Angela Nguyen

Period 1
8/21/10
Ch1: The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England
The Protestant Movement

• Catholic Church was powerful and wealthy, many popes were corrupt

• 1517 Martin Luther wanted reform

o “Ninety-five Theses” condemned Catholic practices

o Indulgences: paying money for the pardoning of sins

o 3 major beliefs— people can only be saved by grace (gift from God);
clergy/popes aren’t needed as mediators between God and people; the bible is the
ultimate authority

• Peasants and princes were inspired and rebelled against their lords but Luther feared
social revolution and advocated obedience
o Peace of Augsburg (1555) divided Germany to North (Lutherans) and South
(Catholics)

• John Calvin preached about God’s omnipotence and human weakness

o “Institutes of the Christian Religion” (1536)

o Predestination: idea that God chooses who goes to heaven before they are born

• King Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church & created the Church of England so
that he could annul his marriage
o Queen Elizabeth I (daughter/successor) added the Lutheran belief of salvation and
the Calvinist belief of predestination to the church… changed mass to English and
made a hierarchy of bishops and archbishops
o Radicals didn’t like this compromise (bishops=evil) and wanted a Presbyterian
Church
o Puritans wanted to get rid of Catholic teachings and idolizing practices…
eventually migrated to N. America

The Dutch and English Challenge Spain

 • Luther called for reform 2 years before Cortes started conquest for Aztec empire… made
Spain the wealthiest nation (King Philip II)

• Dutch and Flemish revolted against Spain to protect Calvinist beliefs and political
freedom, becoming the Dutch Republic (now Holland) in 1581
o Elizabeth I sent troops to help the Dutch and destroyed the Spanish fleet

• Philip continued to spend money on religious wars, weakening Spain’s economy—

Holland on the other hand prospered

• England also became more powerful with its growing economy

o Outwork (merchants buy wool from owners and hire peasants to make it cloth)

o Mercantilism: the gov’t helps manufacturing and trade, set low wages and award
monopolies in foreign markets — led the way to colonization

Social Causes of English Colonization

• Growth of English population caused economic hardship

• Price Revolution (caused by Philip II) caused inflation cuz of American gold
o Aristocrat income fell while gentry (rich non-nobles) and yeomen (middle class)
rose
o Encouraged representative gov’t —nobles (House of Lords) lost influence in
Parliament while the House of Commons gained more
o Caused textile expansion; passed enclosure acts, which let owners fence open
fields and let sheep graze

• 1600 “Little Ice Age” destroyed crops

o Indenture (contract that gives a passage to America for 4-5 years of work
without wage)

Ch2: The Invasion and Settlement of North America (1550-1700)

The Rival Imperial Models of Spain, France, and Holland

New Spain: Colonization and Conversion

• 1560 Spanish gave up search for gold in America and focused on gaining land; King
Philip II ordered colonists to get rid of the Frenchmen (“evil Lutherans”) who were
settling in Florida
o St. Augustine became the 1st permanent Euro settlement

• Spanish Christianization
o Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries (1573): Native pacification was
missionaries’ job
o Spanish attacked natives’ culture/polygamy & ignored laws that protected the
natives and enslaved

• Popé and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680:

o At 1st Natives tolerated the Spaniards because they feared military retaliation, but
after diseases, droughts, and raids, many Pueblo ppl returned to their ancestral
religion
o 1598 (Pueblo ppl retaliated against soldiers seizing their corn/clothes… the
Spaniards murdered 800 people  settlers left New Mexico bcuz of natives’
inhospitality, but returned in 1610)
o Popé carefully coordinated a rebellion in 1680 and was able to get the Spaniards
to flee … a decade later Spain took control again and repressed Native
rebellion agreed to let them practice their own religion and ended forced labor
for a dependent position in New Mexico and protection against Apaches and
Comanches

New France: Furs, Souls, and Warfare

• French also tried Christianization

• 1530s Cartier claimed lands around Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada)

• 1608 1st permanent settlement was Quebec (Canada), founded by Champlain

o Struggled in 1627 after minister gave control to the Company of One Hundred
Associates… the company agreed to send out 4,000 settlers but fell short

• 1662 King Louis XIV turned New France into a royal colony
 o Supported migration of indentured servants, terms were better than those of
English colonies, but still few migrated (didn’t want to give up their rights to their
village lands and thought New France was foreboding)
o Became a fur-trade colony, traveling further south and west

• Diseases killed Natives and guns caused many wars

o Iroquois rising to power quickly

o 5 nations: Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mohawks

o Gained control of fur trade w/ French in Quebec and Dutch in New Amsterdam

o Made peace w/the French and allowed Jesuit missionaries to live with them 
religious factions; Christian Indians moved to French missions and traditionalists
took control of the 5 nations

• Jesuits (French Catholic Priests who wanted to stop Protestant Reformation) respected
Native values and changed their religious beliefs to better fit the Iroquois

New Netherland: Commerce and Conquest

• Holland became one of the popular trading places in northern Europe; Dutch dominated
banking, insurance, and textile industries

• Created a colony in America (New Netherland) for more supplies

o Colony didn’t attract too many settlers but was successful with its fur trade

o Patroon: landholder who was given proprietary/manorial rights for bringing 50

settlers

o Took land from Algonquians 2 year war, Dutch formed alliance with the
Mohawks

• West India Company started focusing more on African slaves and sugar plantations

• The Dutch settlers were given a lot of freedom from the Duke of York, but after a Dutch
attack the duke became more oppressive…
o Dutch resisted and were overall independent from England

The English Arrive: The Chesapeake Experience

Settling the Tobacco Colonies

 • 1st settlements lacked direct support/$ from the English gov’t and therefore failed 
merchants took charge and focused on trade

• Jamestown was est. in Virgina; many died cuz of sanitation + no fresh water or food
o Algonquian Indians treated them as potential allies; Chief Powhatan wanted to
integrate the colonists peacefully and arranged a marriage between Pocahontas &
Rolfe
o Rolfe turned out to have brought tobacco seeds, which brought many settlers to
Virginia  Powhatan believed he came to take their land

• Opechancanough was a Native who was taken to Spain & converted as a kid… after
returning to Virginia he wanted to remove all colonists and changed his name to
Massatamohtnock and organized the Indian Revolt of 1622
o Almost succeeded, but in the end caused James I to make Virginia a royal colony
and asserted more of his power over it

• Maryland was est. as a 2nd tobacco colony… King Charles I gave it to Lord Baltimore as
a refuge for Catholics
o The governor, Calvert, violated the agreement of “Advice, Assent, and
Approbation” and the ppl elected a representative assembly
o Toleration Act (1649) granted all Christians religious freedom

• Tobacco was Virginia and Maryland’s economy, life was still harsh though

Masters, Servants, and Slaves

• Servants moved to America in hopes of escaping poverty

• Blacks brought to Chesapeake as slaves, the English common law didn’t acknowledge
chattel slavery though (owning people as property)
o Decrease in the price of tobacco due to the Navigation Acts which allowed only
English ships to enter American ports + high production vs low demand

o People wanted to grow and make tobacco as cheaply as possible  black slaves
became more popular
o Passed laws that discriminated against blacks

o Governor Berkeley of Virginia was corrupt, bribed officials and excluded freemen
without land from voting
o Poor white freeholders wanted get rid of natives so that they could take the land,
but the wealthy wanted a cheap workers and to trade w/Natives
 o 1675— people defied Berkely’s orders and attacked the Susquehannock village

• Bacon’s Rebellion: unhappy with the lives of the poor men

o His men won his release from jail and legislative elections gave more power to
landless freemen … burned Jamestown (1675)
o After the rebellion plantation owners appeased lower class ppl by cutting taxes
and supporting white expansion (more reliance on black slaves)

Puritan New England

The Puritan Migration

• The Protestants brought children and women vs adventurers of other colonies

• Sailed on the Mayflower and settled near Cape Cod (Massachusetts), created Mayflower
Compact, the 1st American constitution, as a model its political structure (autonomous)

• In England, King Charles I got rid of Protestant doctrines and dissolved Parliament 
Puritans fled to America from persecution

• John Winthrop led the Puritans (1st governor of MA Bay)

o Transformed joint-stock corporation (court of shareholders) to a representative
political system with a governor, council, and assembly
o Gave vote to male church members & made Puritanism as the state religion,
eliminated bishops and gave the power to ordinary members of church, followed
teachings of Calvinism (predestination)

• Got rid of nonconformists

o Roger Williams wanted separation of church and state  Providence (RI)

o Anne Hutchinson said that there was too much focus on good behavior… Puritans
believed women were inferior to men)  exiled to RI
o Thomas Hooker got a charter from King Charles II and created a self-ruling
colony with voting rights to landowners in Hartford

• Religious wars in England… England tried to imposed a Church of England prayer book
on Scotland; English Puritans also wanted reform  Parliament executed King Charles I
and placed Cromwell as king
o Moderate Protestants restored the monarchy and hierarchy of bishops afterwards
Puritanism and Witchcraft

• Believed smart individuals who claimed special powers as healers/prophets = evil

witches

• Salem 1692— Girls experienced seizures and blamed their neighbors… 175 ppl arrested
and 19 executed

• Ended with European Enlightenment (1675, promoted a scientific view of the world)

A Yeoman Society, 1630-1700

• New England Puritans rejected feudal practices and instead had a group of settlers
(proprietors) who distributed the land among the male heads of the family
o Every family received land, most had a vote in the town meetings (main
institution of local gov’t), new opportunities

3 September 2010

The Eastern Native’s New World

Puritans and Pequots

• Puritans believed they were the “chosen people” since diseases killed natives, making it
easier for them to conquer land

• Believed that the natives were inferior to them because of their sin (NOT racism)…
brought by the devil; Puritans wanted to convert them

• Created praying towns (missions) in New Mexico

Metacom’s Rebellion

• When Natives tried raising livestock and selling meat, Euro officials accused them of
selling it under rate and placed restrictions
o When they killed livestock that damaged their fields they were condemned for
violating property rights
 • Metacom, leader of the Wampanoag, (King Phillip) believed that military resistance was
the only way to save their culture
o Alliance with Narragansetts and Nipmucks… atked settlements throughout New
England
o Massachusetts Bay hired Mohegan and Mohawk to kill Metacom

o Natives destroying 20% of towns in MA and Rhode Island, but their loses were
still worse… surviving ppl migrated farther into New England backcountry…
would later take revenge w/French Catholics against the Puritans

The Human and Environmental Impact of the Fur Trade

• Natives beyond Appalachian remained independent, but the ones closer to the English
towns were affected by the fur trade
o No longer economically independent— neglected traditional artisan skills

o No religious independence— converts divided communities

o Can’t control impact since diseases diminished their population/vitality

• Constant warfare  headstrong young chiefs rather than wise elders

• Fur trade affected environment— denser underbrush, faster streams

Ch3: The British Empire in America (1660-1750)

The Politics of Empire, 1660-1713

The Great Aristocratic Land Grab

• When Charles II est. Restoration Colonies (proprietorships given to those who helped
him regain thrown)
o Rewarded 8 noblemen with Carolina

o Gave New Jersey and New York to his brother, James, the Duke of York

o Proprietorships: aristocrats who owned land could rule any way they wanted as
long as the laws were similar to those of England’s
 • Carolina had a manorial system (society where many serfs were governed by some
nobles)
o N Carolina = poor families/runaway servants from Virginia/English Quakers…
“gentlemen and laborers were treated the same way”
o Rebelled in 1677 (inspired by Bacon’s Rebellion)

o Rebelled in 1708 against taxes on tobacco and other levies that supported the
Anglican church
o S Carolina refused to accept the Fundamental Constitutions, used slaves to raise
cattle/crops… merchants opened lucrative trade w/Natives

• Pennsylvania settlers were peaceful towards the Natives and prospered

o Given to William Penn … refuge for Quakers (wanted to restore Christianity to its
earlier simplicity and spirituality)
o Penn’s Frame of Gov’t (1681) applied the Quaker’s radical beliefs to his political
structure

 Ensured religious freedom (prohibited legally est. church) & political

equality (allowed all property owning men to vote/hold office)

From Mercantilism to Imperial Dominion

• Navigation Act of 1651: Dutch merchants were excluded from the English colonies and
imported goods can only be carried by English ships
o England went to war 3 times between 1652 and 1674 to back its policy, but many
colonists still traded with Dutch merchants to import sugar/molasses
o Est. a separate colony in New Hampshire with a royal governor

• James II was an even more aggressive and inflexible ruler

o Dominion of New England: royal province from Main to Delaware River (CT/RI
+ MA/Plymouth… + NY/Jersey)… Governor Sir Andros
o Imposed absolutist ruler on the Dominion, abolished the legislative assemblies,
banned town meetings

The Glorious Revolution in England and America

• James II was unpopular (rejected Parliament/charters, openly practiced)

 o Glorious Revolution (1688): Whig Party led coop against his son; justified by
Locke’s “representative gov’t”
o Enthroned Mary, Protestant daughter & her husband, William of Orange… forced
them to accept the Declaration of Rights more power to House of Commons

• Sparked rebellions by Protestant colonists in MA, Maryland, and New York

o Maryland—falling tobacco prices, rising taxes imposed by Catholics

o NY— Jacob Leisler led the rebellion against the Dominion; settlers angered by
James not giving them a voice, won support of Dutch Protestants and removed the
Governor and his appointees… Leisler wasn’t a good leader tho… later accused
for treason and hanged

• Result: England wanted colonial support against French  restored self-government in

MA & NY; Board of Trade in 1696 (supervise settlements) was ignored, lax gov’t,
reduced taxes

Imperial Wars and Native Peoples

• 1st major battle = Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 (during War of the Spanish Succession)
Britain v France/Spain
o English atked Spanish Florida, burned St. Augustine but failed to capture the fort

• Creeks Indians tried to defeat the pro-French Choctaws and Spansish-allied Apalachees
o 1704: Creek and Yamasee destroyed the missions in Florida, atked Spanish
settlemenst, and atked Iroquois-speaking Tuscarora ppl
o Creeks and Yamasees eventually defeated by the Carolinians & Cherokees when
they didn’t pay debts

• Colonists didn’t want to disrupt the lucrative fur trade “aggressive neutrality”  Iroquois
made a peace treaty w/ France and allies; renewed Covenant Chain (military alliances)

• Britian won territory and commercial privileges  Britain’s commercial supremacy,

preserved Protestant monarchy, and brought peace to N America
o Treaty of Utrecht (1713): obtained Newfoundland, Acadia, Hudson Bay region
of Canada & access through Albany for trade
o From Spain— Gibraltar fortress & contract to supply slaves to Spanish America

8 September 2010
 The Imperial Slave Economy

South Atlantic System: sugar, tobacco, rice etc; worked by slaves

: centered in Brazil/West Indies…
: stimulated Britain/Europe’s economy but dmg’d Africa

Importance/Impact of Sugar

• Drove slave trade (most profitable)  changed colonies to plantations

o British traded guns for African slaves… stimulated shipbuilding & manufacturing
/ made sailors more experienced (most powerful Navy)

• Mother countries wanted more materials… Dutch gave English planters $ to buy land

• English farmers migrated to Carolina/Jamaica cuz they didn’t want to be tenants…

Jamaica = wealthiest English colony

• Navigation Acts forced colonies to sell sugar to Britain/export by Britain

Africa, Africans, and the Slave Trade

• South Atlantic System dmg’d Africa economically and politically… took ppl/weath

• Slavery was a Euro monopoly… used guns to est military despotism

o Was a choice for Africans; stricter class divisions

• Slave ships were horrible (esp for Middle Passage)— overcrowded, no food/water,
unsanitary… many died from dysentery

Slavery in the Chesapeake and South Carolina

• Virginia/Maryland had a “tobacco revolution” … plantations based on slavery instead of

indentured servitude

• Conditions in Virginia and Maryland/Chesapeake colonies were better than those of SC

o Tobacco wasn’t as profitable  can’t replace slaves, so they treated them better;
encouraged them to have babies
 o More oppressive in South Carolina… work was dangerous/exhausting

• Slaves of different cultures … made friendships and married each other… created new
language Gullah = combined English and African words … created strong families and
kin relationships  own culture

• Kept heritage: hairstyles, wood grinders, Muslim relgion

o Obeah= African shaman

• Africans were limited in their creativity: no education and miserable lives

• Some fled to the frontier and est. traditional villages/married into Native tribes OR tried
to pass as free

• Bargained with their masters and were able to get Sundays for rest

• Stono Rebellion of 1739: started when governor of Florida promised freedom to

fugitives… slaves killed some whites when England went to war w/Spain
o Whites were scared and tightened discipline/imported less slaves

William Byrd and the Rise of the Southern Gentry

William Byrd II— wanted to return to England and marry children into wealthy status… but his
“colonial status” prevented him

• Chesapeake gentry gradually lowered taxes, encouraged owning slaves, and allowed poor
yeomen/tenants to vote (preventing another Bacon’s Rebellion)

• Rich copied English aristocrats (like Byrd)

o Cultivated gentility (refined, elaborate lifestyle)— mansions, study in London

The Northern Economy

• South Atlantic system had a broad reach… 2/3 of New Enland’s exports and ½ of
colonies went to Jamaica/Barbados

• West Indian planters got credit for their sugar… bought slaves/pay farmers/etc

• 1st urban industries… refined raw sugar, distilled molasses, fishing (Philly= largest port)

o Migrants sought jobs/excitement  moved to urban areas

 • Wealthy merchants dominated, artisan/shopkeepers (middle class) made up 50% of
population, laborers are the lowest (unskilled wage workers who don’t have land)

12 September 2010
The New Politics of Empire, 1713-1750

The Rise of Colonial Assemblies

Glorious Revolution  Americans copy English Whigs and tried limiting power of the king

• Colonies gradually controlled taxes and local appointments… led by elite

• Elitist assemblies/wealthy property owners can’t force unpopular laws cuz of uprisings
 lawmakers were responsive to popular pressure and unresponsive to British control
o 1689 NY: closed prostitution house

o Salem: ran ppl out of town

o 1710: prevented merchants from exporting rare grains

o 1730 New Jersey: farmers fought proprietors who forced tenants off lands

Salutary Neglect

• George I and II’s policy was salutary neglect and allowed for American autonomy
o Salutary neglect: more focus on defense and trade than colonial affairs cuz
Britain’s economy’s doing well… developed by Walpole (Whig leader in the
House of Commons)

• Walpole— got support by giving supporters roles in office/retirement $, high tax and
limits ppls freedom
o Radical Whigs said he betrayed the Glorious Rev

• Walpole’s goal for his American policy was to protect Britain’s commercial interests
o Subsidies for Georgia (refuge for poor Britains, but claimed by Spain) to protect
S.C
o War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739-1741): English captain Jenkins was mutilated=
war…unsuccessful atk on Spain’s empire in N. America
  Part of Austrian Succession (1740-1748): French vs British helped
German forces in Euro… some fighting in America; England captured
Louisbourg, but returned it to France in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
(1748)

 Treaty gave Georgia to Britain, showed its military superiority to Spain &
that England would act in its own interests, not the colonists’

• Navigation Acts: prohibited Americans from selling colonial made stuff

o Woolen Act, 1699

o Hat Act, 1732

o Iron Act 1750

o Let Americans own ships and transport goods tho… colonial merchants exploit
loophole  eventually became advocates for indep
o Molasses Act 1733: allowed colonies to sell to French but to give adv to
Britain… wasn’t enforced cuz of rising sugar prices tho

• Colonial economy was drained cuz they had to give Britain the $ they earned… tried to
fix problem by est. land bands (lent paper $ to farmers, who would buy stuff/pay rent 
stimulate economy)
o Currency Act 1751: no land banks (worthless money)

• England got rich from the colonies but there’s internal unrest and its authority was
weakened… (wanted to reassert authority)

Ch 4: Growth and Crisis in Colonial Society (1720-1765)

Freehold Society in New England

• Women didn’t gain independence after migrating…

o The Well-Ordered Family by Rev. Wadsworth (subordinate role)

o Large families meant little time for other activities… size shrank and they were
able to sell extra stuff and a little more $

• Euro men who migrated escaped traditional constraints (landless)

o Parents who can’t provide for families made kids indentured servants so that they
can eventual go from laborer  tenant  freeholder
 o Marriage portions: (23-25) land, livestock, farm stuff that repaid kids for past
labor and let parents choose their child’s spouse
o Dower Right: after husband dies wife gets to use 1/3 of his property, but cannot
sell the land

• New England’s population increase… farms become smaller and parents can’t provide a
good inheritance  less control over children’s lives (premarital conceptions)

• Use birth control, getting frontier land grants, using their land more productively (English
wheat/barley < potatoes/corn)

• “Household mode of production”: families exchange labor/goods with each other

14 September 2010

The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society, 1720-1765

• Middle Atlantic colonies (NY, New Jersey, Penn) were very diverse... Scots/Irish
Presbyterians, English/Welsh Quakers, German Lutherans, Moravians, Dutch Protestants

Economic Growth

• Fertile land and longer growing season  prosperity

• Migrants didn’t settle in NY’s Hudson River Valley cuz of Dutch landlords… tried to
attract ppl by giving long leases and the right to sell stuff to nxt tenant

• Inventions (cradle scythe) = increase productivity

• Equal money distribution in Penn and New Jersey, but wheat trade led to social divisions
o Distinct class of agricultural capitalists—large houses, expensive furnishing

o Large supply of workers  (outwork system) Penn turned to manufacturing, ppl

were afraid that it would turn into England w/ peasants)

Cultural Diversity

• Migrants of middle colonies held on to traditions  ethnically and religiously diverse

o Huguenots (Calvinists expelled from France) are the exeption; lost ID
 • Quakers (Society of Friends) were dominant social group in Penn and W. New Jersey

o Pacifists treaties and bought land from Natives

o Governor Penn dubiously took out the Delaware Indians… eventually lead to war

o Equality and justice went to blacks (condemn slavery)

• Germans migrated cuz of war/ religious persecution/ high taxes;

o redemptioners (indentured servants who migrated as family) & ppl who wanted
land for their children
o Guarded language/heritage… most were Protestants

• Ireland had most immigrants (mostly Presbyterian)

o Hostility… in Ireland (Irish Test Act of 1704— restricted voting to Anglicans),
large import taxes on Scots-Irish weavers/farmers
o Migrated to Boston, New Hampshire, Philly, central Penn

o Retained culture & religion

Religious Identity and Political Conflict

• W. Euro condemned diversity

• Religious sects can enforce behavior rather than gov’t

o Proper education, no drinking, marry ppl w/ land to support a family

• Quakers became minority w/ German and Scots-Irish migrants who challenged pacifism
o Quakers became allies w/ Germans who wanted fair representation

o Conflict over Indians created political turmoil

16 September 2010

The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765

Enlightenment: emphasizes reason to understand the world (urban artisans/educated ppl)

Pietism: Protestant mvt stressing personal relationship with God (more popular; got laborers)
American Enlightenment

• Scientific Revolution replaced folk reasoning

o Copernicus— earth around sun

o Newton— used math/physics to explain orbitals… laws of motion and gravity=

natural force > traditional Christian understanding [Principia Mathematica]

o Four principles: order of natural world, power of reason, “natural rights”, and
progressive improvement of society

o John Locke: impact of environment/exp on behavior… character can be changed

by education, rational thought, and purposeful action [Essay Concerning Human
Understanding, Two treaties on Government]

• Franklin was epitome of American Enlightenment (self-taught Calvinist)

o Deist: God created the world but allowed nature to take its course; relied on
reason

o Popularized practicality in Poor Richard’s Almanack

o Bifocal lenses, stove, lightning rod

Pietism and Great Awakening

• Appealed to heart than mind… brought by German migrants, sparked revival

o Preachers: Frelinghuysen, Tennent + son (Scots-Irish Presbyterian in Mid

Atlantic)

• Jonathan Edwards revived zeal to Congregational Churches in Connecticut R Valley

o Ppl are helpless +completely dependent on God  successful, religious fervor

o Ideas are dependent on ppl’s passions

• George Whitefield had awakening after reading Pietist stuff, follower of Wesley

o Brought Wesley’s message to America… (Georgia MA)

o All sin and must seek salvation; felt “new light” and spread message

Religious Upheaval in the North

• Great Awakening was controversial; conservatives condemned convulsions/letting

women speak…
 • Presbyterian Revival: challenged Church of England/planter elite
o Samuel Morris invited New Light Presbyterian ministers to lead prayer
meetings… revivals spread to Scots-Irish and English in Tidewater region
o Virginia’s governor William Gooch denounced their teachings

• Baptist Insurgency: radical Protestants w/ adult baptism

o Welcomed slaves, but House of Burgesses imposed heavy fines on Baptists who
preached to slaves without their owners’ permission (sensed threat to slavery)…
o Direct threat to gentry since they were against sinful pleasures… gentry
responded w/violence

• Effects: changed how to worship, but not social order, undermined est. churches and
ministers, reduced cultural differences between blanks/whites, higher education

The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765

• Britain went to war against French in America… becomes a worldwide conflict (Great
War for Empire)

• More trade increased consumption and debt to British creditors

• Westward migration sparked conflicts w/ Natives

The French and Indian War Becomes a War for Empire

• Limited expansion for British colonies: topography & natives controlled great valleys

• Natives used to play off the French against the British (controlled fur trade)… Alliance
between the Natives and Britain crumbled (didn’t like inflation)

• Ohio Company (1749): est. by Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia … land grant on upper
Ohio River Valley (controlled by the Iroquois )
o Alarmed French… who didn’t want British expansion in land

• Board of Trade: tried to repair British relationship w/Iroquois; asked Natives for help
against New France
o Franklin proposed a Plan of Union to counter French (Albany Plan: continental
assembly that would control trade, Indian policy, and defense in West), but
British were afraid that it would make Americans want independence
 • French troops sent colonists back to Virginia when they tried to expand Pelham
(British PM) demanded war

• William Pitt and Lord Halifax, head of Board of Trade, wanted colonial expansion…
persuaded Pelham to send troops to America

• British + New England captured Fort Beausejour in Nova Scotia

• Captured Fort Louisbourg but lost at Fort Duquesne (French ambush)

The Great War for Empire

• Spread to Europe… Seven Years’ War (France/Spain/Austria vs Britain and Prussia)

• William Pitt: British master of commercial/military strategy

• 1759 General Wolfe took Quebec (heart of France’s empire) + Montreal = conquered
Canada

• Chased away French traders from India and took away sugar islands in French West
Indies; won Cuba/Flip from Spain

• Treaty of Paris of 1763: British sovereignty over ½ N. America (Canada, east of

Mississippi R., and Florida)

• Pontiac’s Rebellion: Natives afraid of British… Neolin (prophet) taught that suffering
came from dependence of Europeans… Ottawa leader Pontiac seized garrisons, besieged
Detroit Fort… Native alliance weaked  British defeated them near Fort Pitt
o Proclamation of 1763: prohibited white settlements west of Apps + natives
accepted British as political fathers

British Industrial Growth & American Consumer Rev

• British Industrial Revolution: mechanical power, drove employees hard, extended full
year’s credit to colonies

• Americans increased exports of tobacco, rice, indigo, and wheat to pay for British
goods… expand markets to France/central Euro

o Used profits to buy goods  “consumer rev” which raised standard of living, but
caused a recession (debt) and made Americans more dependent on overseas
credit/markets

Struggle for Land in East

• CT vs Penn for Wyoming Valley

• Dutch tenant farmers, Wappinger Natives & MA migrants claimed lands owned by
manorial families, who turned to courts, but farmers rioted to close courts
o Reflects rising price of land, importance of colonial courts & similarities between
rural societies in Euro and America

• Pennsylvania: Scots-Irish settlers want to get rid of Natives but Quakers refused
o Paxton Boys massacred Conestoga tribe… Governor Penn tried to bring justice,
but a mob formed (stopped by Franklin and arranged truce)

• SC: Regulators (vigilantes) demanded more courts, more representation, and fair taxes…
SC assembly compromised (1766) but refused to reappoint seats or lower taxes

• NC: 1766 tobacco prices fell & sheriffs took away debtor’s property… Regulators
demanded legislation to lower fees and allow payment in crop vs cash, and more
representation and a fair tax system
o Governor Tryon suppressed the mob