Q.

1 Human genome project

1. The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of the
human genome and identify the genes that it contains.

2. The Project was coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy.

3. The human genome project formally began in 1990 and was completed in 2003, 2 years ahead of its
original schedule.

4. The work of the human genome project has allowed researchers to begin to understand the blueprint
for building a person.

5. Researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins.

Yesterday
Just a half-century ago, very little was known about the genetic factors that contribute to human
disease. The Human Genome project spurred a revolution in biotechnology innovation around the
world.

In April 2003, researchers successfully completed the Human Genome Project.

Today
The Human Genome Project has already fueled the discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes.

As a result of the Human Genome Project, today’s researchers can find a gene suspected of causing an
inherited disease in a matter of days, rather than the years it took before the genome sequence was in
hand.

Q.2 Different types of IPR?

1. PATENT

A patent protects an invention. It gives the holder an exclusive right to prevent others from selling,
making and using the patented invention for a certain period (typically 20 years from filing date).

2. COPYRIGHT

Copyright protects the expression of literary or artistic work. Protection arises automatically giving the
holder the exclusive right to control reproduction or adaptation.

3. TRADEMARK
 A trademark is a distinctive sign which is used to distinguish the products or services of one business
from others. Trademarks are often closely linked to brands.

4. TRADE SECRETS

A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design or compilation of information used by a business to
obtain an advantage over competitors. Trade secrets are by definition not disclosed to the world at large.

Q. 3 History and applications of bioinformatics?

History
The first major bioinformatics project was undertaken by Margaret dayhoff in 1965, who
developed a first protein sequence database called atlas of protein sequence and structure.
In the early 1970s, the Brookhaven national laboratory established the protein data bank for
archiving three-dimensional protein structures.
The first sequence alignment algorithm was developed by Needleman and Wunsch in 1970.
The first protein structure prediction algorithm was developed by Chou and Fasman in 1974.
The 1980s saw the establishment of gene bank and the development of fast database searching
algorithms such as Fasta by William Pearson and Blast by Stephen Altschul and coworkers.

Applications
1. Molecular medicine
2. Personalized medicine
3. Preventative medicine
4. Gene therapy
5. Drug development
6. Microbial genome applications
7. Waste cleanup
8. Biotechnology

Q. 4 Differentiate between IP and IPR?

Intellectual Property (IP)

It is any creation of human mind. Like tangible property , their creation has a value and, as with all
property, it needs to be protected.

Intellectual property rights (IPR)

It is a right which give monopoly of any intellectual creation of mind and given for any new creation
such as composition of a new invention.