TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

EMG 2502 HEAT TRANSFER – TUTORIAL SHEET 4
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Problem 1.
A double-pipe heat exchanger is constructed of a copper (k = 380 W/m ·°C) inner tube of internal diameter
Di =1.2 cm and external diameter Do = 1.6 cm and an outer tube of diameter 3.0 cm. The convection heat
transfer coefficient is reported to be hi = 700 W/m2 ·°C on the inner surface of the tube and ho = 1400
W/m2 · °C on its outer surface. For a fouling factor Rf, i = 0.0005 m2 ·°C/W on the tube side and Rf, o =
0.0002 m2 ·°C/W on the shell side, determine (a) the thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit
length and (b) the overall heat transfer coefficients Ui and Uo based on the inner and outer surface areas of
the tube, respectively.

Solution
The heat transfer coefficients and the fouling factors on tube and shell side of a heat exchanger are given.
The thermal resistance and the overall heat transfer coefficients based on the inner and outer areas are to be
determined.
Assumptions
1 The heat transfer coefficients and the fouling factors are constant and uniform.

Analysis (a) The total thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length is
1 R fi ln(Do / Di ) R fo 1
R    
hi Ai Ai 2kL Ao ho Ao
1 (0.0005 m 2 .C/W)
R 
(700 W/m .C)[ (0.012 m)(1 m)]
2 [ (0.012 m)(1 m)]
ln(1.6 / 1.2) (0.0002 m 2 .C/W)
 
2 (380 W/m.C)(1 m) [ (0.016 m)(1 m)]
1
 Outer surface
(700 W/m2 .C)[ (0.016 m)(1 m)] D0, A0, h0, U0 , Rf0
 0.0837C/W Inner surface
(b) The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner and the Di, Ai, hi, Ui , Rfi
outer surface areas of the tube per length are
1 1 1
R  
UA U i Ai U o Ao
1 1
Ui    317 W/m 2 .C
RAi (0.0837 C/W)[ (0.012 m)(1 m)]
1 1
Uo    238 W/m 2 .C
RAo (0.0837 C/W)[ (0.016 m)(1 m)]

Page 1
Problem 2.
Water at an average temperature of 110°C and an average velocity of 3.5 m/s flows through a 5-m-long
stainless steel tube (k = 14.2 W/m ·°C) in a boiler. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are Di = 1.0
cm and Do = 1.4 cm, respectively. If the convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of the tube
where boiling is taking place is ho = 8400 W/m2 ·°C, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of
this boiler based on the inner surface area of the tube.

Solution
Water is flowing through the tubes in a boiler. The overall heat transfer coefficient of this boiler based on
the inner surface area is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Water flow is fully developed.
2 Properties of water are constant.
3 The heat transfer coefficient and the fouling factor are constant and uniform.

Properties The properties of water at 110C are (Use Steamt Table)

   /   0.268 10 6 m 2 /s
k  0.682 W/m2 .K
Pr  1.58
Analysis The Reynolds number is
Vavg Dh (3.5 m/s)(0.01 m)
Re    130,600 Outer surface
 0.268 10 6 m 2 / s D0, A0, h0, U0 , Rf0
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is Inner surface
turbulent. Assuming fully developed flow, Di, Ai, hi, Ui , Rfi
hDh
Nu   0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4  0.023(130,600) 0.8 (1.58) 0.4  342
k
k 0.682 W/m.C
and h Nu  (342) = 23,324 W/m2 .C
Dh 0.01 m

The thermal resistance of heat exchanger with a fouling factor of R f ,i  0.0005 m 2 .C/W is determined
from
1 R f ,i ln(Do / Di ) 1
R   
hi Ai Ai 2kL ho Ao
1 0.0005 m 2 .C/W
R 
(23,324 W/m2 .C)[ (0.01 m)(5 m)] [ (0.01 m)(5 m)]
ln(1.4 / 1) 1
 
2 (14.2 W/m.C)(5 m) (8400 W/m .C)[ (0.014 m)(5 m)]
2

 0.00475C/W
Then,
1 1 1
R 
 U i    1340 W/m 2 .C
U i Ai RAi (0.00475C/W)[ (0.01 m)(5 m)]

Page 2
Problem 3.
A long thin-walled double-pipe heat exchanger with tube and shell diameters of 1.0 cm and 2.5 cm,
respectively, is used to condense refrigerant 134a by water at 20°C. The refrigerant flows through the tube,
with a convection heat transfer coefficient of hi = 5000 W/m2 ·°C. Water flows through the shell at a rate of
0.3 kg/s. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger. Answer: 2020 W/m2 ·°C

Solution
Refrigerant-134a is cooled by water in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer coefficient is
to be determined.
Assumptions
1 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube material is highly conductive and its
thickness is negligible.
2 Both the water and refrigerant-134a flow are fully developed.
3 Properties of the water and refrigerant-134a are constant.

Properties The properties of water at 20C are (Table A-15) Cold water
  998 kg/m 3

D0
   /   1.004 10 6 m 2 /s
Di
k  0.598 W/m.C
Pr  7.01
Analysis The hydraulic diameter for annular space is
Dh  Do  Di  0.025  0.01  0.015 m
Hot R-134a
The average velocity of water in the tube and the Reynolds number are
m m 0.3 kg/s
Vavg     0.729 m/s
Ac  D 2  Di 2   (0.025 m) 2  (0.01 m) 2 
  o  (998 kg/m )  
3
   4 
 4   
Vavg Dh (0.729 m/s)(0.015 m)
Re    10,890
 1.004 10 6 m 2 / s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore flow is turbulent. Assuming fully developed flow,
hDh
Nu   0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4  0.023(10,890) 0.8 (7.01) 0.4  85.0
k
and
k 0.598 W/m.C
ho  Nu  (85.0) = 3390 W/m2 .C
Dh 0.015 m
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes
1 1
U   2020 W/m 2 .C
1 1 1 1
 
hi ho 5000 W/m2 .C 3390 W/m2 .C

Page 3
 Problem 4.
Steam in the condenser of a steam power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of 50°C (hfg = 2383
kJ/kg) with cooling water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser
at 18°C and leaves at 27°C. The surface area of the tubes is 42 m2, and the overall heat transfer coefficient
is 2400 W/m2·°C. Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of
the steam in the condenser. Answers: 73.1 kg/s, 1.15 kg/s

Solution
Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power plant. The mass flow rate of the cooling
water and the rate of condensation are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 50C is given to be hfg = 2383 kJ/kg and specific heat of
cold water at the average temperature of 22.5C is given to be cp = 4180 J/kg.C.
Analysis The temperature differences between the steam and the cooling water at the two ends of the
condenser are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  50C  27C = 23C
Steam
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  50C  18C = 32C 50C
and 27C

T1  T2 23  32
Tlm    27.3C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(23 / 32)
Then the heat transfer rate in the condenser becomes
18C
Q  UAs Tlm  (2400 W/m2 .C)(42 m2 )( 27.3C) = 2752 kW
The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of Water
condensation of steam are determined from
50C
Q  [m c p (Tout  Tin )] coolingwater
Q 2752 kJ/s
m cooling   = 73.1kg/s
water c p (Tout  Tin ) (4.18 kJ/kg.C)(27C  18C)

Q 2752 kJ/s
Q  (m h fg ) steam 
 m
 steam    1.15 kg/s
h fg 2383 kJ/kg

Page 4
Problem 5.
A double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is to heat water (cp = 4180 J/kg·°C) from 25°C to 60°C at a rate
of 0.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water (Brine) (cp = 4310 J/kg·°C) available at
140°C at a mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 0.8 cm. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 550 W/m2·°C, determine the length of the heat
exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.

Solution
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heats of water and geothermal fluid are given to be 4.18 and 4.31 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.

Analysis The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is

Q  [m
 c p (Tout  Tin )] water  (0.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(60C  25C) = 29.26 kW

Then the outlet temperature of the geothermal water is determined from

Q 29.26 kW
Q  [m c p (Tin  Tout )] geot.water 
 Tout  Tin   140C   117.4C
cp
m (0.3 kg/s)(4.31 kJ/kg.C)

The logarithmic mean temperature difference is

60C
T1  Th,in  Tc,in  140C  25C = 115C
T2  Th,out  Tc,out  117.4C  60C = 57.4C Brine
140C
and

T1  T2 115  57.4

Tlm    82.9C Water
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(115 / 57.4)
25C
The surface area of the heat exchanger is determined from

Q 29.26 kW
Q  UAs Tlm 
 As    0.642 m 2
UTlm (0.55 kW/m2 )(82.9C)

Then the length of the tube required becomes

As 0.642 m 2
As  DL 
 L    25.5 m
D  (0.008 m)

Page 5
Problem 6.
A test is conducted to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient in a shell-and-tube oil-to-water heat
exchanger that has 24 tubes of internal diameter 1.2 cm and length 2 m in a single shell. Cold water (cp =
4180 J/kg ·°C) enters the tubes at 20°C at a rate of 5 kg/s and leaves at 55°C. Oil (cp = 2150 J/kg ·°C) flows
through the shell and is cooled from 120°C to 45°C. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of
this heat exchanger based on the inner surface area of the tubes.

Solution
During an experiment, the inlet and exit temperatures of water and oil and the mass flow rate of water are
measured. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4180 and 2150 J/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer from the oil to the water is
Q  [m
 c p (Tout  Tin )]water  (3 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(55C  20C) = 438.9 kW

The heat transfer area on the tube side is

Ai  nDi L  24 (0.012 m)(2 m) = 1.8 m 2
Oil
The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter- 120C
flow arrangement and the correction factor F are 55C
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  120C  55C = 65C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  45C  20C = 25C

T1  T2 65  25
Tlm,CF    41.9C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(65 / 25) 20C

t 2  t1 55  20  Water
P   0.35 
T1  t1 120  20  24 tubes 3 kg/s
 F  0.70
T  T2 120  45 45C
R 1   2.14
t 2  t1 55  20 

Then the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes

Q 438.9 kW
Q  U i Ai FTlm,CF  U i    8.31kW/m 2 .C
Ai FTlm,CF (1.8 m 2 )(0.70)( 41.9C)

Page 6
Problem 7.
A double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is to cool ethylene glycol (cp = 2560 J/kg ·°C) flowing at a rate
of 3.5 kg/s from 80°C to 40°C by water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) that enters at 20°C and leaves at 55°C. The
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area of the tube is 250 W/m2 ·°C. Determine (a)
the rate of heat transfer, (b) the mass flow rate of water, and (c) the heat transfer surface area on the inner
side of the tube.

Solution
Ethylene glycol is cooled by water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer,
the mass flow rate of water, and the heat transfer surface area on the inner side of the tubes are to be
determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in he kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and ethylene glycol are given to be 4.18 and 2.56 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is Cold
Water
Q  [m c (T  T )]
p in out glycol
20C
 (3.5 kg/s)(2.56 kJ/kg.C)(80C  40C) Hot Glycol
= 358.4 kW
80C 40C
(b) The rate of heat transfer from water must be 3.5 kg/s
equal to the rate of heat transfer to the glycol. Then,
Q 55C
Q  [m c p (Tout  Tin )] water 
 m water 
c p (Tout  Tin )
358.4 kJ/s
 = 2.45 kg/s
(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(55C  20C)
(c) The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  80C  55C = 25C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  40C  20C = 20C
and
T1  T2 25  20
Tlm    22.4C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(25 / 20)
Then the heat transfer surface area becomes
Q 358.4 kW
Q  U i Ai Tlm 
 Ai    64.0 m2
U i Tlm (0.25 kW/m2 .C)(22.4C)

Page 7
Problem 8.
Water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) enters the 2.5-cm internal- diameter tube of a double-pipe counter-flow heat
exchanger at 17°C at a rate of 3 kg/s. It is heated by steam condensing at 120°C (hfg = 2203 kJ/kg) in the
shell. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 1500 W/m ·°C, determine the length of
the tube required in order to heat the water to 80°C.

Solution
Water is heated by steam in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The required length of the tubes is
to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heat of water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam at
120C is given to be 2203 kJ/kg.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer is
Q  [m c p (Tout  Tin )] water
Steam
 (3 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(80C  17C)
120C
= 790.02 kW Water
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
17C 80C
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  120 C  80 C = 40 C
3 kg/s
T2  Th,in  Tc,in  120 C  17 C = 103 C
T1  T2 40  103
Tlm    66.6 C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(40 / 103)
The heat transfer surface area is
Q 790.02 kW
Q  U i Ai Tlm 
 Ai    7.9 m2
U i Tlm (15
. kW / m2 .  C)(66.6 C)
Then the length of tube required becomes
Ai 7.9 m 2
Ai  Di L 
 L    100.6 m
Di  (0.025 m)

Page 8
Problem 9.
A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is to be used to cool oil (cp = 2200 J/kg ·°C) from 150°C
to 40°C at a rate of 2 kg/s by water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) that enters at 22°C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. The diameter of
the tube is 2.5 cm, and its length is 6 m. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger.

Solution
Oil is cooled by water in a thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer
coefficient of the heat exchanger is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.

Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given

Hot oil
to be 4.18 and 2.20 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
150C
Analysis The rate of heat transfer from the water 2 kg/s
to the oil is Cold water
Q  [m c p (Tin  Tout )] oil
22C
 (2 kg/s)(2.2 kJ/kg.C)(150C  40C) 1.5 kg/s
= 484 kW 40C
The outlet temperature of the water is determined from
Q
Q  [m c p (Tout  Tin )] water 
 Tout  Tin 
m c p
484 kW
 22C +  99.2C
(1.5 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  150C  99.2C = 50.8C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  40C  22C = 18C

T1  T2 50.8  18

Tlm    31.6C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(50.8 / 18)
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes
Q 484 kW
U   32.5 kW/m2 .C
As Tlm  (0.025 m)(6 m)(31.6C)

Page 9
Problem 10.
Cold water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) leading to a shower enters a thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat
exchanger at 15°C at a rate of 0.25 kg/s and is heated to 45°C by hot water (cp = 4190 J/kg ·°C) that enters
at 100°C at a rate of 3 kg/s. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1210 W/m2 ·°C, determine the rate of
heat transfer and the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger.

Solution
Cold water is heated by hot water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer
and the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.

Properties The specific heats of cold and hot water Cold Water
are given to be 4.18 and 4.19 kJ/kg.C, respectively. 15C
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat 1.25 kg/s
exchanger is Hot water

Q  [m c (T  T )]
p out in cold water 100C
 (1.25 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(45C  15C) 3 kg/s
= 156.8kW 45C
The outlet temperature of the hot water is determined from
Q 156.8 kW
Q  [m
 c p (Tin  Tout )] hot water 
 Tout  Tin   100C   87.5C
cp
m (3 kg/s)(4.19 kJ/kg.C)
The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  100C  45C = 55C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  87.5C  15C = 72.5C
and
T1  T2 55  72.5
Tlm    63.3C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(55 / 72.5)
Then the surface area of this heat exchanger becomes
Q 156.8 kW
Q  UAs Tlm   As    2.81m 2
UTlm (0.880 kW/m2 .C)(63.3C)

Page 10
Problem 11.
Engine oil (cp = 2100 J/kg·°C) is to be heated from 20°C to 60°C at a rate of 0.3 kg/s in a 2-cm-diameter
thinwalled copper tube by condensing steam outside at a temperature of 130°C (hfg = 2174 kJ/kg). For an
overall heat transfer coefficient of 650 W/m2 ·°C, determine the rate of heat transfer and the length of the
tube required to achieve it. Answers: 25.2 kW, 7.0 m

Solution
Engine oil is heated by condensing steam in a condenser. The rate of heat transfer and the length of the tube
required are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.

Properties The specific heat of engine oil is given to be 2.1 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam at
130C is given to be 2174 kJ/kg.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Q  [m
 c p (Tout  Tin )] oil  (0.3 kg/s)(2.1 kJ/kg.C)(60C  20C) = 25.2 kW

The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  130C  60C = 70C Steam
130C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  130C  20C = 110C
and Oil 60C
T1  T2 70  110
Tlm    88.5C 20C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(70 / 110) 0.3 kg/s
The surface area is
Q 25.2 kW
As    0.44 m 2
UTlm (0.65 kW/m2 .C)(88.5C)
Then the length of the tube required becomes
As 0.44 m 2
As  DL 
 L    7.0 m
D  (0.02 m)

Page 11
Problem 12.
Glycerin (cp = 2400 J/kg ·°C) at 20°C and 0.3 kg/s is to be heated by ethylene glycol (c p = 2500 J/kg ·°C) at
60°C in a thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The temperature difference between the
two fluids is 15°C at the outlet of the heat exchanger. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 240 W/m2 ·
°C and the heat transfer surface area is 3.2 m2, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer, (b) the outlet
temperature of the glycerin, and (c) the mass flow rate of the ethylene glycol.

Solution
Glycerin is heated by ethylene glycol in a thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The rate of
heat transfer, the outlet temperature of the glycerin, and the mass flow rate of the ethylene glycol are to be
determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.

Properties The specific heats of glycerin and ethylene

glycol are given to be 2.4 and 2.5 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis (a) The temperature differences at the Hot ethylene
two ends are
T1  Th,in  Tc,in  60C  20C = 40C 60C
3 kg/s
T2  Th,out  Tc,out  Th,out  (Th,out  15C) = 15C Glycerin
20C
T1  T2 40  15
and Tlm    25.5C 0.3 kg/s
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(40 / 15)
Then the rate of heat transfer becomes
Q  UAs Tlm  (240 W/m2 .C)(3.2 m 2 )( 25.5C)  19,584 W  19.58kW
(b) The outlet temperature of the glycerin is determined from
Q 19.584 kW
Q  [m c p (Tout  Tin )] glycerin 
 Tout  Tin   20C   47.2C
cp
m (0.3 kg/s)(2.4 kJ/kg.C)
(c) Then the mass flow rate of ethylene glycol becomes
Q  [m c p (Tin  Tout )] ethyleneglycol
Q 19.584 kJ/s
m ethyleneglycol    3.56 kg/s
c p (Tin  Tout ) (2.5 kJ/kg.C)[(47.2 + 15)C  60C]

Page 12
Problem 13.
Air (cp = 1005 J/kg ·°C) is to be preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger before it
enters the furnace. Air enters the heat exchanger at 95 kPa and 20°C at a rate of 0.8 m3/s. The combustion
gases (cp = 1100 J/kg ·°C) enter at 180°C at a rate of 1.1 kg/s and leave at 95°C. The product of the overall
heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer surface area is AU = 1200 W/°C. Assuming both fluids to be
unmixed, determine the rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperature of the air.

Solution
Air is preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer and the outlet
temperature of the air are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heats of air and combustion gases are

given to be 1005 and 1100 J/kg.C, respectively. Air
Analysis The rate of heat transfer is 95 kPa
20C
Q  [m c (T  T )]
p in out gas. 0.8 m3/s
 (1.1 kg/s)(1.1 kJ/kg.C)(180C  95C)
= 103 kW
The mass flow rate of air is Exhaust gases
PV (95 kPa)(0.8 m 3 /s) 1.1 kg/s
m    0.904 kg/s 95C
RT (0.287 kPa.m3 /kg.K)  293 K
Then the outlet temperature of the air becomes
Q 103 10 3 W
Q  m c p (Tc,out  Tc,in ) 
 Tc,out  Tc,in   20C   133C
m c p (0.904 kg/s)(1005 J/kg.C)

Page 13
Problem 14.
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes is used to heat water (cp = 4180 J/kg
·°C) in the tubes from 20°C to 70°C at a rate of 4.5 kg/s. Heat is supplied by hot oil (cp = 2300 J/kg ·°C)
that enters the shell side at 170°C at a rate of 10 kg/s. For a tube-side overall heat transfer coefficient of 350
W/m2 ·°C, determine the heat transfer surface area on the tube side.

Solution
Water is heated by hot oil in a 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes heat exchanger. The heat transfer surface
area on the tube side is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.3 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Q  [m
 c p (Tout  Tin )] water  (4.5 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(70C  20C) = 940.5 kW

The outlet temperature of the oil is determined from

Q 940.5 kW
Q  [m
 c p (Tin  Tout )] oil 
 Tout  Tin   170C   129C
cp
m (10 kg/s)(2.3 kJ/kg.C)
The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-
flow arrangement and the correction factor F are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  170C  70C = 100C Oil
170C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  129C  20C = 109C 10 kg/s
T1  T2 100  109
Tlm,CF    104.4C 70C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(100 / 109)
Water
t t 70  20 
P 2 1   0.33  20C
T1  t1 170  20  4.5 kg/s
 F  1.0
T1  T2 170  129 (12 tube passes)
R   0.82
t 2  t1 70  20 

Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
Q 940.5 kW
Q  UAs FTlm,CF   As    25.7 m 2
UFTlm,CF (0.350 kW/m2 .C)(1.0)(104.4C)

Page 14
Problem 15.
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 8-tube passes is used to heat ethyl alcohol (cp =
2670 J/kg ·°C) in the tubes from 25°C to 70°C at a rate of 2.1 kg/s. The heating is to be done by water (cp =
4190 J/kg ·°C) that enters the shell side at 95°C and leaves at 45°C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is
950 W/m2 ·°C, determine the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger.

Solution
Ethyl alcohol is heated by water in a 2-shell passes and 8-tube passes heat exchanger. The heat transfer
surface area of the heat exchanger is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heats of water and ethyl alcohol are given to be 4.19 and 2.67 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Q  [m
 c p (Tout  Tin )] ethylalcohol  (2.1 kg/s)(2.67 kJ/kg.C)(70C  25C) = 252.3 kW

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-

flow arrangement and the correction factor F are
Water
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  95C  70C = 25C 95C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  45C  25C = 20C
70C
T1  T2 25  20
Tlm,CF    22.4C Ethyl
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(25 / 20)
Alcohol
t 2  t1 70  25  25C
P   0.64 2.1 kg/s (8 tube passes)
T1  t1 95  25 
 F  0.82
T1  T2 95  45
R   1.1 
t 2  t1 70  25  45C

Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
Q 252.3 kW
Q  U i Ai FTlm,CF  Ai    14.5 m 2
U i FTlm,CF (0.950 kW/m2 .C)(0.82)(22.4C)

Page 15
 Problem 16.
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes is used to heat water (cp = 4180 J/kg
·°C) with ethylene glycol (cp = 2680 J/kg ·°C). Water enters the tubes at 22°C at a rate of 0.8 kg/s and
leaves at 70°C. Ethylene glycol enters the shell at 110°C and leaves at 60°C. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the tube side is 280 W/m2 ·°C, determine the rate of heat transfer and the heat transfer
surface area on the tube side.

Solution
Water is heated by ethylene glycol in a 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes heat exchanger. The rate of heat
transfer and the heat transfer surface area on the tube side are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heats of water and ethylene glycol are given to be 4.18 and 2.68 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is :
Q  [m
 c p (Tout  Tin )] water  (0.8 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(70C  22C) = 160.5kW

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-flow arrangement and the correction factor F are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  110C  70C = 40C Ethylene
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  60C  22C = 38C 110C

T1  T2 40  38
Tlm,CF    39C 70C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(40 / 38)
Water
t t 70  22 
P 2 1   0.55  22C
T1  t1 110  22  0.8 kg/s
 F  0.92 (12 tube passes)
T1  T2 110  60
R   1.04
t 2  t1 70  22 
60C
Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
Q 160.5 kW
Q  U i Ai FTlm,CF  Ai    16.0 m 2
U i FTlm,CF (0.28 kW/m2 .C)(0.92)(39C)

Page 16
Problem 17.
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 1-shell pass and 20–tube passes is used to heat glycerin (cp = 2480
J/kg ·°C) in the shell, with hot water in the tubes. The tubes are thinwalled and have a diameter of 1.5 cm
and length of 2 m per pass. The water enters the tubes at 100°C at a rate of 5 kg/s and leaves at 55°C. The
glycerin enters the shell at 15°C and leaves at 55°C. Determine the mass flow rate of the glycerin and the
overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger.

Solution
Glycerin is heated by hot water in a 1-shell pass and 20-tube passes heat exchanger. The mass flow rate of
glycerin and the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heat of glycerin is given to be are given to be 2.48 kJ/kg.C and that of water is
taken to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Q  [m
 c p (Tin  Tout )] water  (0.5 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(100C  55C) = 94.05 kW

The mass flow rate of the glycerin is determined from

Q  [m c p (Tout  Tin )] glycerin
Q 94.05 kJ/s
m glycerin    0.95 kg/s
c p (Tout  Tin ) (2.48 kJ/kg.C)[(55 C  15C]
The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-flow arrangement and the correction factor F are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  100C  55C = 45C Glycerin
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  55C  15C = 40C 15C

T1  T2 55C

45  40
Tlm,CF    42.5C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(45 / 40)
t 2  t1 55  100 
P   0.53 
T1  t1 15  100 
 F  0.77
T1  T2 15  55 100C
R   0.89
t 2  t1 55  100 
Hot Water
The heat transfer surface area is 0.5 kg/s
As  nDL  20 (0.04 m)(2 m) = 5.027 m 2 55C

Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is determined to be
Q 94.05 kW
Q  UAs FTlm,CF   U    0.572kW/m 2 .C
As FTlm,CF (5.027 m 2 )(0.77)( 42.5C)

Page 17
Problem 18.
In a binary geothermal power plant, the working fluid isobutane is to be condensed by air in a condenser at
75°C (hfg = 255.7 kJ/kg) at a rate of 2.7 kg/s. Air enters the condenser at 21ºC and leaves at 28ºC. The heat
transfer surface area based on the isobutane side is 24 m2. Determine the mass flow rate of air and the
overall heat transfer coefficient.

Solution
Isobutane is condensed by cooling air in the condenser of a power plant. The mass flow rate of air and the
overall heat transfer coefficient are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Air, 28C
Properties The heat of vaporization of isobutane at
75C is given to be hfg = 255.7 kJ/kg and specific
heat of air is taken to be cp = 1005 J/kg.C. Isobutane

75C
Analysis First, the rate of heat transfer is 2.7 kg/s
determined from
Q  (m h fg ) isobutane
Air, 21C
 (2.7 kg/s)( 255.7 kJ/kg)  690.4 kW
The mass flow rate of air is determined from
Q 690.4 kJ/s
Q  [m c p (Tout  Tin )] air 
 m
 air   = 98.1kg/s
c p (Tout  Tin ) (1.005 kJ/kg.C)(28C  21C)
The temperature differences between the isobutane and the air at the two ends of the condenser are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  75C  21C = 54C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  75C  28C = 47C
and
T1  T2 54  47
Tlm    50.4C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(54 / 47)
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient is determined from
Q  UAs Tlm 
 690,400 W  U (24 m 2 )(50.4C) 
U = 571W/m 2 .C

Page 18
Problem 19.
Hot exhaust gases of a stationary diesel engine are to be used to generate steam in an evaporator. Exhaust
gases (cp= 1051 J/kg ·ºC) enter the heat exchanger at 550ºC at a rate of 0.25 kg/s while water enters as
saturated liquid and evaporates at 200ºC (hfg = 1941 kJ/kg). The heat transfer surface area of the heat
exchanger based on water side is 0.5 m2 and overall heat transfer coefficient is 1780 W/m2 ·ºC. Determine
the rate of heat transfer, the exit temperature of exhaust gases, and the rate of evaporation of water.

Solution
Water is evaporated by hot exhaust gases in an evaporator. The rate of heat transfer, the exit temperature of
the exhaust gases, and the rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 200C is

given to be hfg = 1941 kJ/kg and specific heat of exhaust Water
gases is given to be cp = 1051 J/kg.C. 200C
Analysis The temperature differences between the water Th,out
and the exhaust gases at the two ends of the evaporator are
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  550C  200C = 350C
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  (Th,out  200)C
and 550C
T1  T2 350  (Th,out  200)
Tlm  

ln(T1 / T2 ) ln 350 /(Th,out  200)  Exhaust
gases
Then the rate of heat transfer can be expressed as 200C
350  (Th,out  200)
Q  UAs Tlm  (1.780 kW/m2 .C)(0.5 m 2 )

ln 350 /(Th,out  200)  (Eq. 1)

The rate of heat transfer can also be expressed as in the following forms
Q  [m
 c p (Th,in  Th,out )] exhaust  (0.25 kg/s)(1.051 kJ/kg.C)(550C  Th,out ) (Eq. 2)
gases

Q  (m
 h fg ) water  m
 water (1941 kJ/kg) (Eq. 3)

We have three equations with three unknowns. Using an equation solver such as EES, the unknowns are
determined to be
Q  88.85 kW
Th,out  211.8C
m water  0.0458kg/s

Page 19
Problem 20.
In a textile manufacturing plant, the waste dyeing water (cp = 4295 J/g ·ºC) at 75°C is to be used to preheat
fresh water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·ºC) at 15ºC at the same flow rate in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger.
The heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger is 1.65 m2 and the overall heat transfer coefficient is
625 W/m2 ·ºC. If the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is 35 kW, determine the outlet
temperature and the mass flow rate of each fluid stream.

Solution
The waste dyeing water is to be used to preheat fresh water. The outlet temperatures of each fluid and the
mass flow rate are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heats of waste dyeing water and the fresh water are given to be cp = 4295 J/kg.C
and cp = 4180 J/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The temperature differences between the dyeing water Fresh
and the fresh water at the two ends of the heat exchanger are water
T1  Th,in  Tc,out  75  Tc,out 15C
Dyeing
T2  Th,out  Tc,in  Th,out  15
water
and
75C Th,out
T1  T2 (75  Tc,out )  (Th,out  15)
Tlm  

ln(T1 / T2 ) ln (75  Tc,out ) /(Th,out  15)  Tc,out
Then the rate of heat transfer can be expressed as
Q  UAs Tlm
(75  Tc,out )  (Th,out  15) (Eq. 1)
35 kW  (0.625 kW/m2 .C)(1.65 m 2 )

ln (75  Tc,out ) /(Th,out  15) 
The rate of heat transfer can also be expressed as
Q  [m
 c p (Th,in  Th,out )] dyeing 
 35 kW  m
 (4.295 kJ/kg.C)(75C  Th,out ) (Eq. 2)
water

Q  [m
 c p (Th,in  Th,out )] water 
 35 kW  m
 (4.18 kJ/kg.C)(Tc,out  15C) (Eq. 3)

We have three equations with three unknowns. Using an equation solver such as EES, the unknowns are
determined to be
Tc,out  41.4C
Th,out  49.3C
m  0.317 kg/s

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The Effectiveness-NTU Method
(The NTU method of heat exchanger analysis will be learnt at graduate school)

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