What is Mathematics?
o Johannes Widmann – “+ and –“ symbol
- The word mathematics comes from Ancient
Greek “mathema” means “that which is learnt”
“study” or “science”.
Types of pattern
1. Fractals – snowflakes, trees branching,
lightning, ferns
2. Symmetry – butterfly, starfish, honey comb,
human face, sea shell, sea anemone
3. Spiral – red cabbage, galaxy, seed head of
sunflower, millipede,
4. Spot and Stripes – tiger, zebra, leopard,
ladybird, cattle fish, royal angel fish
5. Tessellations – snakes, alligator, honey comb
6. Dunes and waves – wind waves, ocean waves,
sand dunes, ripples
7. Cracks – bark, droughtness of soil, cooled basalt
8. Voronoi – honey combs, head of the garlic, skin
of giraffe, cells in a leaf
9. Foams and bubbles – gas bubbles, beer
bubbles, crockosomes
10. Chaos, flows, and meanders – bends in rivers,
salt pans of desert, kelp leaves
Mathematicians and their contribution
o Albert Einstein – E = mc2
o Thales – 5 theorems of geometry
o Leonardo Pisano Bigollo – Fibonacci Sequence
o Rene Descartes – Cartesian Coordinate System
o Archimedes – approximate value of Pi
o John Napier – Logarithm, use of decimal points
o Pythagoras – Pythagorean Theorem
o Plato – Theory of Forms
o Euclid – Father of Geometry
o Xenocrates – Book on numbers
o Hero of Alexandria – Square root of a number
o Erathosthenes – Circumference of earth,
symbol and logarithm
o Diophantus – father of Algebra
o Newton – Infinitesimal Calculus
o Lodovico Ferrari – devised formula for solution
of quartic equation
o Carl Friedrich Gauss – arithmetical
investigations, Gaussian curve
o John Venn – Venn Diagram
o Hipparchus – Father of Trigonometry
o Adrien-Marie Legendre – Elliptic integrals
o Charles Babbage – designed the first automatic
computing engine
o John Wallis – Infinity Symbol
o Alan Turing – Father of computer science
o Blaise Pascal – probability theory and binomial
coefficient
o Georg Cantor – Set theory, cantor’s theory
o George Boole – Boolean Algebra, modern
mathematical logic
o Aristotle – Deductive reasoning
o Diocles – parabola
o Leonhard Euler – fx, function, summation
o Muhammad Al-khwarizmi – father of modern
algebra
o Ptolemy – developed the more detailed
trigonometry table
o Luca Pacioli – father of accounting
o Ada Lovelase – 1st computer progarammer
o Aryabhata – accurate approximation of Pi
Set – well defined collection of objects. The object are
called elements of members of cells.
Set Theory – branch of mathematics that studies set or
mathematical science of infinite.
Two ways to represent sets
1. Roster method/ tabulation method – set are
enumerated and separated by a comma.
2. Rule method/ set builder notation – describes
the element or members of the set.
Types of sets:
1. Finite set – set whose elements are limited or
countable and the last element can be
identified.
2. Infinite set – set whose elements are unlimited
or uncountable and the last element cannot be
specified.
3. Unit set / singleton – set with only one
element.
4. Empty set – no element
5. Universal set – all set are assumed to be
contained in some large fixed set.
6. Cardinal numbers – a set is a number of
elements or members in the set.
7. Subset – every element of A is also on element
B.
 8. Proper subset – every element of A is in b but
there is at least one element of B that is not
written in A.
9. The symbol - not a proper subset.
10. Equal set – every element of A is in B and every
element of B is in A.

Relation – set of ordered pairs.

Function – is a relation in which for each value of the

first component of the ordered pairs, there is exactly
one value of the second component. (One to one, Many
to one)

Not a function – one to many

Difference table – shows the differences between

successive terms of the sequence.

Logic – science that deals with the principle and criteria

of validity of inference and demonstration.

- deals with formal principle of reason.

Purpose of logic – get the finest concussion of the any

stated premise.

Aristotle – Father of Logic

Types of Logic:

1. Deductive reasoning – general to specific (top-

down logic)
2. Inductive reason – Specific to general
- Used in prediction, forecasting, or behavior

Proposition – a statement that has truth value.

Notation – we shall represent proposition by lower-case

letter.

Compound proposition – modified propositions by

means of one or more logical operators.