written Exam Question for Mechanical Engineers

1. Draw the stress-strain curve for Mild steel. Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2013

2. What is modulus of Elasticity/Shear Stress? Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2013

Answer:

Modulus of Rigidity/Shear Stress- within Elastic Limit, Ʈ ∞Ø, Ʈ = CØ , C= Ʈ/Ø,

Where C= Modulus of Rigidity, Ø= Shear Strain and Ʈ= Shear Stress

3. What is Modulus of Elasticity/young Modulus? Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2013

Answer:

Modulus of Elasticity - within Elastic Limit, ð ∞€, ð =E. € , E= ð /€,

Where E= Modulus of Elasticity, ð = Stress and €= Strain

4. What is tonne of Refrigeration?

Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2013

Answer:

Tonne of Refrigeration: The amount of refrigeration effect produced by uniform melting of one tonne
(1000 Kg) of ice from and at 0 ° C in 24 hours.

5. What is Jigs and Fixtures? Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2013

Answer:

Jigs: Jigs are used for holding and grinding the tool in drilling, reaming or taping operation

Fixtures: Fixtures are used for holding the work in milling, grinding, planning or turning operations.

6. What is Newtonian Fluid? RPCL, Assistant Manager (Mech.)-2013

Answer:

A Newtonian fluid- whose viscosity does not change with the rate of deformation or shear strain is
known as Newtonian Fluid.

7. Write the operations carried out in Lathe machines. Dhaka Wasa, Assistant Engineer (Mech.)-2009,
Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2012

Answer:

Operations which can be carried out in lathe machines-

>Knurling, >Threading, >Boring, >Chamfering, >Taper Turning > Plain Turning, >Step Turning

8. Which alloy based metal is Babbit metal? Asusganj Power Station, Assistant Engineer (Mech.) -2010

Answer:

Babbit Metal is a tin base alloy containing 88% tin, 8% antimony, and 4% copper.

9. Write down the Euler’s Column theory. Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2012

Answer:

Euler’s Column Theory, P= π 2 .E.I./C.l 2

10. What is coefficient of Concentration (Cc)? . Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2012

Answer:

Coefficient of Concentration (Cc ): It is defined as the ratio of area of jet at vena contracta (a c) to the
area of orifice (a).

11. What is coefficient of Velocity (Cv )? .

Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2012

Answer:

Coefficient of Velocity (C v ): It is defined as the ratio of actual velocity of the jet at vena contracta to the
theoretical velocity.

12. What is cavitations? Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2013

Answer:

Cavitation- The formation, growth and collapse of vapor filled cavities or bubbles in a flowing liquid due
to local fall in fluid pressure are called cavitation.

13. Write down the advantages of Gas Turbine (GT). Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2012

Answer:

Advantages of GT-

a) Need not warm time b) Low weight and size c) Less floor space d) Quick start up and shut down e)
High thermal efficiency f) Minimal transmission loss g) Less installation cost

14. What is hot working process?

Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2013

Answer:

Hot working- The working of metal above the re-crystallization temperature is called hot working.

15. What are the Boiler Mountings?

Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director (Mech.) -2013

Answer:

Boiler Mountings are- Water level Indicator, Pressure Gauge, Safety valve, steam stop valve, Blow off
cock, Fusible Plug

16. For a small scale industry, the fixed cost per month is Tk. 5000. The variable cost price per product is
Tk. 20 and sell price is Tk. 30. The break even Production per month? Bangladesh Ordinance Factory,
Assistant Engineer (Mech.) -2010

Answer:

Let, X= Break Even Production per month

5000+20x =30x, x=500

17. Draw the Performance curve of Centrifugal pump. EGCB, Assistant Engineer (Mech.) -14

18. Write down the comparison between petrol and Diesel Engine. BRTA, Assistant Director (Mech.)
-2012

Answer:

Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

A petrol Engine draws a mixture of petrol and air during suction stroke.

A Diesel Engine only draws air during suction stroke.

The pressure at the end of compression is 10 bar.

The pressure at the end of compression is 35 bar.

The combustion of fuel takes place approximately at constant volume.

The combustion of fuel takes place approximately at constant pressure.

A petrol engine compression ratio is approximately 6 to 10 bar.

A Diesel Engine compression ratio is approximately from 15 to 25 bar

The Thermal efficiency is up to 26%.

The thermal Efficiency is up to 40%.

9. Draw the temperature profile of Counter flow and Parallel flow heat exchanger. Bangladesh Bank,
Assistant Director (Mech.) -2012

Answer:

20. What is cetane Number? RPCL , Assistant Manager (Mech.) -2013

Answer:

Cetane Number- The percentage by volume of a cetane in a mixture of cetane and ∞-methyl
naphthalene which has the same ignition delay as the given fuel when tested in a specified test engine
under specified condition is as cetane numb

GTCL exam questions 2010

GAS TRANSMISSION COMPANY LTD (GTCL) ASSISTANT ENGINEER WRITTEN TEST

1. Give Schematic diagram of GT. Cycle with regeneration and T-S diagram

2. In an IC Engine, bore X stroke is 250 mm X 300 mm, compression ratio is 10:1. Find out the
combustion volume and displacement volume and total volume in CC.

3. For a pump suction head = 10 m, delivery head = 15 m, discharge = 10 m3/hr, Efficiency of the pump
0.9, now find out the power required.

4. Give T-S and P-V diagram of Brayton-Joule Cycle.

5. Give differences between Open and closed channel flow.

6. Give differences between the two stroke and four stroke cycle IC Engine.

7. What is the positive displacement pump. Give the examples.

8. In a thin walled cyclider, max. stress is given, ð= 50 M, diameter, d =100 mm, thickness, t=5 mm, find
out the allowable pressure.

9. Give the example of gears, in where we use a worm gear.

PDB Exam Questions

Bangladesh Power Development Board

Recruitment Examination of Assistant Engineer -1999

Mechanical Engineering

Answer any six questions in English (Question No-1 is compulsory)

1. a) what do you mean by Y2K problem? why this problem is being discussed throughout the world?

b) What is meant by WHO, CTBT, SAARC, ME, MR, NATO, BPDB, SAPTA, UNO, SEATO,

c) Who is the secretary General of Common wealth summit? Where the common wealth was held in
1999?

d) Which team won the champion trophy in last world cup cricket final? Where the final match was held
and who was the man of the match?

e) What do you mean by IPP? do you think that extensive privatization is the only way to active success
in power sector? Give reason in support of your opinion.

f) Who won the novel prize from the sub continent in 1999? what was his subject ? name at least three
persons also won the novel prize from the sub continent.

2. a) What is the differences between impulse and reaction Turbine?

b) Describe condenser of a steam turbine.

3. a) What is the advantages and disadvantages of two stroke and four stroke engine?

b) Draw the valve timing diagram of a four stroke cycle diesel engine.

4. a) What is acrofoil? Describe its operation with sketch.

b) What is Renolds number? What is its significant on the behavior of acrofoil?

5. a) Define fire tube and water tube boiler.

b) Compare between fire tube and water tube boiler.

6. a) What is refrigerant?

b) A refrigerant is rotated at 20 ton capacity, how many pounds of air per hour will it cool from 90 degree
Fahrenheit to 70 degree Ferhenheit at constant pressure. What is the approximate engine horse power
required to operate the plant?

(Assume COP=4 and CP=0.24)

7. a) Define Charles's law and Boyle's law.

b) Calculate the dia of a solid steel shaft to transmit a torque of 24,000 lb-ft with unit stress of 8000 psi.

questions that need answers

Engineers faces the following questions when working factories and need answers:-

1. What is the pressure drop/back pressure developed in the burner in Hurst Boiler (300 series)?
2. What is ultimate pressure and significance in oil rotary pump ?

3. How the linear expansion of MS pipe can be measured ?

4.How the Chimney height is measured ?

5. What is COD and BOD in ETP and their significance?

6. What is single Point Lubrication?

7. What is RBD Oil and its uses?

8. What is torr , used in rotary oil pump and its equivalence unit?

9. What is the difference between bend and Elbow in pipe fittings and their applications?

Some Automobile Abbreviations-

SOHC- Single Over Head Cam

VVTI - Variable Valve Timing-intelligent

VTEC - Variable Timing and Lift Electronic Control

ABS - Anti-lock braking system

RTV Sealant - Room Temperature Vulcanizing Sealant

What does LHMD stand for?

LHMD stands for Local Harmonic Measure Decay. (BAPEX Assistant Engineer Mechanical, 2016 exam
Questions)

RPCL EXAM-2013 ASSISTANT MANAGER (TECHNICAL) GRADE-2

v What is Octane and cetane number?

v What is Boiler? Differentiate fire tube and water tube boiler.

v What is Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid?

v Write down the viscosity in MLT and derive the unit in MKS, CGS, and SI System

v Why Flywheel is an essential part of the engine?

v Write down the four laws of Thermodynamics

v What is COP and Ton of refrigeration?

v What is stress and strain? Draw the stress-strain curve for Non-Newtonian alloys
v What is volumetric efficiency?

v Meaning of SOHC, VVTI, VTEC, ABS

v Differentiate between Closed, Open and Isolated System

v What is knocking in I.C. Engine? What is the effect of Knocking?

.What is Mach number?

Answer: The ratio of Velocity of Fluid , in an undisturbed steam to the velocity of sound wave is called
Mach Number.

What is the Significance of Mach Number?

Answer: M<1 flow="" font="" sub-sonic="">

M=1, Sonic flow

M= (1-6), Super Sonic flow

M>1, Hyper Sonic flow

What is Ton of refrigeration? (Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director-2013)

Answer: The amount of refrigeration effect produced by uniform melting of one ton (1000Kg) of ice from
and by at 0° C in 24 hours. 1 TR= 3.5 KW

What are Jigs and Fixtures? (Bangladesh Bank, Assistant Director-2013)

Answer: Jigs: Jigs are used for holding and guiding the tool in drilling, reaming, or tapping Operations.

Fixtures: Fixtures are used for holding and guiding the work in milling, grinding, planning or turning
Operations.

What is Newtonian Fluid? (RPCL, Assistant Manager-2013)

Answer: A Fluid whose Viscosity does not change with the rate of deformation or shear stress is known
as Newtonian Fluid.

Write down the Major lathe operations

Answer: Operations which can be carried out on a lathe are as follows-

Knurling, Threading, Boring, Chamfering, Taper Turning, Plain Turning, Step Turning

What is the abbreviation of welding rod 7018?

Answer: 70= Tensile Strength 70000 psi

1= welding position

8= Current flux

What is NDT?

Answer: Non Destructive Test

What is Chocking in Compressor? ( (BADC-2014)

What will be effect if Advancing Spark time in SI Engine? (BADC-2014)

Which Compressor is used in Aeroplane Engine? (BADC-2014)

Write Boyls Law. (BADC-2014)

What is Absolute Pressure? ( Dhaka Wasa-2010)

How many chips formation in metal cutting? write the name of the chips formation. (Dhaka Wasa-2010)

What is the significance of Reyonlds number?

(Bangladesh Bank-2013)

Zibralatar Pronali Lies on……………………Spain and Morocco

World Cup 2018 would be …………………….

Who is the Present Food Minister of Bangladesh……….

What is the Synonym of Malice?

Where the highest Building will be …………………….

What is Kelvi-Plank law?

What is the function of diffuser in Compressor?

What is the relation between C and K?

What is the Aeroplane compressor system?

What is chocking in Compressor?

What is the effect of Sub-cooling in Refrigerator?

Bulk Modulus is important for measuring?

Spark timing increase what will be the effect?

Relation between COP and Power of Refrigerant

What is the flow of Centrifugal Compressor?

Which thermal Efficiency- Petrol and Diesel Engine?

Why the Thermal Efficiency of Diesel is higher than Petrol Engine?

What is the Compression ratio of Petrol Engine?

Starts 30 o C before of TDC and ends after 150 C –Which Cycle represents?

Write Boyl’s law,

Write the relation of Indicated Horse power, Brake horse power and Frictional Horse Power.

Why the Refrigerant compressor is used? (Khurmi, Page-424, uestion-254)

Why the reciprocating Compressor are very suitable for? (Khurmi, Page-425, uestion-258)

In a centrifugal compressor the flow of air is ------to the axis of compressor

Ph Stands for?

What is the relation between specific heat at constant pressure and specific heat at constant volume.

Why the thermal efficiency is higher in Diesel Engine than Petrol Engine

Bangladesh Steel & Engineering Corporation (BSEC)

Written Exam, Assistant Engineer (Mechanical)

Marks-75, Time: 90 Minutes, Place: Dhanmondi Govt. Boys School, Dhaka

Differentiate between Impulse and Reaction Turbine. What is staging in turbine?

What is draft tube in Hydraulic turbine?

Draw the block diagram of Vapor compression refrigeration system and the P-V , T-S Diagram

What are the characteristics of good refrigerant? Why sub-cooling is necessary in refrigeration system.

Write down the major and minor losses in pumping system

Write down the second law of thermodynamics with practical examples

Differentiate between CI and SI Engine

Why flywheel is used in IC Engines?

A block 30 m by 30m weighing 80 Kg. The friction of Co-efficient from the block and earth is 0.27. find
out the embedding force

Front, Top and Right hand side view of an Isometric view.

Write the Significant of the historical speech on March 7, 1971 by Bangabundhu

“Ekti Khamar Ekti Bari Prokalpo” reducing the poverty through female involvement- comments

Machineries used in Agricultural increasing the unemployment in rural area- comments.

Vocational education impact on economic-comments

Differentiate- a) Newton’s Law & Daltons law b) Physical change & Chemical change c) Production &
Manufacturing d) speed & velocity e) acceleration & retardation

BCIC assistant-engineer-mechanical-viva

Where is the Bangladesh Secretariat situated?

Under which ministry BCIC is operated?

Where is the Ministry of Industries situated?

What is GPO stands for?

What is Parafin?

In Urea Fertilizer with Ammonia which mole is reacted?

What is Hebar Boss process?

Where is BCIC glass factory situated?

Except KPM name other Paper mills of BCIC.

Which thing UREA absorbs?

What is the Lube oil price variation factor?

Name the Interior government minister during Liberation War of Bangladesh.

BCIC Assistant Engineer Electrical Viva (Courtesy- MD. Makhdum Elahi Mashravi Shams)

What is your name?

Where is your Job location?

Why do you want to come BCIC?

What is the American frequency?

What is the transformer principle?

Where the Chitra River stands for ?

What is BORO BAP ER POLAI KHAI?

Titas Gas Assistant Engineer Mechanical Questions 2014

Ø Difference between pump, compressor, blower and fan

Ø What is volumetric efficiency?

Ø What is Ton of Refrigeration?

Ø Write the second Law of Thermodynamics with Example.

Ø What is Carnot Cycle

Ø What is closed cycle Gas turbine and draw the , P-V diagram and T-S Diagram of Closed cycle gas
turbine

Ø What is VVTI?

Ø What is Reynolds Number? What is the significant of Reynolds Number?

Ø What is Nusselts Number?

Ø What is Centrifugal pump and write the different parts of the Centrifugal pump and the Performance
curve of Centrifugal Pump.

GTCL Written Exam Questions for Mechanical Engineers

1. Draw the typical stress-strain diagram of mild steel showing yield strength, ultimate strength and
breaking strength on it.

2. A concentrated load P is applied at the mid span of a simply supported beam of length L. Draw the
shear force and bending moment diagrams of the beam.

3. A steel rod of 1 cm2 in cross-sectional area and 100 cm long is subjected to an axial pull of 2000 kgf.
Find the elongation of the rod considering E= 200 GPa.

4. Write down the Bernoulli’s equation for ideal and real fluid.

5. An ice plant produces 100 tons of ice in 24 hrs. If the plant uses water at 200 C, find its cooling
capacity. Specific heat and latent heat of solidification of water are 4.2 kJ/kg/K and 334 kJ/kg
respectively.
6. Draw the performance characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump.

7. A centrifugal pump is used to raise water at a height of 100 ft with discharge of 2.0 cusec. The
efficiency of the pump is 62 %. Find the input horse power of the pump.

8. Define “ton of refrigeration”.

9. How do you identify a petrol engine and a diesel engine?

10. What are the functions of an

economizer and safety valve in a boiler?

PGCB Written Exam Questions for Mechanical Engineers (2011)

1. Write 5 desirable properties of coal fired power plant

2. What is cooling tower? Draw a schematic diagram of a cooling tower.

3. What HHV & LHV ? What is the full name of HFO & HSD?

4. Write the chemical action taken in feed water in power plant.

5. Draw the Brayton - Rankine combined cycle power plant. Show topping & bottoming cycle in the
diagram.

6. Draw schematic diagram of air standard gas turbine with regeneration, show T-S diagram.

7. Draw the isometric view

8. A quick rental power plant has the following data, determine i) load factor, ii) capacity factor.

9. A high pressure steel cylindrical vessel has inner diameter 2020 mm, internal pressure 300 MPa, wall
thickness 10 mm. determine the hoop stress and longitudinal stress.

10. A centrifugal pump has motor efficiency 60%, it takes electrical power 10 KW, flow rate= 100 m 3 /h.
What is the head of the pump?

11. A steel furnace has its thermal conductivity 310 W/mK, it has layer of insulation of 30 W/mK, wall
thickness 40 mm, inner temperature 980o C & outside temperature 4 o C. What is the heat transfer
through the wall per unit m 2?

12. A underground engine has 3000cc of 4 cylinder. The bore & strokes are same. What is the diameter
of the cylinder?

What are the Boiler Accessories?

Boiler Accessories: These are the devices which are used as integral parts of a
boiler and which are helps proper operation & increases the efficiency of the boiler.

Boiler Accessories are given below:

Feed pump

Super heater

Economiser

Air Preheater

Injector

Functions/Applications of different boiler accessories:

>> Feed Pump:

It is used to deliver water to the boiler. A feed pump may be of centrifugal type or reciprocating type. But
a double acting reciprocating pump is commonly used as a feed pump.

>> Super heater:

It is an important devices of a steam generating unit. Its purpose is to increase the temperature of
saturated steam without raising its pressure. It is generally an integral part of a boiler and is places in the
path of hot flue gases from the furnace. The heat, given up by these flue gases, is used in superheating
the steam.

Advantages:

Steam consumption of the engine is reduced.

Losses due to the condensation in the cylinders and steam pipes are reduced.

Efficiency of the steam plant is increased.

>> Economiser:

An Economiser is a device used to heat feed water by utilizing the heat in the exhaust flue gases before
leaving through the chimney.

Advantages:

There is about 15-20% of coal saving

It increases the steam raising capacity of a boiler

Its prevents formation of scale in boiler water tubes, because the scale now formed in the economiser
tubes, which can be cleaned easily.
>> Air Preheater:

The function of the air pre-heater is to increase the temperature of air before it enters the furnace. It is
generally placed after the economiser, so the flue gases passing through the economiser and then to the
air pre-heater.

>> Injector:

The function of an injector is to feed water into the boiler. It is commonly employed for vertical and
locomotive boilers and does not find its application in large capacity high pressure boilers. It is also used
where the space is not available for the installation of a feed water.

In an injector the water is delivered to the boiler by steam pressure, the kinetic energy of steam is used
to increase the pressure and velocity of the feed water.

Advantages:

Low initial cost

Simplicity

Compactness

Absence of dynamic parts

The efficiency very high

Ease of operation

What are the Boiler Mountings?

Boiler Mountings: There are different fittings and devices which are mounted or installed on the boiler
for its safe & proper operation. Normally boiler mountings are mounted over the boiler shell.

Boiler mounting are given below:

Water level indicator

Pressure gauge

Safety valve

Steam Stop valve

Blow off cock

Feed check valve

Fusible plug
Functions/Applications of different boiler mountings:

>> Water level indicator:

It is an important fittings, which indicates the water level inside the boiler to an observer. It is a safety
device, upon which the correct working of the boiler depends. This fittings may be seen in front of the
boiler. Water level indicator are generally two in number.

>> Pressure Gauge:

A pressure gauge is used to measure the pressure of the steam inside the steam boiler. It is normally
mounted in front top of the shell or drum. It is usually constructed to indicated upto double the
maximum working pressure. The Pressure gauges generally used are of Bourden type.

>> Safety Valve:

The function of a safety valve is to release the excess steam when the pressure of steam inside the boiler
exceeds the rated pressure. As soon as the pressure of steam inside the boiler exceeds the rated
pressure the safety valve automatically opens and excess steam rushes out into the atmosphere till the
pressure drops down to the normal value. A safety valve is generally mounted on the top of the shell.

A steam boiler is usually provided with the two safety valves & normally Spring loaded safety valve are
employed in the boiler.

>> Steam stop valve:

It is the largest valve on the steam boiler. It is usually fitted to the highest parts of the shell by means of a
flange. The main functions of a steam stop valve are:

i) To control the flow of steam from the boiler to the main pipe.

ii) To shut off the steam completely when required.

>> Blow off cock:

The principle functions of a blow off cock are:

i) To empty the boiler whenever required.

ii) To discharge the mud, scale or sediments which are accumulated at the bottom of the boiler.

>> Feed check valve:

It is a non return valve, fitted to a screwed spindle to regulated the lift. Its function is to regulate the
supply of water, which is pumped into the boiler, by the feed pump. This valve must have its spindle
lifted before the pump is started. It is mounted to the shell slightly below the normal water level of the
boiler.
>> Fusible plug:

It is fitted to the crown plate of the furnace or the fire box. Its function is to put off the fire in the furnace
of the boiler when the level of water in the boiler falls to an unsafe limit, and thus avoids the explosion
which may take place due to the overheating of the furnace plate.

Schematic diagram of a Steam Boiler Plant

Steam Boiler:

A Steam generator or Boiler is usually a closed vessel which is made of steel. Its functions is to transfer
the heat produced by the complete combustion of fuel (solid, liquid, gaseous) to water and ultimately to
generate steam.

A Steam Boiler Consists of many integral parts for its proper & safe functioning which are follows:

Boiler Mountings

i) Water level indicator

ii) Pressure gauge

iii) Safety valve

iv) Steam Stop valve

v) Blow off cock

vi) Feed check valve

vii) Fusible plug

Boiler Accessories

i) Feed pump

ii) Super heater

iii) Economiser

iv) Air Preheater

v) Injector

Carnot Cycle

The cycle was first suggested by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot in 1824 which works on reversible cycle and
to analyse the problem of the efficiency of a heat engine.
Any fluid may be used to operate the Carnot cycle. The working substance is subjected to a cyclic
operation consisting of two isothermal and two reversible

adiabatic or (isentropic) operations. The P-V and T-S diagram of this cycle is shown below:

Following are the four process of Carnot cycle:

Process A-B (Isothermal Expansion): During isothermal expansion, the heat supplied is fully absorbed by
the air and is utilised in doing external work.

Heat Supplied = Workdone by air during isothermal expansion

= P 1 V 1 ln (V 2 /V 1 )

= 2.3 P 1 V 1 log r

= 2.3 mRT 1 log r ::: r =

V 2/V 1 = Expansion ratio

Process B-C (Isentropic Expansion): During reversible adiabatic or isentropic expansion, no heat is
absorbed or rejected by the air.

Decrease in Internal energy = Workdone by the air during adiabatic expansion

Process C-D (Isothermal Compression: During isothermal compression, the heat is rejected and its equal
to the workdone on the air.

Heat Rejected = Workdone on the air during isothermal compression

= P 3 V 3 ln (V 3 /V 4 )

= 2.3 P 3 V 3 log r

= 2.3 mRT 2 log r ::: r =

V 3/V 3 = Compression ratio

Process D-A (Isentropic Compression): During reversible adiabatic or isentropic compression, no heat is
absorbed or rejected by the air.

Increase in Internal energy = Workdone on the air during adiabatic compression.

Workdone:

= Heat Supplied - Heat Rejected

Efficiency:
Reversible Cycle

A process in which some change in the reverse direction, reverse the process completely , is known as a
reversible process. In a reversible process, there should not be any loss of heat due to friction, radiation
or conduction etc.

A cycle will be reversible if all the processes constituting the cycles are reversible. Thus in a reversible
cycle, the initial conditions are resorted at the end of the cycle.

A little consideration will show that when the operations are performed in the reversed order, the cycle
draws heat from the cold body and rejects it to the hot body. This operation requires an external power
to drive the mechanism according to the second law of thermodynamics.

A machine which operates on a reversed cycle is regarded as a " heat pump", such as a " refrigerator",
because it pumps heat from the cold body to the hot body.

Following are the conditions for reversibility of a cycle:

1. The pressure and temperature of the working substance must not differ, appreciably from those of the
surrounding at any stage in the process.

2. All the processes, taking place in the cycle of operation, must be extremely low.

3. The working parts of the engine must be friction free.

4. There should be no loss of energy during the cycle of operation.

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

The performance of a refrigeration system is expressed by the term known as coefficient of performance
(COP) which is defined as the ratio of heat extracted in the refrigerator to the

workdone on the refrigerant . It is also known as the theoretical coefficient of performance.

Theoretical COP = Q/W

where,

Q = Amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator (or the amount of refrigeration effect produced or the
capacity of a refrigerant)

W = Amount of workdone.

Note:

The coefficient of performance is the reciprocal of the efficiency of a heat engine. It thus obvious that
the value of COP is always greater than unity.
COP = 1/ɳ

The ratio of the actual COP to the theoretical COP is known as relative coefficient of performance.

Relative COP = Actual COP/ Theoretical COP

In a refrigerating machine, heat rejected is more than heat absorbed.

See Also :: Ton of Refrigeration (TR)

Ton of Regrigeration (TR)

A tonne of Refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigerating effects produced by the uniform
melting of one tonne (1000 kg) of ice from and at O0 C in 24 hours.

1TR = 1000 x 335 KJ in 24 hours

::: Latent heat of ice = 335 KJ/Kg

= (1000 x 335)/ (24 x 60)

= 232.6 KJ/min

In Practice 1 ton of refrigeration is taken as equivalent to 210 KJ/min or 3.5 KW.

See Also :: Coefficient of Performance (COP) ::

Relation between Gauge, Vacuum & Absolute Pressure

Pressure:

Pressure is defined as a force per unit area. Pressure are exerts by gases, vapors and liquid.

Pressure = Force/Area

P = F/A

Atmospheric Pressure:

The atmospheric air exerts a normal pressure upon all the surfaces with which it is in contact and it is
known as atmospheric pressure.

Standard atmospheric pressure:

The atmospheric pressure at sea level (above absolute zero) is called standard atmospheric pressure and
its value is given as follows:

Standard atmospheric pressure = 101.3 KN/m 2

= 10.3 m of water
= 760 mm of Hg

Gauge Pressure:

The pressure measured with the help of a pressure gauge is known as gauge pressure, in which
atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. All pressure gauge record the difference between the actual
pressure and the atmospheric pressure.

Absolute pressure:

The actual pressure is known as absolute pressure.

Mathematically,

Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure (Positive)

This relation is used for pressures above atmospheric, i.e for positive gauge pressure.

Vacuum pressure:

For pressure below atmospheric, the gauge pressure will be negative. This negative gauge pressure is
known as vacuum pressure.

Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric pressure - Negative gauge pressure or vacuum pressure.

General Laws of Expansion and Compression

The general law of expansion or compression of a perfect gas is PV n = Constant . It gives the relationship
between the pressure and volume of a given quantity of gas. The value of n depends upon the nature of
the gas and condition under which the changes (i.e. expansion or compression) takes place. The value of
n may be between zero and infinity. But the following values of n are important from the subject point of
view:

1. When n=0, then PV 0 = Constant, i.e. P=Constant. In other words, for the expansion or compression of
a perfect gas at constant pressure , n=0.

2. When n=1, then PV = Constant, i.e. the expansion or compression is iso-thermal or hyperbolic.

3. When n lies between 1 and n, the expansion or compression is polytropic, i.e PV n = Constant

4. When n=γ, the expansion or compression is adiabatic , i.e PVγ = Constant

5.

When n=∞, the expansion or compression is at constant volume, i.e

V = Constant

Adiabatic Process (Isentropic Process)

A process, in which the working substance neither receives nor gives out heat to its surrounding, during
its expansion or compression is called an adiabatic process. This will happens when the working
substance remains thermally insulated, so that no heat enters or leaves it during the process. It is thus
obvious, that in an adiabatic process:

1. No heat leaves or enters the gas

2. The temperature of the gas changes, as the work is done at the cost of internal energy. and

3. The change in internal energy is equal to the work done.

i) P,V,T Relationship:

P 1 /P 2 = (V 2/V 1 ) γ

T 1 /T 2 = (V 2/V 1 ) γ-1

T 1 /T 2 = (P 1 /P 2 ) (γ -1)/ γ

ii) Work done:

W 1-2 = (P 2 V 2 - P 1 V 1 )/ (γ-1)

= mR (T 2-T 1 )/ (γ-1)

iii) Change in Internal Energy:

dU = U2 -U 1 = mCv (T 2 -T 1 )

iv) Heat Supplied:

Q1-2 = 0

Titas Gas (Asst. Engineer) Written Exam Questions for Mechanical Engineers

1. What are the Difference between pump, compressor, blower and fan?

2. What is volumetric efficiency?

3. What is Ton of Refrigeration?

4. Write the second Law of Thermodynamics with Example.

5. What is VVTI?

6. What is Reynolds Number? What is the significant of Reynolds Number?

7. What is Carnot Cycle?

8. What is Nusselts Number?

9. What is closed cycle Gas turbine and draw the , P-V and T-S diagram of Closed cycle gas turbine ?

10. What is Centrifugal pump and write the different parts of the Centrifugal pump?

11. Draw the Performance curve of Centrifugal Pump