Z1 – impedância de sequencia positiva

Z2 – sequencia negativa

Z3 – sequencia zero
Short Circuit Current Calculation (Base KVA Method)
SEPTEMBER 9, 2014 62 COMMENTS

Example:
Calculate Fault current at each stage of following Electrical System SLD having details of.
 Main Incoming HT Supply Voltage is 6.6 KV.
 Fault Level at HT Incoming Power Supply is 360 MVA.
 Transformer Rating is 2.5 MVA.
 Transformer Impedance is 6%.
 Calculation:
 Let’s first consider Base KVA and KV for HT and LT Side.
 Base KVA for HT side (H.T. Breaker and Transformer Primary) is 6 MVA
 Base KV for HT side (H.T. Breaker and Transformer Primary) is 6.6 KV
 Base KVA for LT side (Transformer Secondary and down Stream) is 2.5 MVA
 Base KV for LT side (Transformer Secondary and down Stream) is 415V
Fault Level at HT Side (Up to Sub-station):
(1) Fault Level from HT incoming Line to HT Circuit Breaker
 HT Cable used from HT incoming to HT Circuit Breaker is 5 Runs , 50 Meter ,6.6KV
3 Core 400 sq.mm Aluminum Cable , Resistance of Cable 0.1230 Ω/Km and Reactance
of Cable is0.0990 Ω/Km.
 Total Cable Resistance(R)= (Length of Cable X Resistance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Resistance=(0.05X0.1230) / 5
 Total Cable Resistance=0.001023 Ω
 Total Cable Reactance(X)= (Length of Cable X Reactance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Reactance=(0.05X0.0990) / 5
 Total Cable Reactance =0.00099 Ω
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc1)=√(RXR)+(XxX)
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc1)=0.0014235 Ω——–(1)
 U Reactance at H.T. Breaker Incoming Terminals (X Pu)= Fault Level / Base
KVA
 U Reactance at H.T. Breaker Incoming Terminals (X Pu)= 360 / 6
 U. Reactance at H.T. Breaker Incoming Terminals(X Pu)= 0.01666 PU——(2)
 Total Impedance up to HT Circuit Breaker (Z Pu-a)= (Zc1)+ (X Pu) =(1)+(2)
 Total Impedance up to HT Circuit Breaker(Z Pu-a)=0.001435+0.01666
 Total Impedance up to HT Circuit Breaker (Z Pu-a)=0.0181 Ω.——(3)
 Fault MVA at HT Circuit Breaker= Base MVA / Z Pu-a.
 Fault MVA at HT Circuit Breaker= 6 / 0.0181
 Fault MVA at HT Circuit Breaker= 332 MVA
 Fault Current = Fault MVA / Base KV
 Fault Current = 332 / 6.6
 Fault Current at HT Circuit Breaker = 50 KA
(2) Fault Level from HT Circuit Breaker to Primary Side of Transformer
 HT Cable used from HT Circuit Breaker to Transformer is 3 Runs , 400 Meter ,
6.6KV 3 Core 400 sq.mm Aluminium Cable , Resistance of Cable 0.1230 Ω/Km and
Reactance of Cable is0.0990 Ω/Km.
 Total Cable Resistance(R)= (Length of Cable X Resistance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Resistance=(0.4X0.1230) / 3
 Total Cable Resistance=0.01364 Ω
 Total Cable Reactance(X)= (Length of Cable X Reactance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Reactance=(0.4X0.0990) / 5
 Total Cable Reactance =0.01320 Ω
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc2)=√(RXR)+(XxX)
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc2)=0.01898 Ω——–(4)
 U Impedance at Primary side of Transformer (Z Pu)= (Zc2 X Base KVA) / (Base
KV x Base KVx1000)
 U Impedance at Primary side of Transformer (Z Pu)= (0.01898X6) /(6.6×6.6×1000)
 U Impedance at Primary side of Transformer (Z Pu)= 0.0026145 PU——(5)
 Total Impedance(Z Pu)=(4) + (5)
 Total Impedance(Z Pu)=0.01898+0.0026145
 Total Impedance(Z Pu)=0.00261——(6)
 Total Impedance up to Primary side of Transformer (Z Pu-b)= (Z Pu)+(Z Pu-
a) =(6)+(3)
 Total Impedance up to Primary side of Transformer (Z Pu-b)= 0.00261+0.0181
 Total Impedance up to Primary side of Transformer (Z Pu-b)=0.02070 Ω.—–(7)
 Fault MVA at Primary side of Transformer = Base MVA / Z Pu-b.
 Fault MVA at Primary side of Transformer = 6 / 0.02070
 Fault MVA at Primary side of Transformer = 290 MVA
 Fault Current = Fault MVA / Base KV
 Fault Current = 290 / 6.6
 Fault Current at Primary side of Transformer = 44 KA
(3) Fault Level from Primary Side of Transformer to Secondary side of
Transformer:
 Transformer Rating is 2.5 MVA and Transformer Impedance is 6%.
 % Reactance at Base KVA = (Base KVA x % impedance at Rated KVA) / Rated
KVA
 % Reactance at Base KVA = (2.5X6)/2.5
 % Reactance at Base KVA =6%
 U. Reactance of the Transformer(Z Pu) =% Reactance /100
 U. Reactance of the Transformer(Z Pu)= 6/100=0.06 Ω—–(8)
 Total P.U. impedance up to Transformer Secondary Winding(Z Pu-c)=(Z Pu)+(Z Pu-
b)=(7)+(8)
 Total P.U. impedance up to Transformer Secondary Winding(Z Pu-c)=0.06+0.02070
 Total P.U. impedance up to Transformer Secondary Winding(Z Pu-c)=0.0807 Ω—–
(9)
 Fault MVA at Transformer Secondary Winding = Base MVA / Z Pu-c
 Fault MVA at Transformer Secondary Winding = 2.5/0.0807
 Fault MVA at Transformer Secondary Winding =31 MVA
 Fault Current = Fault MVA / Base KV
 Fault Current = 31 / (1.732×0.415)
 Fault Current at Transformer Secondary Winding = 43 KA
Fault Level at LT Side (Sub-station to Down stream):
(4) Fault Level from Transformer Secondary to Main LT Panel
 LT Cable used from Transformer Secondary to Main LT Panel is 13 Runs , 12
Meter , 1KV, 3.5C x 400 Sq.mm Aluminium Cable , Resistance of Cable 0.1230 Ω/Km
and Reactance of Cable is0.0618 Ω/Km.
 Total Cable Resistance(R)= (Length of Cable X Resistance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Resistance=(0.012X0.1230) / 13
 Total Cable Resistance=0.00009 Ω
 Total Cable Reactance(X)= (Length of Cable X Reactance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Reactance=(0.012X0.0618) / 13
 Total Cable Reactance =0.00006 Ω
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc3)=√(RXR)+(XxX)
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc3)=0.00011 Ω——–(10)
 U Impedance at Main LT Panel (Z Pu)= (Zc3 X Base KVA) / (Base KV x Base
KVx1000)
 U Impedance at Main LT Panel (Z Pu)= (0.00011X2.5×1000)/(0.415×0.415X1000)
 P P.U Impedance at Main LT Panel (Z Pu)= 001601 Ω ——(11)
 Total Impedance up to Main LT Panel (Z Pu-d)= (Zc3)+ (Z Pu-c) =(11)+(9)
 Total Impedance up to Main LT Panel (Z Pu-d)= 0.001601 +0.0807
 Total Impedance up to Main LT Panel (Z Pu-d)=0.082306 Ω.——(12)
 Fault MVA at Main LT Panel = Base MVA / Z Pu-a.
 Fault MVA at Main LT Panel = 2.5 / 0.082306
 Fault MVA at Main LT Panel = 30 MVA
 Fault Current = Fault MVA / Base KV
 Fault Current = 30 / (1.732X0.415)
 Fault Current at Main Lt Panel = 42 KA

(5) Fault Level from Main LT Panel to Sub Panel:

 LT Cable used from Main LT Panel to Sub Panel is 2 Runs , 160 Meter , 1KV, 3.5C
x 400 Sq.mm Aluminium Cable , Resistance of Cable 0.1230 Ω/Km and Reactance of
Cable is0.0618 Ω/Km.
 Total Cable Resistance(R)= (Length of Cable X Resistance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Resistance=(0.160X0.1230) / 2
 Total Cable Resistance=0.008184 Ω
 Total Cable Reactance(X)= (Length of Cable X Reactance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Reactance=(0.160X0.0618) / 2
 Total Cable Reactance =0.004944 Ω
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc4)=√(RXR)+(XxX)
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc4)=0.0095614 Ω——–(13)
 U Impedance at Sub Panel (Z Pu)= (Zc4 X Base KVA) / (Base KV x Base
KVx1000)
 U Impedance at Sub Panel (Z Pu)= (0.0095614 X2.5×1000)/(0.415×0.415X1000)
 P P.U Impedance at Sub Panel (Z Pu)= 13879 Ω ——(14)
 Total Impedance up to Sub Panel (Z Pu-e)= (Zc4)+ (Z Pu-d) =(14)+(12)
 Total Impedance up to Sub Panel (Z Pu-e)= 0.13879 +0.082306
 Total Impedance up to Sub Panel (Z Pu-e)=0.2211 Ω.——(15)
 Fault MVA at Sub Panel = Base MVA / Z Pu-a.
 Fault MVA at Sub Panel = 2.5 / 0.2211
 Fault MVA at Sub Panel = 11 MVA
 Fault Current = Fault MVA / Base KV
 Fault Current = 11 / (1.732X0.415)
 Fault Current at Sub Panel = 16 KA
(6) Fault Level from Sub Panel to Motor Control Panel:
 LT Cable used from Sub Panel to Motor Control Panel is 6 Runs , 150 Meter , 1KV,
3.5C x 400 Sq.mm Aluminium Cable , Resistance of Cable 0.1230 Ω/Km and
Reactance of Cable is0.0739 Ω/Km.
 Total Cable Resistance(R)= (Length of Cable X Resistance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Resistance=(0.150X0.1230) / 6
 Total Cable Resistance=0.003075 Ω
 Total Cable Reactance(X)= (Length of Cable X Reactance of Cable) / No of
Cable.
 Total Cable Reactance=(0.150X0.0739) / 6
 Total Cable Reactance =0.0018475 Ω
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc5)=√(RXR)+(XxX)
 Total Cable Impedance (Zc4)=0.003587 Ω——–(16)
 U Impedance at Motor Control Panel (Z Pu)= (Zc5 X Base KVA) / (Base KV x
Base KVx1000)
 U Impedance at Motor Control Panel (Z Pu)= (0.003587
X2.5×1000)/(0.415×0.415X1000)
 P P.U Impedance at Motor Control Panel (Z Pu)= 05207 Ω ——(17)
 Total Impedance up to Motor Control Panel (Z Pu-f)= (Zc5)+ (Z Pu-e) =(17)+(15)
 Total Impedance up to Motor Control Panel (Z Pu-e)= 0.13879 +0.2211
 Total Impedance up to Motor Control Panel (Z Pu-e)=0.27317 Ω.——(15)
 Fault MVA at Motor Control Panel = Base MVA / Z Pu-a.
 Fault MVA at Motor Control Panel = 2.5 / 0.27317
 Fault MVA at Motor Control Panel = 9 MVA
 Fault Current = Fault MVA / Base KV
 Fault Current = 9 / (1.732X0.415)
 Fault Current at Motor Control Panel = 13 KA
 Summary of Calculation:
Sr.No Fault Location Fault MVA Fault Current (KA)

1 At HT Circuit Breaker 332 50

2 At Primary Side of Transformer 290 44
At Secondary Side of
3 31 43
Transformer
4 At Main LT Panel 30 42
 5 At Sub Main Panel 11 16
6 At Motor Control Panel 9 13
 

What is the MVA method for short circuit analysis?

Back to F.A.Q.

The MVA method is a modification of the Ohmic method where the impedance of a circuit
equals the sum of the impedances of components constituting the circuit. Using the
admittances, it follows that the reciprocal of the system impedance is the sum of the
reciprocals of the admittances of the components. By very definition, the circuit component
admittance is the maximum current or KVA at unit voltage which would flow through the
circuit or component to a short circuit or fault when supplied from a source of infinite
capacity. In practice, the MVA method is used by separating the circuit into components
and calculating each component with its own infinite bus as shown in
figures a) and b) below:

Figure a) is a typical impedance diagram of a one line diagram. Figure b) is an MVA

diagram. The conversion from impedance diagram (part a ) to MVA diagram (part b ) is a
simple arifmetic. The 1500 MVA power supply is merely given a short circuit MVA rating.
Sometimes, if the system MVA is not available, but its voltage and impedance are given,
the short circuit MVA can be calculated by MVASC = KV2 * Y formula. The very same
formula is used to calculate the short circuit MVA rating of the 69 kV X=3.87 Ohm cable.
Next, for the 69/12kV X=0.076 p.u. 15 MVA transformer use MVASC = MVA / Zp.u. formula.
The short circuit MVA contribution of the 15 MVA X d=0.2 motor is equal to its own MVA
base divided its own per unit impedance. As a conversion is being made, an MVA diagram
is being developed. One line diagram a) is replaced with MVA diagram b). If a short circuit
is taken at the 12 kV bus, there will be a series flow of MVA=1500, MVA=1230 and
MVA=198, and their combination will be in parallel with the motor SC MVA=75. Combined
MVA of components connected in series and parallel are calculated using following
equations:
 series

MVA1, 2 = MVA1 * MVA2 / (MVA1 + MVA2)

parallel

MVA1, 2 = MVA1 + MVA2

Equations 1

As can be seen from the formulas above, series MVAs are being calculated same as
resistances in parallel. Parallel MVA combinations are done same as resistances in series.
MVA diagram undergoes same reduction process as impedance diagram by only exeption
that MVA values are used instead of per unit impedances or reactances. In our example,
MVA1,2 = 1500 * 1230 / (1500 + 1230) = 675. This is new MVA 1. MVA1,3 = 675 * 198 / (675
+ 198)= 153. MVA1+4 = MVA1 + MVA4 = 153 + 75 = 228. Once the short circuit MVA is
found, short circuit current value can be determined using I F, kA = MVAF / (1.73 * KV)
formula.

The above approximation is recognized and widely utilised by industry in calculating power
system short circuits where the reactance of all circuit components far exceeds resistance
producing a consistently high X/R ratio throughout system. The MVA method can be
further extended to perform vector addition of SC MVA contributed by system equipments
with arbitrary X/R ratios at every point where they intersect. This provides an extremely
accurate analysis of the maximum short circuit MVA any node can be subject to.

The Short-Circuit-Analytic (SCA) software program is based on the MVA method for short

circuit analysis and performs available fault currents calculations in three-phase electric
power systems you are working with. The program takes into consideration electrical
parameters of the power supply as well as the power distribution system including utility,
cables, bus ducts, transformers, generators, motors etc. SCA automatically converts the
entire system into a unique impedance unit from which the short circuit current at each and
every point is calculated. The process is simple, efficient and will save you both money
and time.

Power Factor correction using static capacitor

Calculation formulas as follows:

 Q1 =  I losses + Cu losses
 Q2 = PkW · (Tanφ1 – Tanφ2)
 I losses = 2% ·  Str
 Cu losses = USC% · Str
 Q = Q1 + Q2
Where:
 Q1 = Reactive power to be compensated at the terminals of a transformer
due to no load and load losses.
 
Q2 = Reactive power to be compensated due to total reactive components
of lighting, power and mechanical loads.
 Q = Overall reactive power to be compensated to achieve target power
factor.
 I losses = Transformer no load losses = Iron core losses.
 Cu losses = Transformer load losses = Copper losses.
 Str = Transformer rating (KVA).
 P = Maximum demand load on the Main distribution board (kW).
 φ1 = Inverse cosine of power factor before compensation.
 φ2 = Inverse cosine of target power factor.
 Usc% = Short circuit percentage impedance voltage of the transformer.
Power Factor Values assumptions before compensation:
 For lighting outlets = 0.96
 For power outlets and receptacles = 0.8
 For motors = 0.8

The following components comprise a simplified version of a power system, listed

in sequential physical order from the generator location to the load:

1. Two steam-electric generators, each at 13.2 kV

2. Two step-up transformers, 13.2/66 kV
3. Sending-end, high-voltage bus at 66 kV
4. One long transmission line at 66 kV
5. Receiving-end bus at 66 kV
6. A second 66 kV transmission line with a center-tap bus
7. Step-down transformer at receiving-end bus, 66/12 kV, supplying four 12 kV
motors in parallel and
8. A step-down transformer, 66/7.2 kV, off the center-tap bus, supplying a 7.2
kV motor

Calculation Procedure

1. Identify the Appropriate Symbols

For electric power networks an appropriate selection of graphic symbols is shown
in Figure 1 (common power symbols used in single line diagrams):
 Figure
1 – Common power symbols used in single line diagrams

2. Draw the Required System

The system described in the problem is shown in Figure 2. The oil circuit

breakers are added at the appropriate points for proper isolation of equipment.

Figure 2 –
Three-phase power system represented by single line diagram

Related Calculations
It is the general procedure to use single line diagrams for representing three-
phase systems. When analysis is done using symmetrical components, different
diagrams may be drawn that will represent the electric circuitry for positive,
negative, and zero-sequence components.
 Additionally, it is often necessary to identify the grounding connection, or
whether the device is wye- or delta-connected.

This type of notation is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 – Identification for wye-

connected generator or motor. (a) Solidly grounded. (b) Grounded through an inductance. (c) The
transformer is identified as being delta-wye, with the wye side solidly grounded.

Per-unit method of solving of 3-phase problems

For the system shown in Figure 4, draw the electric circuit or reactance

diagram, with all reactances marked in per-unit (p.u.) values, and find the
generator terminal voltage assuming both motors operating at 12 kV, three-
quarters load, and unity power factor.

Generat Transformers Motor A Motor B Transmission

or (each) Line

13.8kV 25,000 kVA 15,000 10,000 –

kVA kVA

25,000 13.2/69 kV 13.0 kV 13.0 kV –

kVA 3-phase

X” = 15 XL = 15 X” = 15 X” = 15 X = 65 Ω
percent percent percent percent

Figure 4 – Single
line diagram of electric-power system supplying motor loads. Specifications are given in above
table.
Calculation Procedure in 8 steps
1. Establish Base Voltage through the System
By observation of the magnitude of the components in the system, a base value
of apparent power S is chosen. It should be of the general magnitude of the
components, and the choice is arbitrary. In this problem, 25,000 kVA is chosen
as the base S, and simultaneously, at the generator end 13.8 kV is selected as a
base voltage Vbase.

The base voltage of the transmission line is then determined by the turns
ratio of the connecting transformer:
(13.8 kV)(69 kV / 13.2 kV) = 72.136 kV

The base voltage of the motors is determined likewise but with the 72.136 kV
value, thus:
(72.136 kV)(13.2 kV / 69 kV) = 13.8 kV
The selected base S value remains constant throughout the system, but the base
voltage is 13.8 kV at the generator and at the motors, and 72.136 kV on the
transmission line.

2. Calculate the Generator Reactance

No calculation is necessary for correcting the value of the generator reactance
because it is given as 0.15 p.u. (15 percent), based on 25,000 kVA and 13.8 kV.
If a different S base were used in this problem, then a correction would be
necessary as shown for the transmission line, electric motors, and power
transformers.

3. Calculate the Transformer Reactance

It is necessary to make a correction when the transformer nameplate reactance is
used because the calculated operation is at a different voltage, 13.8 kV / 72.136
kV instead of 13.2 kV / 69 kV.

Use the equation for correction: per-unit reactance:

(nameplate per-unit reactance) (base kVA/nameplate kVA) (nameplate kV/base

kV)2  =
(0.11) (25,000/25,000) (13.2/13.8) 2 = 0.101 p.u.
This applies to each transformer.
 4. Calculate the Transmission-Line Reactance
Use the equation:

 Xper unit = (ohms reactance)(base kVA)/(1000)(base kV) 2 =

 Xper unit = (65) (25,000)/(1000)(72.1) 2 = 0.313 p.u.

5. Calculate the Reactance of the Motors

Corrections need to be made in the nameplate ratings of both motors because of

differences of ratings in kVA and kV as compared with those selected for
calculations in this problem. Use the correcting equation from Step 3, above.

For motor A:
X”A = (0.15 p.u.) (25,000 kVA / 15,000 kVA) (13.0 kV / 13.8 kV) 2 = 0.222 p.u.

For motor B:
X”B = (0.15 p.u.)(25,000 kVA  /10,000 kVA)(13.0 kV / 13.8 kV) 2 = 0.333 p.u.

6. Draw the Reactance Diagram

The completed reactance diagram is shown in Figure 5:

Figure 5
– Single line reactance circuit diagram (reactances shown on a per-unit basis)

7. Calculate Operating Conditions of the Motors

If the motors are operating at 12 kV, this represents 12 kV/13.8 kV = 0.87 per-
unit voltage. At unity power factor, the load is given as three-quarters or 0.75 p.u.
 Thus, expressed in per unit, the combined motor current is obtained by
using the equation:
Iper unit = per-unit power/per-unit voltage = 0.75/0.87 = 0.862 ∠0° p.u.

8. Calculate the Generator Terminal Voltage

The voltage at the generator terminals is:

 VG = Vmotor + the voltage drop through transformers and transmission line
 VG = 0.87∠0° + 0.862 ∠0°(j0.101 + j0.313 + j0.101)
 VG = 0.87 + j0.444 = 0.977 ∠27.03° p.u.
In order to obtain the actual voltage, multiply the per-unit voltage by the base
voltage at the generator. Thus,

 VG = (0.977 ∠27.03°) (13.8 kV) = 13.48 ∠27.03° kV

Related Calculations
In the solution of these problems, the selection of base voltage and apparent
power are arbitrary. However, the base voltage in each section of the circuit must
be related in accordance with transformer turns ratios .

The base impedance may be calculated from the equation:

Zbase = (base kV)2 (1000) / (base kVA).

For the transmission line section in this problem, Z base = (72.136)2 (1000) / (25,000)
= 208.1
Thus the per-unit reactance of the transmission line equals (actual ohms) / (base
ohms) = 65 / 208.1 = 0.313 p.u.

Per-unit method of solving of 3-phase problems

For the system shown in Figure 4, draw the electric circuit or reactance diagram,
with all reactances marked in per-unit (p.u.) values, and find the generator
terminal voltage assuming both motors operating at 12 kV, three-quarters load,
and unity power factor.
Generator Transformers
(each) Motor A Motor B Transmission
Line
13.8kV 25,000 kVA 15,000 kVA 10,000 kVA –
25,000 kVA 3-phase 13.2/69 kV 13.0 kV 13.0 kV –
X” = 15 percent XL = 15 percent X” = 15 percent X” = 15 percent X = 65 Ω
Figure 4 – Single line diagram of electric-power system supplying motor loads.
Specifications are given in above table.
Calculation Procedure in 8 steps
1. Establish Base Voltage through the System
By observation of the magnitude of the components in the system, a base value of
apparent power S is chosen. It should be of the general magnitude of the
components, and the choice is arbitrary. In this problem, 25,000 kVA is chosen as
the base S, and simultaneously, at the generator end 13.8 kV is selected as a
base voltage Vbase.
The base voltage of the transmission line is then determined by the turns ratio of
the connecting transformer:
(13.8 kV)(69 kV / 13.2 kV) = 72.136 kV
The base voltage of the motors is determined likewise but with the 72.136 kV
value, thus:
(72.136 kV)(13.2 kV / 69 kV) = 13.8 kV
The selected base S value remains constant throughout the system, but the base
voltage is 13.8 kV at the generator and at the motors, and 72.136 kV on the
transmission line.
2. Calculate the Generator Reactance
No calculation is necessary for correcting the value of the generator reactance
because it is given as 0.15 p.u. (15 percent), based on 25,000 kVA and 13.8 kV. If
a different S base were used in this problem, then a correction would be
necessary as shown for the transmission line, electric motors, and power
transformers.
3. Calculate the Transformer Reactance
It is necessary to make a correction when the transformer nameplate reactance is
used because the calculated operation is at a different voltage, 13.8 kV / 72.136
kV instead of 13.2 kV / 69 kV.
Use the equation for correction: per-unit reactance:
(nameplate per-unit reactance) (base kVA/nameplate kVA) (nameplate kV/base
kV)2 =
(0.11) (should be 0.15) (25,000/25,000) (13.2/13.8)2 = 0.101 p.u. should be
0.13724 p.u.
This applies to each transformer.
4. Calculate the Transmission-Line Reactance
Use the equation:
• Xper unit = (ohms reactance)(base kVA)/(1000)(base kV)2 =
• Xper unit = (65) (25,000)/(1000)(72.1)2 = 0.313 p.u.
5. Calculate the Reactance of the Motors
Corrections need to be made in the nameplate ratings of both motors because of
differences of ratings in kVA and kV as compared with those selected for
calculations in this problem. Use the correcting equation from Step 3, above.
For motor A:
X”A = (0.15 p.u.) (25,000 kVA / 15,000 kVA) (13.0 kV / 13.8 kV)2 = 0.222 p.u.
For motor B:
X”B = (0.15 p.u.)(25,000 kVA /10,000 kVA)(13.0 kV / 13.8 kV)2 = 0.333 p.u.
6. Draw the Reactance Diagram
The completed reactance diagram is shown in Figure 5:
TXLs should be j0.13724 (my correction)
Figure 5 – Single line reactance circuit diagram (reactances shown on a per-unit
basis)
7. Calculate Operating Conditions of the Motors
If the motors are operating at 12 kV, this represents 12 kV/13.8 kV = 0.87 per-unit
voltage. At unity power factor, the load is given as three-quarters or 0.75 p.u.
Thus, expressed in per unit, the combined motor current is obtained by using the
equation:
Iper unit = per-unit power/per-unit voltage = 0.75/0.87 = 0.862 ∠0° p.u.
8. Calculate the Generator Terminal Voltage
The voltage at the generator terminals is:
• VG = Vmotor + the voltage drop through transformers and transmission line
• VG = 0.87∠0° + 0.862 ∠0°(j0.101 + j0.313 + j0.101) should be j0.13724 x2
• VG = 0.87 + j0.444 should be j0.58748 = 0.977 ∠27.03° p.u. should be 1.00665
∠34.03°
In order to obtain the actual voltage, multiply the per-unit voltage by the base
voltage at the generator. Thus,
• VG = (0.977 ∠27.03°) (13.8 kV) = 13.48 ∠27.03° kV should be 13.89 ∠34.03°
Related Calculations
In the solution of these problems, the selection of base voltage and apparent
power are arbitrary. However, the base voltage in each section of the circuit must
be related in accordance with transformer turns ratios.
The base impedance may be calculated from the equation:
Zbase = (base kV)2 (1000) / (base kVA).
For the transmission line section in this problem, Zbase = (72.136)2 (1000) /
(25,000) = 208.1
Thus the per-unit reactance of the transmission line equals (actual ohms) / (base
ohms) = 65 / 208.1 = 0.313 p.u.