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ELECTROMAGNETIC

METHOD
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD

Its is inactive type method


PRINCIPLE: Based on the induction of electric
currents in buried conductors, such as ore bodies,
by the magnetic components of electromagnetic
waves generated at the earth’s surface or in the
aircraft above its surface.

• Widely used in mineral exploration


• Advantage is that it can be used from aircrafts as
conducting ground connections are not required.
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD

• The waves originate from alternating currents at


frequencies ranging from a few hertz to a few
megahertz which are passed through loops of wire
on the ground or in the air.
• The oscillating magnetic fields thus generated are
propagated as waves into the earth attenuating at a
rate that depends on the frequency, the higher the
frequency the greater the rate of attenuation.
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD

• When the waves pass thought a conducting body,


they induce alternating electric currents in the
conductive materials . These currents become the
source of new electromagnetic waves which can
be deducted by suitable pickup coils.
• Usually there will be both a difference in direction
and a difference in phase between the primary and
secondary fields
Electromagnetic Method
Any sine wave signal can be separated into two components
of the same frequency differing in phase by 90o, the
individual components in general having different amplitudes.
It is convenient to divide the signal from the receiver in this
way into a component which is in phase with the signal
generated in the receiving coil by the transmitter in the
absence of a secondary field and an out of phase or
quadrature part differing from this by 90o. This are also
known as the real and imaginary parts of the signal.
To carry out a survey the two coils are separated by a fixed
distance and traversed in line across the survey area. To ensure
that there is no variation in the primary signal at the receiver
the separation and coil orientation must not be altered between
stations and where possible the coils must be kept at the same
height.

The variations of the in-phase and quadrature components


along a traverse over a vertical vein are shown in Fig.
When the transmitter and receiver are on the same side of the
vein the secondary field at the receiver reinforces that due to the
transmitter. If the transmitter is directly over the vertical vein no
flux is linked with the sheet and there is no primary field. Once
the transmitter and receiver are on opposite sides the direction of
the primary inducing field with respect to the sheet is reversed,
with consequent reversal of the secondary field at the receiver.
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD
Equipment and field technique – ground surveys

In Slingram system a battery operated oscillator,


usually providing two frequencies, of for example
800 and 3200 Hz, delivers current to the transmitter
coil. This is about 1 m in diameter and carried round
the body, slung from the shoulders, or it may be a
long solenoid with a highly magnetic core. The
receiver, identical in design, is separated from the
transmitter by a distance of between 25 and 100 m,
the larger distances giving greater depth penetration.
A reference signal is provided by the oscillator,
against which the in-phase and quadrature parts of
the received and amplified signal are measured, the
magnitude being displayed on two meters as
percentages of the primary in-phase signal at the
receiver.
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD
Turam Method
The layout is as shown below
This method has the advantage of greater depth penetration but
the equipment is much less simple to operate. An insulated
cable laid out in the form of a single turn square coil with sides
up to 3 km in length is used as the transmitter. An AC generator
supplies current at frequencies of 1 – 2 kHz depending on
ground conductivity.
Parallel traverses are surveyed outside the loop, perpendicular
to the cable. In this method not one but two horizontal coils, 10-
50 m apart, in line and moved together, are used as the detector.
At each station the ratio of the amplitudes of the signals
induced in the two coils and their phase difference are
measured.
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD

• The optimum frequency ‘f’ that will give


the greatest strength of returned signal from
a conductor at a depth ‘h’ where the
resistivity in the overlying material is ‘’ is
given by the expression
h [√(f/ )] = 10
where h is in meters, f is in hertz and  is in
ohm-centimeters
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD

• Depth Sounding:
In applying EM to depth sounding, one can either
vary the spacing between the transmitting lop and
the receiving coil or vary the frequency while
maintaining fixed positions of the transmitter and
the receiver. Varying the frequency is generally
preferred, as any change in the positions of the
surface units may introduce undesired effects.
Detection of conducting ore body under shallow overburden by electromagnetic
induction. Current flows through ground loop and search coils are moved along traverse
lines such as aa`, bb`, etc. Dashed lines show relative response of vertical search coil as
function of position along traverses.
HORIZONTAL PROFILING Most electromagnetic surveys
are carried out with the object of locating the horizontal
positions of buried conducting bodies rather than of
determining their depths. Both fixed and moving sources are
used in surveys conducted for this purpose. The fixed –
source methods are generally designed in such a way that the
transmitter is kept at a single location and the receiving loop
is moved over the area being explored. The moving source
method involves shifting both source and receiver, usually in
a way that maintains a fixed separation between the two.
DIP ANGLE METHOD In this method the source loop is in
the vertical plane, and the receiving loop is linked to an
inclinometer which is used to measure the angle with the
horizontal of the plane in which it lies when the voltage
induced in it is a maximum. The azimuth for minimum
response of the receiving loop when it is vertical is first
measured (see figure). This technique can be used either with
a fixed-source or a moving source configuration. Dip angle
measurements when properly interpreted can yield
information on horizontal location, strike, dip, depth, length,
and conductivity of a buried conducting sheet.
Configuration of transmitting and receiving coils for the vertical-loop or dip-angle
method of electromagnetic surveying. Measurement is made in two stages as shown.
AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTING

The advantage of airborne surveys in speed of coverage and


consequent economy. Two transmitting loops attached to the
aircraft, one in the horizontal plane and the other in the
vertical. Two receiving loops, towed in a bird from the same
or a second plane, are oriented in the same respective
directions (see figure). Two transmitters send out alternating
magnetic fields of the same frequency and amplitude but 90o
different in phase. A rotating magnetic field is generated in
this way.
The signal from one receiving element is shifted in phase
90o with respect to that from the other, and any difference
between them is registered by a pen recorder. If there were
no conductor below the plane, the two signals would be
identical, so that the difference after shifting would be zero.
A conductor such as an ore body would cause the signals to
be different from each other and the difference would be
observed as a signal on the record. The difference amplitude
and the phase shift are recorded by separate pens, and any
conducting ore body below the aircraft should show up on
both traces.
Arrangement of coils in a airborne electromagnetic recording as carried out by
International Nickel Co.
Thank You
TURAM METHOD The Turam method is similar to the
Sundberg method but differs from it in that the ratio of field
intensities at two points is observed rather than the intensity
at a single point. As with the Sundberg method, two
frequencies within the 100 to 800 Hz range are employed. A
cable several kilometers long is laid out as a source parallel to
the expected strike and is grounded at both ends. Measuring
coils are read in pairs along lines perpendicular to the cable,
the spacing between them generally being about 25 m. In-
phase and out-of-phase ratios are observed as well as
amplitude ratios and phase-angle differences.
SUNDBERG METHOD In this method the data is interpreted
by use of the equations and curves computed for one or more
thin conducting sheets. The current flows through an
insulated copper cable, connected to a source of alternating
current, which runs along the surface either as a long
grounded wire or as a large insulated loop which forms a
rectangle. A number of transverse receiving profiles are laid
out perpendicular to the grounded wire or to one side of the
loop. The magnetic component of the induced
electromagnetic field is measured at discrete points along the
profile by special search coils consisting of several hundred
turns of wire.
At least two frequencies are employed, and depth soundings
can be made by comparing results at the different frequencies.

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