2016). Overview on vertical and directional drilling technologies
for the exploration and exploitation of deep petroleum resources. Geomechanics and
Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 2(4), 365–395.
[13] Maurice, S. (2016). Surface Production Operations Volume III, Facility Piping and
Pipeline Systems, pp. 426-427, 2016.
77
[14] Sachanen, AN. (1950). Hydrocarbons in petroleum. ln: Brooks, B.T. & Dunstan, A.E.,
eds, The Science of Petroleum, VoL. V, Part l, Crude Oils. Chemical and Physical Properties,
London, Oxford University Press, pp. 72-77
[15] Speight, J.G. (1980) The Chemistry and Technology 01 Petroleum, New York, Marcel
Dekker, pp.49-78
78
Webography
[1] https://www.eia.gov/
[2] http://www.eppm.com.tn/en-us/ourprojects/completedprojects.aspx
[3] http://lavteam.org/tags/AspenTech/
[4] https://www.software.slb.com/products/pipesim
[5] https://www.softpedia.com/get/Multimedia/Graphic/Graphic-Others/SpacEyes3D-
Viewer.shtml
[6] https://www.petronas.com/join-us/be-our-partner/pcihbv-tender
[7] https://businessgateways.com/dsog/products/wellhead-gate-valves-christmas-tree-
prodcode-36791
[8] https://earthworks.org/issues/gathering_pipelines/
[9] https://outrunchange.com/2012/09/17/multiple-wells-drilled-on-one-site-and-walking-rigs-
isnt-human-ingenuity-grand/
[10] http://www.oilscams.org/pad-drilling
79
APPENDIX A
Table A.1: codes and standards
Process and Mechanical
ANSI B16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
American Petroleum Institute (API)
API RP 14E Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Oshore Products
Platform
API RP 520 Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refiner-
ies
API RP 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Instal-
lations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Division I and Division
2
API RP 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring System
API STD 526 Flanged Steel Safety-Relief Valves
API RP 551 Process Measurement Instrumentation
API 598 Valve Inspections and Test
API 620 Designs and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks
API MPMS 5.3 Metering, Measurement of Liquid HC by Turbine Meter
API MPMS 14.3 Natural Gas Fluids Measurement, Concentric, Square-Edged Orifice Me-
ters
ASTM D4777 Standard practice for automatic sampling of petroleum and petroleum prod-
ucts
ASME B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose
ASME B16.5 Pipe flanges and flanged fittings, steel nickel alloy and other special alloys
ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and other liquids
ASME SEC VIII Div.1 Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
ASME Sec. VIII Div.2 Alternative Rules for construction of Pressure Vessel
ASME Sect.II Material specifications
ASME Sect. IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
ASME Sect. IX Qualification standard for welding and brazing procedure, welders, brazers
and welding and brazing operators
AWS American Welding Association
AWWA American Water Works Association
80
EN10204 Metallic Products - Types of Inspection Documents
ISO 1940 Part 1 Mechanical Vibration-Balance Quality Requirements of Rigid Rotors
WRC 297 Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells due to External loadings on Nozzles
WRC 537 Precision Equations and Enhanced Diagrams for Local Stresses in Spheri-
cal and Cylindrical Shells due to external loadings for implementation of
WRC Bulletin 107
Instrumentation
American Petroleum Institute (API)
API MPMS Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards

API STD 520 Part 1 Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refiner-
ies Part 1 - Sizing and Selection
API RP 520 Part 2 Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in
Refineries Part 2 – Installation
API STD 521 Guide for Pressure-relieving and Depressurizing Systems. Petroleum and
natural gas industries-Pressure-relieving and Depressurizing systems
API RP 551 Process Measurement Instrumentation
API STD 599 Metal Plug Valves - Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends
API SPEC 6D Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Pipeline Transportation

Systems - Pipeline Valves
API SPEC 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves
API STD 607 Testing of Valves - Fire Type-testing Requirements
API Chapter 5 Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbon by Coriolis Meter Measurement of

Liquid Hydrocarbon by Ultrasonic Flowmeters using Transit Time Technol-
ogy
API RP-14C Recommended Practice for Analysis Design, Installation and Testing of
Basic Surface Safety Systems on Offshore Production Platforms
ASME Codes
ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings
ASME B16.10 Face to Face and End to End Dimensions of Valves
ASME B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
ASME B16.34 Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B46.1 Surface Texture Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay
ASME PTC19.3 Temperature Measurements
British Standards
BSI BS EN 50288-7 Instrumentation cables part 1 : Specification for Polyethylene Insulated Ca-
bles.
81
BS 6121-1 Mechanical cable glands-Part 1 Armour glands. Requirements and test
methods
BS 60228:2005 Conductors of insulated cables
BS EN 61280 Fibre optic communication subsystem test procedures
BS 7655 Specification for Insulating and Sheathing Materials for Cables
BSI BS EN 60801-2 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial-process measurement and con-

trol equipment.
BS 6701 Telecommunications equipment and telecommunications cabling-Specifica-
tion for installation, operation and maintenance
BS 7083 Guide to the accommodation and operating environment for information
technology (IT) equipment
BS 5308, Part 1 Multi-pair PE Insulated Instrumentation Cabled
BS 6222 Specification for cables with extruded Cross-linked Polyethlene Insulation
BS 6360 Specification for Conductors in Insulated Cables and Cords
BSI BS EN 60079 Explosive atmosphere
BS EN 50014 Apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres
BS EN 50020 Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres. Intrinsic safety
Instrumentation System
and Automation Society
(ISA)
ISA-12.04.04 Pressurized Enclosures
ISA-5.1 Instrumentation Symbols and Identification
ISA 75.01.01 Industrial-Process Control Valves - Part 2-1: Flow Capacity - Sizing Equa-
tions for Fluid Flow Under Installed Conditions
ISA 75.02.01 Control Valve Capacity Test Procedures
ISA 75.08.1 Face-to-Face Dimensions for Integral Flanged Globe Style Control Valve
Bodies (Classes125,150,250,300 and 600)
ISA 75.11.01 Inherent Flow Characteristic and Rangeability of Control Valves
ISA 75.17 Control Valve Aerodynamic Noise Prediction
ISA 75.19.01 Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves
ISA 20 Specification Forms for Process Measurement and Control Instruments,

Primary Elements and Control Valves
ISA 51.1 Process Instrumentation Terminology
ANSI/ISA-S75.01 Flow Equation for Sizing of Control Valves
ANSI/ISA-S75.02 Control Valve Capacity Test Procedures
ANSI/ISA-S75.08 Face-to-Face Dimensions for Integral Flanged Globe Style Control valve
Bodies (Classes125,150,250,300 and 600)
82
ANSI/ISA-S75.11 Inherent Flow Characteristic and Rangeability of Control Valves
ANSI/ISA-S75.17 Control Valve Aerodynamic Noise Prediction
ANSI/ISA –S75.19 Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves
ANSI / FCI 70.2 Control Valve seat leakage
International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 5167 Measurement of Fluid Flow by means of Pressure Differential Devices In-
serted in Circular Cross-Section Conduits running Full
ISO 5208 Industrial valves - Pressure testing of metallic valves
ISO 3511 Measurement Control Functions and Instrumentation – Symbolic Repre-

sentation
ISO 5168 Measurement of Fluid Flow. Estimation of Uncertainty of a Flow Rate
Measurement
ISO/TR 7066 Assessment of Uncertainty in Calibration and Use of Flow Measurement
Devices
ISO 9001 Quality Systems - Model for Quality Assurance in Design/Development,
Production, Installation and Servicing
ISO 9004 Quality Management and Quality System Elements – Guidelines
European Standards
EN 50014 European Standards for Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive At-
mospheres – General Requirement
EN 50018 European Standards for Electrical Apparatus for explosive Atmosphere –
Flame Proof‘d’
EN 50019 European Standards for Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive At-
mosphere –Increased Safety’s.
EN 60079-0 Explosive Atmospheres - Part 0; Equipment - General requirements
EN 60079-1 Explosive atmospheres-Part 1; Equipment protection by flameproof enclo-

sures "d"
EN 60079-7 Explosive atmospheres-Part 1; Equipment protection by increased safety
"e"
EN 50081-2 Electromagnetic compatibility. Generic emission standard. Industrial envi-
ronment
International Electrotech-
nical Commission (IEC)
DS/EN 60529 Degrees for protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 60028 International Standard of Resistance for Copper
IEC 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres
IEC 60079-14 Electrical Installation in explosive gas atmospheres.
83
IEC 60228 Conductors of insulated cables
IEC 60331 Fire resistance characteristics of electric cables
IEC 60332 Tests on electric cables under fire conditions
IEC 60381 Analogue Signals for Process Control Systems
IEC 60445 Basic and Safety Principles for Man-Machine Interface, Marking and Iden-
tification – identification of Conductors by Colours or numerals
IEC 60529 Classification of Degrees of Protection Provided by the Enclosures.
IEC 60534-2-1 Sizing Equations for fluid flow under installed conditions
IEC 60534-2-2 Sizing Equation for Compressible Fluid
IEC 60534-3-1 Face-to-Face Dimension for Flanged, Globe Control Valves
IEC 60534-8-3 Control Valve Aerodynamics Noise Prediction Method
IEC 60534-8-4 Control Valve Hydrodynamic Noise Prediction
IEC 60584.1 Reference Tables – Thermocouples
IEC 60605 Equipment Reliability Testing
IEC 60654 Operating Condition for Industrial Process Measurement and Control
Equipment
IEC 60751 Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometer Sensors and Thermocouples
IEC 60754 Tests on Gases Evolved during Combustion of Materials from Cables
IEC 60811 Common Test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric
cables
IEC 60885 Electrical test methods for electric cables
IEC 61000 Electromagnetic Compatibility
IEC 61034 Measurement of Smoke Density of Cables Burning under Defined Condi-
tions
84
APPENDIX B
Figure B.1: Wellpad G plot
85
Figure B.2: Wellpad G plot
86
Figure B.3: Extracting coordinates
Figure B.4: Fittings and valves
87
Résumé : Après le forage et l’achèvement des puits, les fluides de formation sont produits à
la surface à la tête du puits, puis acheminés par des conduites jusqu’aux installations de
production. La conception du pipeline est cruciale à la fois pour maximiser le débit de pétrole /
gaz et pour minimiser les temps d'arrêt et démarrage. La conception implique l’essai et la
simulation de plusieurs scénarios potentiels de pétrole et de gaz afin de fournir les fluides
produits à l’installation de séparation aux conditions de pression et de température
recommandées. Plusieurs facteurs doivent être inclus dans l’étude, tels que le débit du fluide,
le diamètre de la conduite.
Mots-clés : pipeline , conception, scenarios
Abstract: After the successful drilling and completion of wells, the formation fluids are
produced to the surface at the wellhead and then transported by pipelines to the production
facilities. The design of the pipelines is crucial both for maximizing the oil/gas throughput, as
well as for minimizing the shutdown and start up times. The design involves testing and
simulation of several possible oil/gas exploitation scenarios, in order to deliver the produced
fluids to the separation facility at the recommended pressure and temperature conditions.
Several factors should be included in the study, such as fluid flowrate, temperature and diameter
of the pipe. Keywords: pipeline, conception, scenarios
Nom et Adresse de l’établissement où a été réalisé le Projet de Fin d’Etude :
Nom: ENGINEERING PROCUREMENT & PROJECT MANAGEMENT (EPPM)
Adresse: Silver Street, Fatma Building Lake gardens–1053 Tunis-Tunisia TN
Téléphone : +216 71 16 81 00
Email : eppm@eppm.com.tn
88

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Ministry of Higher Education

and Scientific Research

Final Graduation Project of The

July 1,2019 in front of the following jury:

Mr. Hassen Boualia (Dr.process engineer) Examiner

Mr. Anis Smida (Chemical industrial engineer) University supervisor

Mrs. Sarra Ben Ayed (Process engineer) Industrial supervisor

Project carried out in collaboration with

ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would

My sincere gratitude and great thanks go to Mr. Anis SMIDA,

Many thanks go to, Professor at and president of jury

Finally, it is with immense gratitude that we thank all the pro-

I dedicate this work to the memory of my father Mohamed BARAGOUI, who

To my beloved mother Samira and my little sister Yasmine, my source of

Table 1: Resistance coefficients for pipefittings (Maurice, 2016) ................................................... 45

API American Petroleum Institute

Measured Quantity Preferred Unit Designation

Gas Flowrate MMSCFD Million Standard Cubic feet per Day

With increasing consumption and ever-increasing conventional and unconventional resources,

Figure 2:Total primary energy consumption (source: EIA )

Figure 3: Crude oil proved reserve (source: EIA)

The last one is a revelation of the results.

a) Engineering tools and resources

• the procurement management that defines the preparation of project QHSE

c) Operating and maintenance services

• Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Revamping of flaring system in Hassi

Figure 5: The lube oil recycling plant (source: EPPM page)

• Provision of Engineering, Procurement, Construction And Commissioning (Epcc) For

EPPM has achieved approximately 40 projects:

• Waste Water Treatment Plant of SOUR El GHOZLENE in 2005 with SONATRACH

Figure 8: Electrical Power Plant Rades

• PROVISION OF ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT, CONSTRUCTION AND

II. Project overview

II. Crude oil: formation, composition and characteristics

Crude oil has been defined as a mixture of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic,(naphthenic) and

b) Non-Hydrocarbons or Hetero-Atomic Compounds

• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

The dynamic viscosity is measured following this equation:

III. Oil reservoir classification

control on its pressure-volume-temperature properties, which define the relative volumes

IV. Production wells

1. Well pad drilling

Figure 18: Illustration of wellpad (source: outrum change)

V. Oil production plant

Figure 20: Christmas tree (source: business gateways)

• Manifolds and gathering

Figure 21:Manifold (source : haard, 2006)

• Metering, storage and export

o Production header where all flowlines are connected

o Test header where a single flow line is routed for analysis

purposes (GOR Gas to oil ratio, water cut)

o Test system (mainly test separator or multiphase flow meter)

o Pig trap launcher

VI. Hydrocarbon liquid pipelines

A gathering system consists of a line downstream of field manifolds or wellhead

A transmission line consists of a cross-country piping system for transporting gas or

A well flowline identifies a two-phase line from a wellhead to a production manifold or

Figure 22: Some types of pipelines (source: earthwaroks)

5. Major pipeline facilities layout

𝜌 = mixture density (lbm/ft3),

Ve = erosional velocity threshold (ft/s),

C = 125 for intermittent service,