AIRAH ( ACT ) presentation

AIRAH ( ACT ) presentation

To efficiency and beyond
Key drivers impacting today’ss HVAC choices
Key drivers impacting today HVAC choices

‰Greenstar rating
‰Greenstar rating 

‰NABERS rating

‰ Mandatory disclosure
Life Cycle Cost of Buildings

Energy represents a significant cost
3
What is driving energy cost upward ?

Australia has not been effective at managing growth in peak electricity demand 

Rapidly rising electricity prices reflects the need for significant 
R idl i i l t i it i fl t th d f i ifi t
capital investment to meet peak demand requirements

Source: Energex Large Customer Forum Presentation September 2008‐Energex website
Without significant behavioral change, electricity 
prices will continue to go in one direction 

$
Chiller manufacturers have made great strides in improving chiller 
g p g
peak efficiency and reducing overall energy consumption

COP 7
COP=7 Chill COP t d
Chiller COP trend (7.0)
(7 0)
(6.5)
COP=6
COP 5
COP=5
COP=4

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Recent gains through cycle efficiency
 The Role of Technology in Minimizing 
Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact

Over the last 25 years:
‐ Average chiller efficiency has improved over 35% 

‐ Chiller leak rate has decreased well below 2%

New heat exchanger designs

New heat exchanger designs

+
Compressor enhancements

+
Cycle efficiency improvements

7
• Significant gains in full load efficiency through 
f f ll l d ff h h
advances in heat exchanger, compressor, and 
cycle efficiencies
• The biggest gain however has been in part 
The biggest gain however has been in part
load efficiency with the introduction of the 
variable speed drive
i bl dd i
 GWP
Chiller Carbon Footprints
p
1980’s CFC Chiller
2000’s NH3 Chiller
1990’s HCFC Chiller

2000’s HFC Chiller

21,050 14,660 13,600 15,970

MT CO2 MT CO2 MT CO2 MT CO2

• .66 KW/TR .60 KW/TR .56 KW/TR .60 KW/TR

• g
5% Leakage 2% Leakage
2% Leakage 2% Leakage
g 2% Leakage
g
• CFC‐11 HCFC‐22 HFC – 134a R‐717 (NH3)
• 2000 Hours/year
2000 Hours/year 2000 Hours/year 2000 Hours/year

35% R d ti
35% Reduction

Variable speed drives have enjoyed a higher uptake in today’s HFC chillers
Over 30 years of chiller development with advanced VSD technology

Generation 5 (2010s)
( )

Generation 4 (2000s)

Generation 3 (1990s)

Generation 2 (1986)

Generation 1 (1979)

Significant Innovations in VSD technology
YORKTM OptiSpeedTM VSD
 Full Load Vs. Annual Load

Chiller
58% Chiller
Fans 33%
43%

Fans Tower
24% Tower 2%
Pumps 5% Pumps
13% 22%
Design Performance Annual Energy Usage

A historical focus on chiller full load efficiency [COP/EER]
y
Increased focus today on‐
Reduction of total plant energy 
Reduction of air and water ‘transport’ energy
Chiller part load efficiency [IPLV]

11
 Tools used to identify the most appropriate chiller technology 

Constant condenser vs ARI relief
Load % time entering condenser water temperature
IPLV without ARI relief with ARI relief

100% 1 29.5 29.5

75% 42 29 5
29.5 23 9
23.9

50% 45 29.5 18.3

25% 12 29.5 18.3

Constant high ambient wb climates Seasonal climates

Most important ……What is the jobsite location and weather data ?
ARI standardized weighting of hours at part load conditions     
determines the IPLV (integrated part load value) 

1
0.01 0.42 0.45 0.12
IPLV =  + + +
A B C D

Where:
A ffi i
A = efficiency @100% capacity @ 85°F ECWT ( 29.5C)
@100% it @ 85°F ECWT ( 29 5C)
B = efficiency @  75% capacity @ 75°F ECWT  ( 23.9 C)
C = efficiency @  50% capacity @ 65°F ECWT ( 18.3 C) 
D = efficiency @  25% capacity @ 65°F ECWT  ( 18.3 C)

A
Average chiller load = 58 %
hill l d 58 %
13
How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?

YK Chiller with VSD Performance

Loading has little effect

on efficiency
[~ 10%]

14
How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?

YK Chiller with VSD Performance

Loading has little effect

on efficiency
ffi i
[~ 10%]

Lift has significant

effect on efficiency
[~ 50%]

15
 What is lift ?

Pressure
Refrigerant rejects 
35C Condenser heat to atmosphere

Lift  = 
Metering
Differential
Differential  Device Compressor
Pressure

Evaporator 6.7C Refrigerant absorbs 

heat from load

Enthalpy

16
 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

17
 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

Load
(weight of rock)

18
 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

Lift

(height of mountain)

Load
(weight of rock)

19
 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy  Constant Speed Driven Chillers

100%

Lift
Y  
ENEERGY

(height of mountain)

Load
(weight of rock)

0%

20
 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

100%

Design Lift
Lift
Y  
ENEERGY

D
(height of mountain)

Load
(weight of rock)

0%

21
 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

100% Condenser Temp.

Design Lift
Lift
Y  
ENEERGY

D
(height of mountain)

Load
(weight of rock)

0% Evaporator Temp.
apo ato e p

22
 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

100% Condenser Temp.
85°F (29.5°C) ECWT
° ( ° )

Design Lift
Y  
ENEERGY

D
Load
(weight of rock)

0% Evaporator Temp.
apo a o e p
44°F (6.7°C) LCHWT

23
 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Constant Speed Driven Chillers

Condenser Temp.
85°F (29.5°C) ECWT
° ( ° )

70%
Y  

55°F (12.8°C) ECWT
ENEERGY

Off‐ Deesign Lift
Load
(weight of rock)

0% Evaporator Temp.
apo a o e p
44°F (6.7°C) LCHWT

24
How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant ?
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Variable Speed Driven Chillers 
Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Variable Speed Driven Chillers
Condenser Temp.
85°F (29.5°C)
(29 5°C) ECWT

Variable
Speed
Drive 
50%
Y  

55°F (12.8°C) ECWT
ENEERGY

Off‐ Deesign Lift
Load
(weight of rock)

0% Evaporator Temp.
apo a o e p
44°F (6.7°C) LCHWT

25
Variable Speed Drives save energy and reduce noise

Constant Speed

Variable Speed

2
6
Slow down and save energy
The Purpose of Variable Speed Drives

‰ Starts & stops the motor

‰ Significantly reduces inrush current to less than 
full load amps

‰ Corrects power factor close to unity

‰ Reduces utility electrical demand

Regulates compressor speed to provide the most 
efficient chiller operation, reducing part load 
energy consumption

2
8
Why VSD ? ‐ Comparative Energy Performance
Fixed vs Variable Speed
Fixed vs Variable Speed C
Comparison at AHRI conditions
i t AHRI diti

% Load ECWT LWT %SAVED

100 29.5 6.7 ‐1.0
90        27.2 6.7 2.2
80 25.0 6.7 8.7
70 22 8
22.8 67
6.7 16 2
16.2
60 20.6 6.7 25.9
50 18.3 6.7 33.0
40 18.3  6.7 36.4
30          18.3  6.7 38.5
20         18.3  6.7 44.1
15 18.3  6.7 45.0

15‐35% energy reduction depending upon climate
Low inrush current with VSD < 100% FLA 

30
 Superior power factor
p p
0.95 power factor  (std VSD)
0.98 power factor VSD with active IEEE electronic filter

power factor non VSD 

31
 what power factor means
actual work
100 KW

PF = 0.86
59 KVAR
total energy 
provided  Consumed energy to 
from supply
from supply 116 KVA
116 KVA generate magnetic field
generate magnetic field

100 KW

33 KVAR PF = 0.95
105 KVA

100 KW
20 KVAR PF = 0.98
102 KVA
Use less power by 3.2% compared to std VSD and > 12% compared to fixed speed motor

32
Variable Speed Drives
Low Voltage Liquid Cooled Unit Mounted VSD
Low Voltage Liquid Cooled Unit Mounted VSD

YMC²
Magnetic Centrifugal

YK
Single Compressor

3
3
Variable Speed Drives
Medium Voltage (MV) VSD through 6 600 Volts
Medium Voltage (MV) VSD through 6,600 Volts

YK
Single Compressor

YK ‐EP
Centrifugal with Economizer
f l h

3
4
Variable Speed Drives
Higher Voltage MV VSD from 10 000 to 13 800 Volts
Higher Voltage MV VSD from 10,000 to 13,800 Volts

YK
Single Compressor

3
5
 What if jobsite specific conditions 
d ’
don’t represent chiller operation at conditions
hill i di i
as determined by ARI

IPLV NPLV
IPLV vs NPLV
Integrated part load value  Non standard part load value 
( t ARI t d d
( at ARI standard conditions)
diti ) ( t t ARI t d d
( not at ARI standard conditions)
diti )
 What if specific chiller technologies
allow reliable chiller operation at conditions
other than those determined by ARI
Entering condenser water temperature Entering condenser water temperature

29.5C 29.5C

= 11.2 C = 19 5 C
= 19.5 C
18.3C
= 11.4 C 10.6C
=39C
= 3.9 C
6.7 C 6.7C
Leaving chilled water temperature Leaving chilled water temperature

Reduced lift operating range Low lift operating range
(conventional technology) (unique technology)
Why VSD ? ‐ Comparative Energy Performance
Fixed vs Variable Speed
Fixed vs Variable Speed C
Comparison at AHRI conditions
i t AHRI diti

% Load ECWT LWT

100 29.5 6.7
90         27.2 6.7
80 25.0 6.7
70 22 8
22.8 67
6.7
60 20.6 6.7 What if ambient conditions permitted
50 18.3 minimum condenser water temperatures 
6.7
below those determined by ARI ?
40 16.1  6.7
30          13.9  6.7
20         11.7  6.7
15 10.6  6.7
Why VSD ? ‐ Comparative Energy Performance
Fixed vs Variable Speed
Fixed vs Variable Speed C
Comparison at AHRI conditions
i t AHRI diti

% Load ECWT LWT

100 29.5 6.7
90         27.2 6.7
80 25.0 6.7
70 22 8
22.8 67
6.7
60 20.6 6.7 What if ambient conditions permitted
minimum condenser water temperatures 
50 18.3 6.7 below those determined by ARI and the design
below those determined by ARI and the design
40 16.1  7.5 also incorporated a chilled water reset strategy ?
30          13.9  8.2
20         13.9  9.0
15 13.9  10.0
Low lift operation saves even more energy

Slow down and save energy
York YK performance data deleted
p

for more information contact
Johnson Controls
 New technologies YMC² – Centrifugal Chillers

•Permanent magnet motor
Active magnetic bearings
•Active magnetic bearings
•Oil free system

4
2
YMC² – YORK Magnetic Centrifugal Chillers
Driveline Design –
g Permanent Magnet Motor
g

Permanent Magnet Motor

“YK
YK Aero
Aero”
Section

43
YMC² – YORK Magnetic Centrifugal Chillers
Performance – Improving Efficiency
p g y

„ OptiSpeed™ VSD – refining efficiency

„ Permanent magnet motor with active magnetic bearings

York YMC2 performance data deleted

for more information contact
Johnson Controls

44
The highest levels of plant performance require 
Th hi h t l l f l t f i
modern state of the art VSD chillers
There are many types of Variable Speed Drive Chillers

SCREW

CENTRIFUGAL

46
 Design is a key component of the optimization process

Maintain
Measure & Verify

Operating Decisions
Optimize System
Optimize System

Automate System

Apply components effectively, optimally
Design  
Decisions
Select components effectively, optimally

Design system infrastructure to max efficiency potential
Can we configure chillers differently to improve 
y p
the overall efficiency of the plant ?

– Can we further reduce demand
C f th d d d
and
– Can we further reduce energy
Parallel chillers (conventional design)
Parallel chillers  (conventional design)
12.5C 7C
CHILLED
WATER

CONDENSER
WATER
35C 29C

12.5C 7C
CHILLED
WATER

CONDENSER
WATER
35C 29C

35‐7 = 28 x 2 = 56
 Wide delta T – low chilled water flow system design
12.5 / 7.0

13.5 / 6.0

14.5 / 5.0

Design delta T 5.5C 7.5C 9.5C

T Difference 0 2C 4C
% Fl Diff
% Flow Difference 0 2/7 5 27%
2/7.5 =27%                 4/9.5 = 42%
4/9 5 42%

Low flow chilled water systems save considerable pump energy
Parallel chillers (low flow design)
( g )
(can include variable primary flow)
14.5C 5C
CHILLED
WATER

CONDENSER
35C 29C WATER

14.5C 5C
CHILLED
WATER

CONDENSER
35C 29C
WATER

30 + 30 = 60
10% more chiller energy
42% less chilled pump energy
Series chillers (can include variable primary flow)
Series chillers  (can include variable primary flow)

14.5C 9.75C 5C
CHILLED
WATER

CONDENSER
WATER
35C 29C 35C 29C

35‐9.75 = 25.25 35‐5 = 30

25.25 + 30 = 55.25
‐0
0.5%  chiller energy
5% chiller energy
42% less chilled pump energy
Series counterflow chillers (can include variable primary flow)
Series counterflow chillers  (can include variable primary flow)

14.5C 9.75C 5C
CHILLED
WATER

COOLING
TOWER
35C 32C 29C

35 9 75 25 25
35‐9.75 = 25.25 32 5 28
32‐5 = 28

25 25 28 53 25
25.25 + 28 = 53.25
6.5 % less chiller energy
42% l
42% less chilled pump energy
hill d
 Series counterflow (how it works)
Series counterflow   (h it k)
Pressure Pressure

Condenser Condenser 2

Compressor 2
Lift 2 Condenser 1

Compressor  Evaporator 2

Lift 1
Lift 1 Compressor 1
Evaporator 1
Evaporator

Enthalpy Enthalpy

Improvements in cycle efficiency
Improvements in cycle efficiency
(system design vs chiller design)
 Variable condenser flow
Variable condenser flow

35C 31.75C 28.5C

Series condensers

•Revise delta T to address extra delta P   
00% i % d i fl
•100% to min % design flow
• minimum flow (must maintain turbulence)
 Series counterflow chillers
(
(can include variable primary flow)
)
Towers sized for 
6.5 C approach
Canberra design =  19C wb and
and  
6.5 C range

14.5C 9.75C 5C
CHILLED
WATER

COOLING
TOWER 32C 28.75C 25.5C

22.25 + 28 = 50.25
14 % less chiller energy
42% less chilled pump energy
All variable speed plant…..the new paradigm
p p p g
 Automation is a key component of the optimization process

“Its not working!   
Maintain
Please help us”
Please help us”

Measure & Verify

“We can do that!”
O
Operating Decisions
ti D i i
Optimize System

“Already optimized!”
y p
Automate System

Apply components effectively, optimally

Apply components effectively, optimally
Design  
Decisions
Select components effectively, optimally

Design system infrastructure to max efficiency potential
 All variable speed plant ‐ key optimization functions

1. Condenser water setpoint reset / tower‐chiller 
optimization

2 Chilled water setpoint reset
2. Chilled water setpoint reset

3. Variable chilled water flow ( VPF)
Variable chilled water flow ( VPF)

4. Variable condenser water flow

5. System  differential pressure setpoint reset

6. Energy based staging algorithms

59
 CPO‐10
Metasys based
Metasys based 
Chiller Plant Optimization

The chiller manufacturer knows best how to get the most  from their chiller (system).

60
Variable primary flow
Variable primary flow
Select chillers based on tube velocity   
•Select chillers based on tube velocity
•Select for good turndown range
•Manage rate of change
Project specific slides deleted

ffor more information contact
i f ti t t
Johnson Controls
Johnson Controls
Summary
‰VSD chillers
‰Low lift capability 
‰Variable primary flow
‰Series counter‐flow
‰Series counter flow 
‰Optimization system
‰Measure & verify
www.jci.com/hvacdesign
www.jci.com/cpo
Question Period
Question Period