A viola (pronounced vee-Oh-la) is a musical instrument which is similar to

the violin and cello. The viola sounds lower than a violin, but higher than a cello. It
has four strings, called the C, G, D, and A strings. The highest string is the A. The
viola is played with a bow in the right hand. Playing with the bow is called arco.
The cello (/ˈtʃɛloʊ/ CHEL-oh;
plural cellos or celli) or violoncello (/
ˌvaɪələnˈtʃɛloʊ/ VY-ə-lən-CHEL-oh;[1] Italian
pronunciation: [vjolonˈtʃɛllo]) is a bowed, and
sometimes plucked, string instrument with
four strings tuned in perfect fifths. The
strings from low to high are generally tuned
to C2, G2, D3 and A3, an octave lower than the viola.

The cello is used as a solo musical

instrument, as well as in chamber
musicensembles (e.g., string quartet), string
orchestras, as a member of the string
section of symphony orchestras, and some
types of rock bands. It is the second-largest
and second lowest (in pitch) bowed string
instrument in the modern symphony
orchestra, the double bass being the largest
and having the lowest (deepest) pitch.
The string bass (pronounced like
‘base”) is the largest member of the
string family. Other names for this
instrument include the bass viol, the
stand-up bass or frequently simply the
bass. Like the other string
instruments, sound is produced by
drawing a bow across the strings or by
plucking the strings. Since the bass is
the largest of the string instruments, it
is also the lowest.

Like other string instruments

the bass comes in just two pieces, the
instrument and the bow. The bow uses
horsehair or a synthetic material to
vibrate the strings as it is drawn over
the instrument. The bow should be
tightened to just the right tension
before it is used and loosened before it
is put away.
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of
individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings
are plucked with the fingers. Harps have been known since antiquity
in Asia, Africa and Europe, dating back at least as early as 3500 BCE.
The instrument had great popularity in Europe during the Middle Ages
and Renaissance, where it evolved into a wide range of variants with
new technologies, and was disseminated to Europe's colonies, finding
particular popularity in Latin America. 

Harps vary globally in many ways. In terms of size, many

smaller harps can be played on the lap, whereas larger harps are
quite heavy and rest on the floor. Different harps may use strings
of catgut, nylon, metal, or some combination. While all harps have
aneck, resonator, and strings, frame harps have a pillar at their long
end to support the strings, while open harps, such as arch
harps and bow harps, do not. Modern harps also vary in techniques
used to extend the range and chromaticism (e.g., adding sharps and
flats) of the strings, such as adjusting a string's note mid-performance
with levers or pedals which modify the pitch.
The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group.
Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is
anaerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from
the flow of air across an opening. According to the instrument
classification of Hornbostel–Sachs, flutes are categorized as edge-blown
aerophones.[1] 

Flutes are the earliest extant musical instruments, as paleolithic

instruments with hand-bored holes have been found. A number of flutes
dating to about 43,000 to 35,000 years ago have been found in
the Swabian Jura region of present-dayGermany. These flutes
demonstrate that a developed musical tradition existed from the earliest
period of modern human presence in Europe.
The piccolo[1] /ˈpɪkəloʊ/ (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpikkolo]; Italian for "small", but
named ottavino in Italy)[2] is a half-size flute, and a member of
the woodwind family of musical instruments. The modern piccolo has most of the
same fingerings as its larger sibling, thestandard transverse flute,[3] but the sound
it produces is an octave higher than written. This gave rise to the
name ottavino (Italian for "little octave"), the name by which the instrument is
referred to in the scores of Italian composers.
The clarinet is a musical-instrument family belonging to the group known as
the woodwind instruments. It has a single-reedmouthpiece, a straight cylindrical tube
with an almost cylindrical bore, and a flared bell. A person who plays a clarinet is called
aclarinetist (sometimes spelled clarinettist).

While the similarity in sound between the earliest clarinets and the trumpet may
hold a clue to its name, other factors may have been involved. During the Late Baroque
era, composers such as Bach and Handel were making new demands on the skills of
their trumpeters, who were often required to play difficult melodic passages in the
high, or as it came to be called, clarion register.
Oboes (/ˈoʊboʊ/ OH-boh) are a family of double reed woodwind instruments. The most
common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range. Oboes are usually made of wood, but
there are also oboes made of synthetic materials. A soprano oboe measures roughly
65 cm (25 1⁄2 in) long, with metal keys, a conical bore and a flared bell. Sound is produced
by blowing into the reed and vibrating a column of air. The distinctive tone is versatile
and has been described as "bright".[1] When oboe is used alone, it is generally taken to
mean the treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family, such as the cor
anglais (English horn) or oboe d'amore.
The saxophone (also referred to as the sax) is
a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones
are usually made of brass and played with
a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of
the clarinet.[2] Like the clarinet, saxophones
have holes in the instrument which the player
closes using a system of key mechanisms.
When the player presses a key, a pad either
covers a hole or lifts off a hole, lowering or
raising the pitch, respectively.

The saxophone family was invented by the

Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840.
The saxophone is used in classical music (such
as concert bands, chamber music, solo
repertoire, and,
occasionally, orchestras),military
bands, marching bands, and jazz (such as big
bands and jazz combos).
The cor anglais (UK: /ˌkɔːr ˈɒŋɡleɪ/, US: /ˌkɔːr ɑːŋˈɡleɪ/[1][2] or original French: [kɔʁ ɑ̃ɡlɛ];[3] plural: cors anglais)
or English horn in North America, is a double-reed woodwind instrument in the oboe family. It is
approximately one and a half times the length of an oboe.

The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F, a perfect fifth lower than the oboe (a C
instrument). This means that music for the cor anglais is written a perfect fifth higher than the instrument
actually sounds. The fingering and playing technique used for the cor anglais are essentially the same as those
of the oboe and oboists typically double on the cor anglais when required. The cor anglais normally lacks the
lowest B♭ key found on most oboes and so its sounding range stretches from E3 (written B♮) below middle Cto
C6 two octaves above middle C.
The bassoon is a woodwind
instrument in the double reed family
that typically plays music written in
the bass and tenor clefs, and
occasionally the treble. Appearing in its
modern form in the 19th century, the
bassoon figures prominently
in orchestral, concert band,
and chamber music literature. The
bassoon is a non-transposing
instrument known for its distinctive tone
colour, wide range, variety of character
and agility. Listeners often compare its
warm, dark, reedy timbre to that of a
male baritone voice. Someone who
plays the bassoon is called a bassoonist.
The contrabassoon, also known as
the double bassoon, is a larger
version of the bassoon, sounding an
octave lower. Its technique is similar
to its smaller cousin, with a few
notable differences.

To accommodate all that

length, the bore doubles back twice
on itself like a paper clip in contrast
to the bassoon's hairpin shape. The
reeds, too, are thicker and heavier,
and the fingering is different. The
contrabassoon's lowest notes are the
lowest of the orchestra, and the
instrument's deep profound buzz was
thought suitable only for
reinforcement of bass lines until
modern composers were able to find
delight in the contrabassoon's
strangeness. This is another of the
instruments Beethoven introduced
into symphonic repertory with his
Fifth Symphony.
Bass (/ˈbeɪs/ BAYSS) describes musical
instruments that produce tones in the low-
pitched range C4- C2. They belong to different families
of instruments and can cover a wide range of musical
roles. Since producing low pitches usually requires a
long air column or string, the string and wind bass
instruments are usually the largest instruments in their
families or instrument classes.

Examples grouped by general form and playing

technique include:

 Double bass from the viol or violin family

(usually the instrument referred to as a "bass"
in European classical music and jazz. Sometimes
called a "string bass" to differentiate it from a "brass
bass" or "bass horn", or an "upright bass" to
differentiate it from a "bass guitar")
 Bass guitar and acoustic bass guitar,
instruments shaped, constructed and held (or worn)
like guitars, that play in the bass range. The electric
bass guitar is usually the instrument referred to as a
"bass" in pop and rock music.
A trumpet is a blown musical instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet
group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpet-like instruments
have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to at
least 1500 BC; they began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century.
[1]
 Trumpets are used in art music styles, for instance in orchestras, concert bands, and jazz ensembles,
as well as inpopular music. They are played by blowing air through nearly-closed lips (called the
player's embouchure), producing a "buzzing" sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air
column inside the instrument. Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed
of brass tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape.
The French horn (since the 1930s known simply as the "horn" in some professional music circles) is a brass
instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell. The double horn in F/B♭ (technically a variety
of German horn) is the horn most often used by players in professional orchestras and bands. A musician who plays
any kind of horn is generally referred to as a horn player(or less frequently, a hornist).

Pitch is controlled through the combination of the following factors: speed of propulsion of air through the
instrument (controlled by the player's lungs and thoracic diaphragm); diameter and tension of lip aperture (controlled
by the player's lip muscles—theembouchure) in the mouthpiece; plus, in a modern French horn, the operation of
valves by the left hand, which route the air into extra sections of tubing.[2] Most horns have lever-operated rotary
valves, but some, especially older horns, use piston valves (similar to atrumpet's) and the Vienna horn uses double-
piston valves, or pumpenvalves. The backward-facing orientation of the bell relates to the perceived desirability to
create a subdued sound, in concert situations, in contrast to the more piercing quality of the trumpet.
The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when
the player's vibrating lips (embouchure) cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Nearly all
trombones have a telescoping slide mechanismthat varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch.
Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument.
Variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet.

The word trombone derives from Italian tromba (trumpet) and -one (a suffix meaning "large"), so the

name means "large trumpet". The trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like its valved counterpart
the baritone and in contrast to its conical valved counterparts, the euphonium and the horn. The most
frequently encountered trombones are the tenor trombone and bass trombone. 
The tuba (UK: /ˈtjuːbə/ or US: /
ˈtuːbə/;[1] Italian
pronunciation: [ˈtuːba]) is the
largest and lowest-pitched
musical instrument in the brass
family. Like all brass instruments,
sound is produced by moving air
past the lips, causing them to
vibrate or "buzz" into a large
cuppedmouthpiece. It first
appeared in the mid 19th-
century, making it one of the
newer instruments in the modern
orchestra and concert band. The
tuba largely replaced
the ophicleide.[2] Tuba is Latin for
'trumpet'
Timpani (/ˈtɪmpəni/;[2] Italian pronunciation: [ˈtimpani]) or kettledrums (also informally
called timps)[2] are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum, they consist of a
skin called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionally made ofcopper. Most modern timpani
are pedal timpani and can be tuned quickly and accurately to specific pitches by skilled players
through the use of a movable foot-pedal.. They are played by striking the head with a
specialized drum stick called a timpani stick or timpani mallet. Timpani evolved from military
drums to become a staple of the classical orchestra by the last third of the 18th century. Today,
they are used in many types of ensembles, including concert bands, marching bands, orchestras,
and even in some rock.

Timpani is an Italian plural, the singular of which is timpano. However, in English the term timpano is
only widely in used by practicioners: several are more typically referred to collectively
as kettledrums, timpani, temple drums, timp-toms, or timps. They are also often incorrectly
termed timpanis. A musician who plays timpani is a timpanist.
 Chime (bell instrument), an array of large bells, typically housed in a tower and played from a keyboard
 An instrument of this kind with 23 bells or more is known as a carillon
 The chimes produced by a striking clock to announce the hours
 Bar chimes also known as a Mark tree, a series of many small chimes of decreasing length, arranged
horizontally
 Chime bars, individual instruments similar to glockenspiel bars but with resonators
 Macintosh startup chime, the sound a Macintosh computer makes on startup
 Tubular bell, or chimes, a percussion instrument struck with hammers
 Warning chime, a sound used in machinery or computers to alert users of a dangerous condition
 Wind chime or Aeolian chime, suspended bells sounded when blown together by the wind
A cymbal is a common percussion instrument. Often used in pairs, cymbals consist of thin,
normally round plates of various alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although
small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a definite note (see: crotales).
Cymbals are used in many ensembles ranging from the orchestra, percussion ensembles, jazz
bands, heavy metal bands, and marching groups. Drum kits usually incorporate at least
a crash, ride or crash/ride, and a pair of hi-hat cymbals. A player of cymbals is known as
a cymbalist.
The xylophone (from the Greek words ξύλον—xylon, "wood"[1] + φωνή—phōnē, "sound, voice",[2] meaning
"wooden sound") is amusical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars struck
by mallets. Each bar is an idiophone tuned to a pitch of a musical scale, whether pentatonic or heptatonic in
the case of many African and Asian instruments, diatonic in many western children's instruments,
or chromatic for orchestral use.

The term xylophone may be used generally, to include all such instruments such as

the marimba, balafon and even the semantron. However, in the orchestra, the term xylophone refers
specifically to a chromatic instrument of somewhat higher pitch range and driertimbre than the marimba,
and these two instruments should not be confused.
A snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head
is struck with a drum stick, due to the use of a series of stiff wires held under tension against the lower skin.
Snare drums are often used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps,
and more. It is one of the central pieces in a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be
played by a seated drummer, which is used in many genres of music. Snare drums are usually played
with drum sticks, but other beaters such as the brush or the rute can be used to achieve very different
sounds. The snare drum is a versatile and expressive percussion instrument due its sensitivity and
responsiveness. The sensitivity of the snare drum allows it to respond audibly to the softest strokes, even
with a wire brush; as well, it can be used for complex rhythmic patterns and engaging solos at moderate
volumes. Its high dynamic range allows the player to produce powerful accents with vigorous strokes and a
thundering crack (120+ dB) when rimshot strokes are used.
The triangle is an idiophone type of musical instrument in the percussion family. It is a bar of metal,
usually steel but sometimes other metals like beryllium copper, bent into a triangle shape. The instrument
is usually held by a loop of some form of thread or wire at the top curve. It was first made around the 16th
century in England.

The triangle is a musical instrument with three sides and curved corners. There is always one corner
where the sides do not join. This makes it possible for the instrument to vibrate.
The player holds a small piece of string or leather from which the triangle is hanging, and he makes a
sound by hitting the triangle with a metal beater. In orchestras, where the percussionist may be playing
several percussion instruments, the triangle may hang from a stand so that the player can move quickly to
another instrument.
 Project
In
MAPEH
Submitted to: Mrs. Tan Nery
Submitted by: Marylite Trisha Jordan