APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

List and Uses of Apparatus

500 mL round bottom flask – It was used as a steam generator for the steam distillation process

500 mL distilling flask – A glass round-bottom flask that was used to hold the liquid solution to be distilled.

Condenser with cork and adapter – It was used to cool the vapor in the distillation set-up.

Iron stand – A metal stand on which other laboratory apparatuses are attached to achieve stability while working. It
was used mainly to hold the distillation set-up.

Two-holed corks – It was used to put the thermometer and tube to the distilling flask, as well as to put the long glass
tubing in the round bottom flask.

Long glass tubing – it was used as a safety tube in order to prevent over heating of the bent glass tube.

Bent glass tubing – it was used as a bridge to connect the steam generator and the distilling flask in order to transfer
condensed water vapor.

Water bath – it was used to preheat the toluene solution inside the distilling flask.

Graduated cylinder – It was used to measure liquids especially the distillates.

Wire gauze – It was used to regulate the heat delivered by the Bunsen burner to the distilling flask.

Utility clamps – It was used to support the distillation apparatus into the iron stand.

Boiling chips – This was placed in the distilling flask in order to attain smooth boiling of the solution and avoid
overheating and bumping.

Thermometer – A glass tube with a numbered scale and contains mercury that determines the temperature of a
particular substance. It is used purposely for measuring the vapor temperature.

Bunsen burner – It was used to provide heat to the solution to be distilled.

 APPENDIX B

Definition of Terms

To establish a common understanding, the following terms are defined:

Distillation - the process of purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation

Boiling point - the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid
and the liquid changes into a vapor.

Vapor pressure - the pressure of the vapor over a liquid at equilibrium

Steam distillation – distillation assisted by steam that is usually introduced as a current into the substance to be
distilled and carries over quantities of more volatile components to form an aqueous distillate on condensation.

Volatile – readily vaporizable at a relatively low temperature

Immiscible – incapable of mixing.

 APPENDIX C

Computations

APPENDIX D

Problems

1. A dimethylaniline (M = 121 g/mol) was distilled with steam at a pressure of 100kPa. If the vaporization
efficiency (ratio of the actual pressure of dimethylaniline in the vapour to the pure component vapor
pressure) was 0.75, what was the weight percent of dimethylaniline in this vapour? Water and
dimethylaniline may be considered immiscible.
2. Dimethylaniline was distilled at 150°C using superheated steam, the total pressure being 100 kPa. If the
vaporization efficiency was 80%, calculate a) the weight of steam required per kg of dimethylaniline
vaporized, and b) the composition of the distillate.

T, °C 75 80 85 90 95 100 150

P°D, kPa 2.14 2.67 3.07 3.73 4.40 5.08 32

38.5 57.8 70.1 101.

P°w, kPa 47.36 84.53 476
5 0 1 3

Solutions:

1. When the sum of the vapour pressure of dimethylaniline and water are equal to 100 kPa, the mixture boils at 98.5
°C, P°D = 4.93 kPa and P°W = 96.3 kPa

P=ηP° D+ P° W =( 0.75 ) ( 4.93 ) +96.3=100 kPa

96.3
Mole fraction of water = =0.96 30
100
0.75( 4.93)
Mole fraction of dimethylaniline= =0.0370
100
121 g
We i ght percent of di methylaniline=
( mol )
( 0.037 )
(100 % )=20.53 %
121 g 18 g
0.037 (
mol )
+0.963 (
mol )
2. At 150°C, P°D = 32 kPa

Vapor pressure of dimethylaniline

= 0.80(32 kPa) = 25.6 kPa

At the total pressure of 100 kPa, P°W = 100 kPa – 25.6 kPa = 74.4 kPa

g
74.4 kPa(18 )
mol
a.) kg steam / kg dimethylaniline ¿ =0.432
g
25.6 kPa(121 )
mol
b.) Mole fraction of water in vapour
 74.4
=0.74 4
100
Weight fraction of water in vapour

g
0. 744(18 )
mol
=0.302
g 121 g
(
0.744 18
mol )
+ 0.256(
mol
)

The distillate contains 30.2% by wt. water vapour and 69.8% by wt. dimethylaniline.

APPENDIX E

Documentation

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 1 Preheating of the toluene solution using the water bath.

Preparation of the steam distillation set-up.

 The result of the steam distillation. Toluene and
water, both immiscible with one another

FIGURE 3

The entire steam distillation set-up

APPENDIX F

Material Safety Data Sheet