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Assignment of Emmbedded System

Question1: An actuator is a component of a machine that is


responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system, for
example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover".

An actuator is a mechanical device that sets a system into automatic


motion. 

An actuator is a device that alters the physical quantity as it can


cause a mechanical component to move after getting some input
from the sensor. In other words, it receives control input
(generally in the form of the electrical signal) and generates a
change in the physical system through producing force, heat,
motion, etcetera.

A sensor is an electronic instrument that is able to measure the


physical quantity and generate a considerate output. 

Examples of actuators

 Comb drive
 Digital micromirror device
 Electric motor
 Electroactive polymer
 Hydraulic cylinder
 Piezoelectric actuator
 Pneumatic actuator
 Screw jack
 Servomechanism
 Solenoid
 Stepper motor
 Shape-memory alloy
 Thermal bimorph
Different Types of Actuators

Mechanical Actuator: In mechanical actuators normally a rotary


motion is converted into linear motion to perform an operation. Such
actuator normally involves gears, rails, pulley, chain, springs etc to operate.

 
A basic example of a mechanical actuator is chain block hoisting weight in
which mechanical motion of chain over the sprocket is utilized to lift a rated
load.

Pneumatic Actuator: Pneumatic energy is most commonly used


for actuators used for main engine controls. In this type, compressed air at
high pressure is used which converts this energy into either linear or rotary
motion.

The most Common example is Main engine pneumatic actuator for


changing of Roller Position over cam shaft for reversing.

Hydraulic Actuator: Unlike air, liquid cannot be compressed and


hence hydraulics generates higher energy than any other system. All
systems involving high loads are operated by hydraulic actuators in which
oil pressure is applied on mechanical actuator to give an output in terms of
rotary or linear motion.
 

Basic example is steering gear of ship in which hydraulic pressure is used


to move the rudder actuator.

Electrical Actuator: It is one of the cleanest and readily available


forms of actuating system as it does not involve oil; as there is no need to
compress air, hence no extra machinery. Electrical energy is always
available on ship. The electrical energy is used to actuate a mechanical
system using magnetic field i.e. EMF. Basic example are electrical motor
operated valve and magnetic valve actuator or solenoid valve.
In solenoid valve the electrical signal which will magnetize the upper
portion of the valve, which will then attract the valve seat and open the
system. When electrical supply is removed, valve gets shut by spring
action.

Key Differences Between Sensors and Actuators


1. A sensor is a device that changes a physical parameter to
an electrical output. As against, an actuator is a device
that converts an electrical signal to a physical output.
2. The sensor is situated at the input port to take the input,
whereas an actuator is placed at the output port.
3. Sensor generates electrical signals while an actuator
results in the production of energy in the form of heat or
motion.
4. Magnetometer, cameras, microphones are some of the
examples in which the sensor is used. In contrast, actuators
are used in the LED, loudspeaker, motor controllers, laser.

5.
6. Different Types of Sensors
The following is a list of different types of sensors that are commonly used
in various applications. All these sensors are used for measuring one of the
physical properties like Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance,
Conduction, Heat Transfer etc.

 Temperature Sensor
 Proximity Sensor
 Accelerometer
 IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
 Pressure Sensor
 Light Sensor
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
 Touch Sensor
 Color Sensor
 Humidity Sensor
 Tilt Sensor
 Flow and Level Sensor

Classification of Sensors
There are several classifications of sensors made by different authors and experts.
Some are very simple and some are very complex. The following classification of
sensors may already be used by an expert in the subject but this is a very simple
classification of sensors.

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