Design of Pathway and Parking Lighting System of College of Engineering Through Piezoelectric Technology

Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-PS
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Lucena City Document Title: Project Study
An Autonomous University Page No.: Page 1 of 101
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DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Effectivity Date: August 2017
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
Reviewed by: QMR
QUALITY FORM Approved by: President
Design of Pathway and Parking Lighting System of College of Engineering through Piezoelectric
Technology
Title Page
A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Engineering
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
University Site, Lucena City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
by
Cabrera, Janus Vincent R.
Celemin, Vincent P.
Nagar, John Lorenz M.
Saludes, Arjay S.
April 2018
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Approval Sheet
The project study entitled:
Design of Pathway and Parking Lighting System of College of Engineering through
Piezoelectric Technology
Prepared and submitted by Janus Vincent R. Cabrera, Vincent P. Celemin, John Lorenz M.
Nagar, and Arjay S. Saludes in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Electrical Engineering have been examined and are hereby recommended for
acceptance and approval for Final Oral Examination.
ENGR. EVANGELINE CONSTANTINO

Adviser
Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____________________
ENGR. RODHER V. SEDENIO ENGR. HANNAH A. BALMES

Member Member
DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR.

Chairperson
Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in
Electrical Engineering.
DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR. RCE, Ed.D.

Dean, College of Engineering and Technical Department
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
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Acknowledgement
The researchers are deeply thankful to the people and extend their gratitude to all those
who provided them with their encouragement, support and sympathetic to make this research
study possible.
First, we are grateful to The Almighty God for establishing us to complete this thesis.
To Dr. Guillermo M. Rago Jr., Dean of the college of Engineering, for providing us with
all the necessary facilities and for his recommendations to further improve the prototype.
To Engr. Evangeline Constantino, our research paper adviser for her guidance and
suggestions to improve our research study.
To all faculty teachers in College of Engineering for constant encouragement and had
been a professor who formed us throughout this journey.
To Engr. Hannah A. Balmes, who pursue us to do the project study more efficient by her
suggestions and for giving us an idea based on the principles and laws of electrical.
To Engr. Rodher V. Sedenio, for his recommendations and suggestions to improve our
prototype.
To Mrs. Lerma Agcaoili, Mr. & Mrs. Cabrera and Mr. & Mrs. Nagar for giving and
providing us extra materials like scrap woods for doing this project. To Mr & Mrs. Tabernilla for
allowing us to barrowed the battery that been used in our prototype.
To all the respondents who evaluated the research study based on the criteria in the
evaluation form
Tiko, Vincent, Jo-L and Arjay.

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Dedication
I personally dedicated this research study to the following:
I dedicate this research study, first to our Lord Jesus Christ, which strengthening our faith
and confidence to manage this study with strategies and difficulties encountered in the
preparation and presentation of this project study. I know that in all the challenges, sufferings,
and difficulties I’ll encounter, he’s always there for us.
To my Parents Leonora and Vicente Cabrera who are always there to give us financial as
well as moral support and our inspiration to make our task done and always be the first person to
feel sorry for our unsuccessful moment and was the first to cheer in our success. Thank you for
unlimited love and support, you’re both the best parents for me.
To Julius who always support and guide me as my eldest brother and being my largest
inspiration in taking an engineering course and my sister Regine who always try to help me even
she doesn’t know how to do it and make me smile in the times I feel down. And to Leizel who
always support and cheer me up to give my best in everything I do as my inspiration.
To all my thesis mates, for supporting each other and for giving their time and full effort
to support each other in every struggle and misunderstanding throughout the completion of this
project study and make this research study done.
To the faculty of College of Engineering who molded us throughout this journey.
To our classmates and friends, and to TEAM B that always support and help everyone
and giving us the confidence to make this project study success.
Janus Vincent R. Cabrera

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Dedication
First, I would like to thank GOD for giving me so many blessings in my life, with hope,
strength, and guidance, I grab every opportunity that life had offered, and in the hardest times of
my life he always guides me to light.
I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Vidal Celemin and Benilda Celemin who have been a
great source of inspiration, encourage and support, for astonishing love that given me.
To my brothers and sisters, who are always there giving me moral and financial support.
To unstoppable encouragement that you’ve given to me and for giving your words of wisdom
when I feel so down. To my special someone Nicole who has a special place to my heart for
always being in my side, understanding and supporting to my decision that I’ve made, you are
my biggest inspiration to did this for giving strength when I was weak.
To my advisers and teachers who are always there to guide and encourage me to finish
this thesis.
To my thesis mates, friends and TEAM B for the success of our thesis that we made.
Cheers!
Vincent Celemin
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Dedication
I humbly dedicate all the result of this hard work to the following:
First of all, I dedicated this to our Lord Jesus Christ for being my strength when I’m
weak. With Him, we made every situation not as easy as we thought but made every situation
according to His plan. We made simple things with great love. With Him as my friend, I know I
will pass all the challenges, trials, sufferings and difficulties. I believe that God is preparing all of
us for something better than what we expected.
To my parents, Nanay Devie and Tatay Jun who are all the way there through my ups and
downs in life. They served as my motivation and inspiration to reach my goals. With their love, I
was able to be the person that I am today. Also, to my siblings, Ate Itchie, Kuya Josef, Ate Inki,
Ate Kayie and Kuya July. I love you all!
To my thesis mates, Janus, Arjay and Vincent, for giving all their best efforts they can for
our research study. This research study is not possible without the efforts of each of us. Every
sleepless night was memorable yet challenging.
To my friends! Whooooo! Kilabots FTW. They are the ones who have a big influence on
what kind of person I am. So thank you brads.
To Tintin who inspire me all throughout this journey. She’s there no matter what.
John Lorenz M. Nagar

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Dedication
I dedicate this project to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of
inspiration, wisdom knowledge and understanding.
Every challenging work needs self-efforts as well as the guidance of elders especially
those who are very close to our hearts.
My humble effort I dedicate to my sweet loving Father & Mother, whose affection, love,
encouragement and prays of day and night make me able to get such success, honor and
especially financial support.
To my thesis mates thank you for exerting a lot of effort and patience. For the crazy and
yet memorable experience. For sharing your knowledge and your skills. All of these are much
appreciated.
Along with all hard working and respected Teachers
ARJAY S. SALUDES
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Table of Contents
Title page………………………………………………………………………………………….1
Approval Sheet................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................3
Dedication........................................................................................................................................4
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................8
List of Tables.................................................................................................................................10
List of Figures................................................................................................................................11
I. Research Title............................................................................................................................12
II. Name of Researcher..................................................................................................................12
III. Research Proposal....................................................................................................................13
a) Abstract.........................................................................................................................13
b) Introduction..................................................................................................................14
Background of the Study.......................................................................................14
Objectives of the Study..........................................................................................16
Significance of the Study.......................................................................................17
Scope and Delimitation of the Study.....................................................................18
Conceptual framework...........................................................................................19
Definition of Terms................................................................................................20
Acronyms...............................................................................................................21
c) Review of Related Literature and Studies.....................................................................22
d) Methods and Procedures................................................................................................40
Research Design....................................................................................................40
Research Environment...........................................................................................41
Procedures..............................................................................................................41
Design Concept......................................................................................................47
e) Results and Discussion..................................................................................................48
Data Gathering and Analysis.................................................................................48
Lighting System Design........................................................................................51
Circuit Design........................................................................................................54
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Design Computation..............................................................................................55
Prototype Fabrication.............................................................................................60
Operational Flowchart...........................................................................................65
Project Timeline.....................................................................................................66
Cost of Project.......................................................................................................67
Testing and Evaluation of the Prototype................................................................69
Summary of the Findings.......................................................................................74
f) Conclusions and Recommendations...............................................................................76
Conclusions............................................................................................................76
Recommendations..................................................................................................77
g) References:....................................................................................................................79
IV. Appendices...............................................................................................................................81
A Piezoelectric Technology.......................................................................................81
B PEC Provisions.......................................................................................................81
C Pre-Survey..............................................................................................................84
D Informed consent form...........................................................................................85
E Evaluation Form.....................................................................................................90
F Informed Consent for borrowed materials.............................................................92
G Ethics Review Approval Sheet...............................................................................95
V. Curriculum Vitae.......................................................................................................................97
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List of Tables
Table No. Title Page

1 Modified Likert Scale 46
2 Pre-survey results 50
3 Materials and its Specifications 59
4 Gantt Chart 67
5 Bills of Materials 68
6 Results of the survey 73

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List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page

1 Conceptual framework 19
2 Pictorial Data of the Site Location 49
3 Block diagrams of Piezoelectric Transducer for the system 52
4 System Flow Diagram of Piezoelectric Technology 53
5 Design of Site Location Plan 53
6 Piezoelectric Transducer Schematic Diagram 54
7 Soldering of electronics components 60
– rectifier and photo control switch assembly
8 Cutting of Biscuit Tin can and Fixing of Light pole 61
9 Platform assemble for piezoelectric transducer arrangement 62
10 Fixing of Piezoelectric Transducers and Arrangement 63
11 Plat form assembly, painting of the pole and lamp cover 64
12 Prototype Operational Flow Chart 65
13 Continuity testing 69
14 Piezoelectric technology output voltage testing 70
15 Testing the output of piezoelectric technology using 71
a lamp as indicator
16 Documentation of the Evaluation of the Prototype 72
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PROJECT STUDY
I. Research Title: “Design of Pathway and Parking Area Lighting System of College of
Engineering through Piezoelectric Technology”
II. Name of Researcher: Janus Vincent R. Cabrera
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Contact Details: 09462989238
Name of Researcher: Vincent P. Celemin
Name of Researcher: John Lorenz M. Nagar
Name of Researcher: Arjay S. Saludes
Name of Research Adviser: Engr. Evangeline L. Constantino

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III. Research Proposal
a) Abstract
Pathway and parking area were part of everyday living. Many people are walking
through the pathway and use parking area for their vehicles, but still many pathways and parking
area lacked in the lighting system or worst, do not have any light in the area. One of the reasons
why people are not comfortable to use the pathway at night is that walking in the dark is
dangerous.
This study aimed to have an alternative source of energy in the pathway and parking area
considering the effect on the environment. The piezoelectricity can be an alternative source of
energy that is efficient in pathway and parking, by simply converting the pressure produced by
footstep into an electric charge that is not harmful to the environment.
Since many people are walking on the pathway, the numbers of footsteps are enough to
charge the battery with the use of the piezoelectric materials that supplies the lighting system and
activated at night through the use of photocontrol switch.
In knowing piezoelectricity and having a better understanding of its function and
connections on how it will generate electricity leads to a lighting system which is not dependent
on a private utility electric company for its supply. The output voltage of the piezoelectric
transducers is enough to control by the charge controller to charge the battery and prevent an
over charge if the circuit is designed properly. The desirable lighting system is a system that will
be efficient during the night that will illuminate a specific place which is the pathway and
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parking area but gaining its supply charge during the day with the use of piezoelectric
technology.
Based on the testing and evaluation of the researchers, the prototype was operating as
designed and produces enough voltage to charge the battery. As the data and evaluation of the
prototype were analyzed by the researchers from the survey and testing and evaluation, the
desired output was met concerning its effectiveness and efficiency.
Keywords: Alternative source, piezoelectricity, piezoelectric materials, charge controller,
photocontrol switch.
b) Introduction
Background of the Study
Day by day, the population of the country increased, and the requirement of the power is
also increased. In everyday life of a human, walking from one place to another is a big part of
daily activity. Walking without light is a difficult task by thinking that many possibilities might
happen in a dark place wherein you might be in danger.
Many places in the world are having lack of light in some of the pathways, parking areas,
roadways, playgrounds and parks. Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation is known for its big
population including the students and the university staffs. During regular days, most of them
arrived in MSEUF at 7:30 in the morning and leave at 8:30 in the evening. They walk around
the university leaving a hundred or more footsteps a day by transferring from a classroom to
another. Some of the university staffs and students have a vehicle parked in the parking area
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near at the Student Lounge. During night time, most of them struggled walking going to parking
area because of the insufficient source of light in that certain area. Even the pathway going to
that area is unsafe to walk during night time because it has a crack. Also, the vehicles are not
secured in that specific area.
According to Shadbolt (2015), CNN report From footfalls to going up stairs, to opening
and closing doors, the cities in the future will may look at ways of tapping or vibrating energy
from all the mechanical stresses we expend a lot of time by walking in our daily lives. When
looking at the amount of stress produced in the public places at rush hour, or even on the dance
floors of nightclubs, harvesting all the stresses produce from human activity and convert it into
an electrical energy to makes sense.
The devices that make it possible is the piezoelectric effect this is more than 130 years
old when it discover in 1880, the brothers Jacques and Pierre Curie learned that placing crystals
under pressure may produced an electrical charge. As of today many manufacturing technology
has made it possible by placing piezoelectric devices in the public places and one those company
is the Pavegen were developed power-generating systems for pavements, football, basketball
courts and even school pathways. "People walk up to 150 million footsteps in their lifetime," the
CEO of Pavegen Mr. Laurence Kemball-Cook says in CNN interview that when he was walking
through a busy train station in London, Pavegen thought what if they can convert the energy
from every single person walking at the station into a meaningful amount of power." The
corporations of the footfall harvesting technology a deflecting pad is covered by a soft ground
surface that commonly seen in playgrounds may produce up to 7 watts of electrical energy in
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each step. By harvesting this energy, Kemball-Cook states, is enough to operate lightings and
small devices for just a minute at a time from mere more than hundred or so in the footfalls. This
technology is effective and efficient in areas with high traffic, making an efficient solution that
solved and supply with demand. In Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for instance there company installed
200 kinetic tiles in a local football pitch in Morro da Mineira a favela plagued by electric
interuption. The Pavegen tiles works at day and night compare to solar panels to power the lights
for about 10 hours on a full battery, they created the world's first ever people-powered football
pitch supplied by pressure produce and convert into a charge. "It's not only a way of inspiring
future generations into energy savings but it shows we need different energy mixes," Kemball-
Cook says that "Other people walked about 40,000 steps a day, so many of stresses produces in
every step is wasted footsteps.
The aim of this study is to produce an alternative source of energy that is not harmful to
the environment. The Design of Pathway and Parking Area Lighting System of College of
Engineering through Piezoelectric Technology is an effective way of harvesting an energy
through the pressure of footstep convert into an electric charge that controlle by a charge
controller to stored the energy into battery and the use the charge at night for the lighting system
with effective lighting system installed in the College of Engineering pathway and parking area
of MSEUF. The security of the vehicle parked in that area is not just ensured but also the people
walking on the pathway.

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Objectives of the Study
Nowadays, several processes produce an electrical energy like electrical power plants that
affect our environment such as coal power plant and nuclear power plant. Producing energy
without causing any pollution in the environment is now big help on earth because many things
are contributing pollution which causes damage on earth. With kinetic energy like walking and
running, it is possible to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy. It can be implemented on
roads and many public places.
The main objective of the study is to develop an alternative, environmentally friendly and
reliable source of electricity by the means of harnessing human energy through footsteps
especially this research focused on the following objectives:
1. To design a pathway and parking area lighting system through piezoelectric
technology
2. To design a circuit of the designed pathway and parking area lighting system
3. To fabricate a prototype of the designed circuit
4. To evaluate the prototype in terms of functionality and effectiveness.
Significance of the Study
The significance of this study focused is on the exploitation of human energy to generate
electrical energy. The benefits of this project study are the following:
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University. Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation benefits by saving electricity for
the additional lamp installed in the pathway and parking area near the student lounge. Additional
lamps are another way of adding a security in the university
Students and university staffs. The people who are walking at night going to the
parking area near student lounge, these beneficiaries will feel more comfortable to walk going to
the parking area. Their vehicle will be more secured by the light produced by the lighting system
Researchers. This study will help the researchers to have an idea about the alternative
source of energy and develop their critical thinking and skills on how to build a design of
prototype that can produce an alternative source of energy.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The main focus of this research is to design a lighting system through Piezoelectric
Technology. The system will be using piezoelectric materials that convert kinetic energy due to
human locomotion to usable electrical energy. The specific location of this prototype is the
pathway and parking area near the MSEUF student lounge, with that, the scope of this research is
for the safety of the students and university staffs of MSEUF specially those who have a vehicle.
Another scope of this prototype is that the light will only activate during night time to prevent an
accident, therefore it will save the energy of the battery to be more efficient at night by supplying
power to a lamp at the whole night in the area. However, the footstep producing electrical
energy design can only be applied to particular places such as school, church, public market,
tourist spot and park.

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The prototype will only generate electricity that will charge the rechargeable batteries
only if there are human that will step on the piezoelectric materials. Since the pathway and
parking area is not covered, those students and university staffs will not be able to walk in that
part when there is a sudden change of weather. The research does not specify lifetime duration
of when the design prototype will retire. It needs a frequent maintenance for it to prolong its life.
Conceptual framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Existing Data gathering A prototype of

lighting system and analysis Pathway and
PEC Design of Parking Area
Human Pathway and Lighting
Footstep Parking Area System through
Piezoelectric Lighting Piezoelectric
Technology System Technology
Circuit design
Prototype
fabrication
Testing and
Evaluation
Figure 1. Conceptual framework
The conceptual paradigm that was shown on figure 1 serves as a guide on how to conduct
a study. To be able to achieve with the anticipated output, the researchers must possess the
knowledge of the existing lighting system, PEC, human step and Piezoelectric Technology.
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The project started in data gathering, in this process the concept and the data gathered are
founded on books, magazines, internet and engineering manuals. In the design of pathway and
parking area lighting system, the pressure from human footstep convert into an electrical charge
will be an alternative source of energy that will light a pathway and parking area. In circuit
design, the connection of the piezoelectric material in series-parallel, to attain the needed voltage
and current, the connection of the materials in parallel to the rechargeable battery. In prototype
fabrication, it is important to gather all materials needed in the prototype and in this process
where the researchers construct the parts of the project to produce an efficient prototype design.
In testing and evaluation, the researchers used a multi-tester to measure the output value, and
then collect all values and information through this it will help to improve the prototype. The
electrical circuit design is systematically studied and researched the select the most effective and
suitable circuit diagram for more effective and efficient prototype design work out. The study
resulted to a working prototype of a piezoelectric technology that gives charge to the battery to
supply the bulb, this electrical power generation is not affecting our environment and it is just
working through the human footstep.
For additional research on the principles and theories were made such as the design of
electrical aspects as well as each components price and ratings. The electrical circuit design is
systematically studied and researched. Selecting of the most effective and suitable circuit
diagram for more effective and efficient prototype design worked out.
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Definition of Terms
To provide information about the words, the researchers define some words to be more
understandable.
Battery is a device that can store energy and an electric cell supplies current.
Electricity is a fundamental form of energy observable in positive and negative
forms that occur naturally (as in lightning) or is produced (as in a generator) and that is
expressed in terms of the movement and interaction of electrons.
Generate means to produce electrical energy.
Light is something that makes vision possible.
Locomotion is a movement or the ability to move from one place to another.
Piezo disc is a device that generates kinetic energy from human locomotion convert to
electrical energy.
Piezoelectric is a functioning by means of piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is the production of electricity in certain types of crystal through the
applications of mechanical stress
Prototype is a typical or preliminary model of something, especially a machine, from
which other forms are developed or copied.
Acronyms
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CNN Cable News Network

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MSEUF Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
nm Nanometer
c) Review of Related Literature and Studies
This portion of the research shows the gathered data of related literature and studies of
the design prototype taken from different books, manuals, journals, and reference sites that will
help to develop the study.
Piezoelectric
Mechanical stress is applied (if the substance is squeezed or stretched) at piezoelectric
that can produces an electric charge. Conversely, when an electric field is applied there was a
mechanical deformation produce. Crystals are form by this effect that has no center of
symmetry. To explain this, by examine the individual molecule that present in the crystal.
Individual molecule has a polarization; two ends have different charges which are the negative
and positively charge, and this is called a dipole. Resulting to the atoms that com posed of
molecule and the way the molecules are shaped. The imaginary line that runs through the center
of both charges on the molecule is axis in an imaginary. In a mono-crystal the polar axes of all
of the dipoles lie in one direction. If you cut the crystal at any point it is said to be a
symmetrical, the resultant of two pieces polar axes would lie in the same direction as the
original. There are different regions of the material that have a different polar axis in poly-
crystal. If there is no point at which the crystal could be cut that would leave the two remaining
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pieces with the same resultant polar axis, it is to be called asymmetrical. To produce
piezoelectric effect, the poly-crystal is heated under the application of a strong electric field. The
heat allows the molecules to move more freely and the electric field forces all the dipoles in the
crystal to line up and face in nearly the same direction. The piezoelectric effect can now be
observed in the crystal. If the material is compressed, then a voltage of the same polarity as the
poling voltage will appear between the electrodes. If stretched, a voltage of opposite polarity
will appear. Conversely, if a voltage is applied the material will deform. A voltage with the
opposite polarity as the poling voltage will cause the material to expand, and a voltage with the
same polarity will cause the material to compress. If an AC signal is applied then the material
will vibrate at the same frequency as the signal (Atienza, Deocampo, Jovena & Trinidad, 2013).
The word piezoelectric has other term which is "electricity due to force". In
piezoelectric, there was an effect is the phenomenon that can produce electrical charge in a
material when a force is applied to it. The materials that possess such property are said to be as
piezoelectric materials. The mechanical energy, due to the force were produce, as a result of the
polarization of the material the electrical charge/energy was produced. When electric energy (in
the form of voltage or current signal) is applied to these materials a mechanical strain is
produced in them, this is called inverse piezoelectric effect. The direct and converse
piezoelectric effect naturally shows in a certain materials, for example Quartz, Tourmaline etc.
While there was a materials were made piezoelectric artificially, for example Lead Zirconate
Titanate (PZT). PZT is a commonly used artificial piezoelectric ceramic (Khan, 2013).
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For this study, the piezoelectric effect states that when mechanical stress is applied to the
crystal plate, an electric charge is produced. With this concept, the researchers came to an idea
that this can be used as alternative energy for pathway lighting.
Piezoelectric materials
According to Inman (2017), the piezoelectric materials generate an electrical charge
when strained. By various designs, transducer incorporating these materials can be built to
produce signals proportional to either force or local acceleration. Piezoelectric materials also
produce a strain when excited with a voltage. Hence, piezoelectric materials are emerging as a
reasonable means of vibration excitation for special purpose situations, as described in Cole et al.
(1995) and Inman et al. (2005). Piezoelectric wafers as exciters (actuators) or sensors have the
potential for less mass loading than traditional shakers and accelerometers. The effect in
piezoelectric shows in a number of different types of materials, it includes both ceramic based
and polymer based. The effect in piezoelectric are basically coupled of mechanical strain in a
material and its electric displacement. As a result of coupling means that straining a
piezoelectric material produces a voltage across the materials and materials to strain were
produced when the voltage applied to the material. Thus, the piezoelectric patch has another
used it can be a sensor and/or an actuator (Leo, 2007). In one aspect, the equations can be
described the coupling due to the piezoelectric effect are
S=s E T + dE
D=dT + ϵ T E
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The S in the equation above is the mechanical strain, the letter T in the given equation is
the mechanical stress, while letter E was the strength of electric field, the dielectric displacement
denoted as letter D, s E is the compliance measured at zero electric field, and the dielectric
constant measured at zero stress denoted as ϵ T . In determining the coupling between mechanical
and electrical fields is the letter D, which is the piezoelectric constant. Since the piezoelectric
effect is three-dimensions, the equation above is really a full relationship. This uncommon
notation for stresses and strains produced and the use of big letter E to represent the electric field,
somewhat than the modulus, results by an electrical engineers being the first to design the
piezoelectric effect by the use of human footstep. In most situations, the piezo-electric materials
are in the shapes of a thin plate, it always the electric field produces is perpendicular to the
resultant strain with the respective combination.
Stated by Khan (2013), the piezoelectric material has a nonlinear behavior between the
voltage and strain. The strain was a hysteretic function of the voltage on the materials.
Therefore, in that case the voltage amplifier there was hysteresis between the input system and
strain materials. Still, if the signal of charge was given to the materials instead of a signal
voltage, hysteresis was reduced to a larger amount. This indicates that the capacitance of the
piezoelectric sizes and materials are not constant. If capacitance was constant, using charge or
voltage as input signal would results the same piezo-electric materials has a coupling of an
electromechanical. It means that by applying mechanical stress to the material it gives an
electric energy in the form of charge of electricity and the inverse is true as well the application
of electrical energy to the material gives by the mechanical stress which causes the materials to
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expand. This property, the piezoelectric material can be used as sensor as well as a actuator. The
piezoelectric materials property are due to its distinctive polarity. Non-polarized materials (in
which the negative and positive charges are evenly circulated, when there is no external field
applied) cannot be piezoelectric. Somehow, piezoelectric materials exhibit a three-dimensional
shift of electric charges and have dipole flashes even there is no external field applied.
The piezoelectric materials are the main materials of the researchers’ study by gaining
electric charge that can be used as a source in the design prototype. The researchers used the
piezoelectric disc as piezoelectric materials to harvest energy through mechanical stress.
Energy
“The measure of a system’s capacity to do work that which is transferred when work is
done. The concept of energy is one of the most important in physics. This is because energy
takes many forms and is involved in all physical processes. One could say that every interaction
in our universe involves a transfer of energy or a transformation of energy from one form to
another. We can compare the concept of energy to that of financial assets, which can take the
form of cash, real estate, materials goods, or investments, among other things. The study of
economics is in part a study of these forms of financial assets and how they are transferred and
transformed. Much of physics deals with the forms of energy and the transformations that occur
during interactions. There are many forms of energy corresponding to the many ways in which
work can be done. Some of the more common forms of energy are chemical, electrical, nuclear,
and gravitational, as well as the energy associated with heat, sound, light, and other forms of
radiation. Anything possessing any of these forms of energy is capable of doing work. When
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work is done on something, it increases energy. The more work is done on something, the more
energy it gains, and the more work it can do in return. We might say that energy is “stored
work.” To be able to do work, an object must have energy”, by Ostdied & Board (2012),
According to Tillery (2005), energy is closely connected with the concepts of force and
motion. In nature moving matter, such as the wind or moving water, employs forces. You have
felt these forces if you have ever tried to walk against a strong wind or stand in one place in a
stream of rapidly moving water. The energy sources such as motion and forces of moving air
and moving water. The wind is an energy source as it moves the blades of a water turbine to
spin, turning an electric generator. Thus, moving matter exerts a force on objects in its path, an
object moved by the force can also be used as an energy source. Matter does not have to be
moving to supply energy; matter contains energy. Food supplied the energy for the muscular
exertion of the humans and animals that accomplished most of the work before this century.
Today, machines do the work that was formerly accomplished by muscular exertion. Machines
also used the energy contained in matter. They use gasoline, for example, as they supply the
forces and motion to accomplish work.
Energy is a capacity to do work, such as moving an object forming a new compound, or
generating light. No matter how energy is defined, it is always involved when there is a change
in matter.
The researchers study the different energies related to the study to convert one form of
energy into another and used it in a usable way. The different energies produce a force that used
the input in this research study.

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Kinetic energy. Energy that is due to motion. Stated by Bauer & Westfall (2011), kinetic
energy is always positive or equal to zero, and it is only zero for an object at rest. Also note that
kinetic energy, like all forms of energy, is scalar, not a vector quantity. Because it is the product
of mass (kg) and speed ( v 2 ¿, the units of kinetic energy are kg m2 / s2. Because energy is such an
important quantity, it has own SI unit, the joule (J). The SI force unit, the Newton, is N=kg m 2 / s 2
. Because of the motion, moving objects can do work on other objects. And according to Tillery
(2005), kinetic energy can be in measured in terms of the work done to put the objects in motion
or in terms of the work the moving object will do in coming to rest. The kinetic energy of a
moving body is proportional to the square of its speed. The kinetic energy (KE) of an object is:
KE=(mass) ¿¿
Electrical Energy. Tillery (2005) states that you are familiar with electrical energy that
travels through the wires to your home from a power plant, electrical energy that is generated by
chemical cells in a flashlight, and electrical energy that can be “stored” in a battery.
According to the studies of Atienza, Deocampo, Jovena & Trinidad (2013), energy
collecting by piezoelectric devices has big potential applications in self-powered sensor
networks, portable electronic devices, ubiquitous computing systems, and other areas. It uses the
effect coming from piezoelectric to convert mechanical vibration or the strain variation with time
into electric energy and store it in energy storage devices such as rechargeable batteries and
super-capacitors. An important amount of research has been done on piezoelectric generators
and on the electronic circuits processing and storing electrical energy. In piezoelectric
generators, examined configurations include the piezoelectric unimorph and bimorph cantilever
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beams, stacked piezoelectric actuators piezoelectric membranes thin elastic plates or their
combination with piezoelectric components and others deriving from the above-listed structures.
To increase the vibration energy-harvesting capability of this structure, in this work, we have
proposed a piezoelectric generator that not only uses this strain change, but also employs the
weights at the tip of the cantilever beam to hit piezoelectric components located on the 2 sides of
the weights.
With the information gathered in the study of energy specifically the kinetic and electrical
energy, the researchers found that through kinetic energy in human footsteps, by using the
piezoelectric material called piezoelectric transducer possessing a mechanical stress, it can
produce electrical energy that can supply the pathway and parking area lights.
Footstep
As stated by Merriam (2011), a footstep is defined as the mark of the foot, a step on
which to ascend or descend and distance covered by a step.
First recorded in 1175-1225, a footstep is from the Middle English word foote steppe.
The word footstep was first attested in 1530’s which means "a tread or fall of the foot"
noted by Harper (2010).
The researchers designed a lighting system to have an efficient and consistent supply of
electricity, a footstep is the most important thing to be considered because it is the one that
produces a mechanical stress in the piezoelectric materials that produce electrical energy which
is stored in the battery.
Electrical Connections
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Electrical circuits can be divided into three major types: Series, Parallel and
Combinations. Combination circuits are circuits that contain both series and parallel paths.
Series Circuits. Herman (2014) states that the series circuit that has only one way for
current flow. The current is the same at any point in the circuit, because there is only one path
for current flow. Imagine that the electron leaves the negative terminal of the battery. This
electron must flow through each resistor before it can complete the circuit to the positive battery
terminal. One of the best examples of a series-connected device is a fuse or circuit breaker.
Because fuses and circuit breakers are connected in series with the rest of the circuit, all the
circuit current must flow through them. If the current becomes excessive, the fuse or circuit
breaker will open and disconnect the rest of the circuit from the power source. In a series circuit,
the sum of all the voltage drops across all the resistors must equal the voltage applied to the
circuit.
Ostdiek & Board (2012) stated that in a series circuit, there is only one path for the
charges to follow, so the same current flows in each device. In such a circuit, the voltage is
divided among the devices: The voltage on the first device plus the voltage on the second device,
and so on, equals the voltage supply. The current in the series circuit is stopped if any of the
devices break the circuit. A series circuit is not normally used with, say, several light bulbs
because if one of them burns out, the current stops and all the bulbs go out. A string of
Christmas lights that flash at the same time uses a series circuit so that all the bulbs go on and off
together.
RTOTAL = R1 + R2 + R3+……+ RN
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VTOTAL = VR1 + VR2 + VR3+……+VRN
ITOTAL = IR1 = IR2 = IR3=IRN
According to Bauer & Westfall (2011), in terms of capacitors connected in series, the total
capacitance is given as:
1 1
=
CTOTAL C1 +C 2+C 3 +…+C N
Parallel Circuits. By Herman (2014), it is the type of circuit with which most people are
familiar is the parallel circuits. The devices in homes and office buildings such as lights and
receptacles are connected in parallel. Imagine if all of the lights in your home were wired in
series. All the lights in the home would have to be turned on for any light to operate, and, if one
were to burn out, all the lights would go out. The same is true for receptacles. If receptacles
were connected in series, some device would have to be connected to each receptacle before
power could be supplied to any other device. Parallel circuits are circuits that have more than
one path for current flow. One of the rules for parallel circuits states that the total current flow in
the circuit is equal to the sum of the currents through branches.
Ostdiek & Board (2012) states that in a parallel circuit, the current through the power
supply is “shared” among the devices while each has the same voltage. The current flowing in
the first device plus the current in the second devices, and so on, equals the current output by the
power supply. If one of the devices burned out or removed, the others still function.
1 1
=
R TOTAL R1 + R2 + R3 +…+ R N
V TOTAL=V 1 =V 2=V 3=V N

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I TOTAL=I 1=I 2=I 3=I N
According to Bauer & Westfall (2011), in terms of capacitors connected in parallel, the total
capacitance is given as:
CTOTAL = C1 + C2 + C3+……+ CN
Combination Circuits. Herman (2014), states that it is circuits that contain a
combination of both series and parallel elements. To define which components are in parallel
and which are in series, trace the flow of current through the circuit. Remember that a series
circuit has one path for current flow and a parallel circuit has more than one path for current
flow.
By understanding the above discussion, the researchers conclude that the basic electrical
connections are used to understand the different value of current, voltage and power with the
connections of series and parallel circuits. With this knowledge, the researchers can design a
circuit diagram with the use of the piezoelectric material for the purpose of lighting the pathway
and parking area.
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
“Full-bridge rectifier is commonly used as rectifier circuits to convert the AC output of a
piezoelectric into a DC voltage. The rectifying circuits consist of 4 diodes. The voltage needs to
rectify due to the need for a constant supply of voltage light up the series of LED placed in
parallel” stated by Nayan (2015)

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“A Full wave rectifier is a circuit arrangement which makes use of both half cycles of the
input alternating current (AC) and converts them to direct current (DC)”. Stated by Jojo (2017)
A full wave bridge rectifier will be used by the researchers to convert the alternating
current produced by piezoelectric materials into direct current that had been used in design
prototype.
Charge Controller
Dricus (2015) states that charge controller is an electronic component that controls the
amount of charge entering and exiting the battery and regulates the optimum and most efficient
performance of the battery. Batteries are almost always installed with a charge controller. The
controller helps to protect the batteries from all kinds of issues, including overcharging, current
leaking back to the solar panel during the night, the prevention of Under-voltage and it helps to
monitor the status of the batteries.
“Charge controller is a device preventing batteries from overcharging and over-
discharging. One of the most common problems of batteries is that they cannot be discharged
excessively or recharged too often. A charge controller controls the charge by managing
properly the battery voltage and current. Charge controllers are intended to protect the battery
and to deliver it as longer life as possible, while keeping the photovoltaic system efficiency. It
should be noted that charge controllers only control DC loads. AC loads are to be controlled by
an inverter” as noted by Dimi Avra (2016).

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Charge Controller used by the researchers as a device that controls the charge of the
battery to prevent an over-charged or over-discharged of the battery to for the longer used of the
battery. The charges produced by the piezoelectric technology is controlled by this device to
make it more efficient and effective for the system.
Battery
Thomas, Oldham & Tocci (2009) states that a battery is an example of galvanic cell, this
device can convert chemical into an electrical energy. This cells an impulsive reaction happens
that result of electrons to move. In early days of electrical engineers research, Daniell cell was
secondhand as energy sources. The development of Daniell cells would be impossible to use in a
radio or portable computer today. As of now there are some kinds of galvanic cell such as dry
cells, lead-acid batteries, and fuel cells.
A battery consists of two half-cells, filled with a conducting electrolyte. The electrolyte
is separated into two halves by a barrier, which prevents the bulk of the electrolyte from passing
through but allows charged ion to pass through. The negatively charged ions (anions) move
toward the anode, and the positively charged ions moved toward the cathode. This creates a
potential difference between the two terminals of the battery. Thus, a battery basically a device
that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy as noted by Bauer & Westfall
(2011).
Tillery (2005) stated that a battery done like a source of an energy that supply charges a
higher potential counter to an electric field. The electrical charges of the battery supplied
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another part of the circuit as they provide heat, light bulbs, or run motors. The electrical charges
flow in the connecting wires to make a constant path. The electrical electric switches are means
to control or completing this constant path. The electrical voltage between the two-connecting
conductors is one issue in the work done by the device that provides a sufficient electrical
potential and the work done on some device. Ignoring any losses the work done in both places
would be the same. Recall that the volts or work done per unit of charge is joules/coulomb. The
supply of the electrical voltage is therefore referred to as a voltage source. The device where the
charges do their work cause a voltage drop. The electrical voltage is measured in volts, so the
term voltage is often used for it.
According to Thomas, Oldham & Tocci (2009), the different kinds of battery like a dry
cell, fuel cell, lead-acid batteries are:
Dry Cell. Although the Daniell cell was useful for supplying energy in the lab, it wasn’t
very portable because it held solutions. The energy source that you know as a battery and use in
radios and remote controls is a dry cell. In a dry cell, moist electrolyte pastes are used instead of
the solution. This was invented over a century ago by Georges Leclanche, a French Chemist. A
carbon rod, the battery’s positive terminal, connects with a wet paste of carbon; ammonium
chloride, N H 4 Cl; manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2; starch; and water.
Fuel Cell. A fuel cell is oxidizing and reducing agents are brought in, often as gases,
from outside of the cell, rather than being part of it. Unlike a dry cell, a fuel cell can work
forever, in principle, changing chemical energy into electrical energy. The reactions of this
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battery take place at carbon electrodes that contain metal catalysts. The water formed is removed
as a gas.
Lead-Acid Batteries. This kind battery is used to store energy is common to all vehicles.
Although the cutaway opinion shows a single PbO2 plate and a single Pb plate in each cell, there
are actually several of each. Battery an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage,
either individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery
is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy
into electrical energy. Battery standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power
devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for
telephone exchanges or computer datacenters.
Atienza, Deocampo, Jovena & Trinidad (2013) states on their research that this kind of
battery is truly the power in our everyday life. They used these systems on vehicles, boats,
public transportation running as we need to go through the day. However, perhaps even more
important is the purpose the lead acid play in those times when daily life is stopped such as
during an electrical interruption. In this scenario, when the power was interrupted, this batteries
may ensure our safety by given that necessary back-up power for everything from hospital
emergency lighting to gadgets and any important devices. During interruption, lead acid
industrial batteries are stands as backup power for wireless devices and wired telephones and
computer systems so that phones stay on no computer data is lost the most common source of
energy for the vehicles on both land and water. Lead-acid batteries start and power vehicles,
backup power for important operations like hospitals, school, railroad signals, public places,
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weapons systems, and air traffic controls, and help electric services shift loads among networks.
On the sea they start boat, back up serious systems in submarines, and power direction-finding
signals and devices in the ships. Existence without lead-acid batteries would unkind everything
but muscle-powered passage would stop. There would be common power outages as electric
Utility Corporation could not handle rapid variations in the demand of electricity. All major
telephone companies worldwide uses lead-acid batteries as their backup power, keeping
telephone systems working during interruption of power due to heavy storms and other kind of
disasters. They also provide silent, pollution-free emergency power for critical operations in
facilities like air traffic control towers, hospitals, railroad crossings, military installations,
submarines, and weapons systems. Lead-acid batteries keep pollution control systems operating
during blackouts and brownouts in environmentally sensitive manufacturing operations until the
plant can be shut down. These batteries also back up cell phones and two-way radio systems. A
rechargeable battery, storage battery or accumulator is a group of one or more electrochemical
cells. They are known as secondary cells because their electrochemical reactions are electrically
reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from
anything from a button cell to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution
network. Several different combinations of chemicals are commonly used, including: lead–acid,
nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion
polymer (Li-ion polymer).
In above discussion, the battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical
energy. It has many types and classifications that can be used in many ways as an alternative and
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effective source of energy. The researchers used the battery as the storage of electric charges
given by the piezoelectric technology. This storage will be a source of energy for the lighting
purposes.
Photo cell
Atienza, Coronel, Encanto, Ollet, Royo & Vergara (2008) stated on their study that
photocell is solid state device that converts light into electrical energy by producing a voltage, as
in a photovoltaic cell or uses light to regulate the flow of current, as s in productive cell, used in
automatic control systems for doors, light, etc.
According to Atienza, Deocampo, Jovena, & Trinidad, (2013), the photo-resistor or light
dependent resistor (LDR) is a type of resistor that decreases in resistance when exposed to light;
in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo-resistor is finished of a high resistance
semiconductor. If light dropping on the method is of high sufficient frequency, photons immersed
by the semiconductor provide certain electrons sufficient energy to jump into the transmission
band. The resultant of free electron conducts electricity, thereby let down resistance. A
photoelectric method can be either inherent or extrinsic. An inherent semiconductor has its own
charge carriers and insufficient semiconductor, like silicon. In inherent devices, the only existing
electrons are in the valence band, and hereafter the photon must have sufficient energy to
stimulate the electron crossways the entire band opening. Extrinsic devices have layers, also
called dopants and added whose pounded state energy is nearer to the conduction band; since the
electrons do not need to as far to jump, lesser energy photons (that is, lengthier wavelengths and
lesser frequencies) are necessary to trigger the device. If a example of silicon has some of its
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atoms changed by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will have an extra electrons available for
conduction this state as an example of an extrinsic semiconductor. Photo-resistors are basically
photocells. Photo-resistors come in several types. In exclusive cadmium sulphide cells can be
originate in many consumer items such as street lightings, radio clocks, camera light meters,
alarm devices, outdoor clocks, solar street lightings and solar road hoops. They are also used in
some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent lamp or light emitting diode to
control gain reduction and are also used in bed lamps, etc. Lead sulphide (PbS) and indium
antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light dependent resistor) are used for the mid infrared spectral region.
Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best-farinfrared detectors available, and are used for
infrared astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.
By the information gathered by the researchers on the photocell, this device may use as a
sensor to the lights to switch-on. When this device detects that the place is getting dark it will
automatically switch-on. It also helps to save an electric charge of the battery by switching off
the light when this device detects the light.
Parking and pathway light
According to the study of Atienza, Coronel, Encanto, Ollet, Royo & Vergara (2008), the
street lighting was one of the earliest loads for central station electric systems. The illumination
of large areas has improved traffic safety, pedestrian safety and security for people and property.
In some utilities, street light maintenance and troubleshooting form a large part of the work
program. Today, street light commonly uses high, intensity discharge lamps, often High-Pressure
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Sodium (HPS) lamps. Such lamp provides the greatest amount of Photonic illumination for least
consumption of electricity.
Stated at Collin`s Dictionary the parking lights on a vehicle are the small lights at the
front that help other driver drives to notice the vehicle and to judge its width.
This lighting system will be the output of this research from the piezoelectric materials
getting a mechanical stress to produce an electric charge that will charge the battery. And the
battery will be the supply for the lights to satisfy the researchers main objective.
d) Methods and Procedures
This part shows the methods and procedures that researchers used for the development of
the project study. For the researchers to come up with this project study, various processes and
approaches were studied and taken into considerations which are presented in this unit. To have
the best result, the most effective techniques, process and methods were adopted. Research
design, sources of data, data gathering tools, procedures and research locate are what compose
this unit.
Research Design
The researchers used the Research and Development method in this research study.
Because Research and Development Method supports the conceptualized design that researchers
used in this study. With this method, the researchers have gathered data, knowledge and idea that
researchers may use in the design and development of the system. The study specifies the data
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that researchers collected to know and distinguished the necessary information and data needed
for the implementation of the Lighting System through Piezoelectric Technology. The project
study of Piezoelectric Technology required research on its principles, theories and laws regarding
its design characteristic and operation. The researchers also studied the other selected topics that
are related to the research study because there are some principles that can be applied, and this
also helped the researchers to merge the ideas of operation and procedure strategy needed to
create the prototype. The output of this study is the actual prototype that researchers will
develop.
This method helps the researchers to attain the most efficient, economic and ecological
solution to resolve the issue and different processes that will be undertaken will be given
consideration. The most possible and simplest method of design, construction and assembly will
be chosen ideal.
By the data gathered, the researchers have a clear point of view on the preferred
prototype design. This data helped the researchers to have a clear understanding of the process
and functions of each component that supported engineering principles.
Research Environment
The researchers conducted a survey at Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation,
specifically in the College of Engineering pathways through student lounge. The researchers
found out that at night, the pathway and parking area are not secured because of the lack of
lightings. With this study, the researchers came up to an idea to provide an alternative source for
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the pathways and parking lightings through Piezoelectric Technology without affecting the
environment.
The researchers developed this prototype based on the problem and pre-survey conducted
to the research environment and from the response of the students and university staffs. Based
on the conducted survey, it shows that the respondents who walked on the pathway of College of
Engineering are favored by this pathway lights because aside from its help during night time by
giving light to ensure safety and security, it is also environmental friendly due to its energy
storage with the use of kinetic energy through footsteps.
Procedures
The first step was to construct the prototype is to gather the data and the specifications of
materials are to be considered. The second step is to make the circuit diagram of the
piezoelectric technology. Third step is to gather all the materials needed such as a photoresistor
that control the lighting system and battery as a prototype’s power source with a specification of
12v which according to the discussion in unit II the storage of charges that produce by the piezo
materials that enough to light up a pathway and parking area from College of Engineering to
Student Lounge. The fourth step is to construct the prototype and connect the materials based on
the schematic and circuit diagram. And the fifth and last step is the testing of the piezoelectric
system.
Data gathering and Analysis. The researchers gathered the necessary data through
conducting a pre-survey to provide the background and significance of the study with results of
positive responses from the respondents. The researchers gathered how the lighting system helps
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to improve the location, how many lights to be installed and how long are the gaps of every pole
to each other. And how the footsteps are to be its source of energy to supply the lighting system.
The researchers gathered information from books, journals, internet and other related studies to
serve as an informative knowledge about the basic information in the operation of a
piezoelectricity for them to be able to know the mechanisms and its purpose. The theories,
principles, concepts and knowledge that is related to the study will also be included. The
researchers also gather the necessary knowledge about the ways to produce an energy from the
human footsteps, computation of loads, and the prototype components including the materials
specifications that will be used for the prototype.
Lighting System Design. With the information about the piezoelectricity, the
researchers guided to construct the Lighting System through Piezoelectric Technology. With the
exact specifications and the sizes of the materials, the researchers can design the project. Also,
the researchers could determine the type of materials used including the plywood, rubber matte,
wires, charge controller, battery, photocontrol switch, other electronic components and LED
lights.
As shown in the block diagram in the results and discussion, it is explained that in the
Pathway and Parking Area Lighting System through Piezoelectric Technology, the pressure
produced by human footstep applied in the piezo crystal will produce an electrical energy that
was controlled by a charge controller to protect the battery from overcharging and discharging.
The charged battery will serve as the power supply that connected to the photoresistor as a
switch of the LED lights.

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Circuit Design. The project study’s designed circuit was based on the basic principle,
concepts of operation and functions of electricity and piezoelectric material. This includes the
analysis of the schematic diagram of the design prototype. The schematic diagram is the
representation of connections of the electrical and electronic components that are used for the
Piezoelectric Technology. For the stability of the design, the researchers made various
computations. For a more accurate and precise result, the researchers referred to the Philippine
Electrical Code as a standard basis for computing the wire size.
The designed circuit of the prototype was connected in parallel to the battery where the
charges are stored. The piezo crystals are in between two aluminum plates wherein it produces
an electric charge when mechanical stress is applied.
Prototype development. In the development of prototype, the first thing to do is to
create the design of prototype, so that you can choose and gather the materials needed, next is to
make the circuit diagram where it serves as your guide or pattern to construct the prototype,
followed by preparing all the materials and tools needed in building the prototype like the
plywood, where the piezo crystals are attached connected by wires, charge controller, 12v
battery, LED lights, and photoresistors, after that is the installation or making the whole system
of the designed prototype using your circuit design and wiring diagram, lastly is the actual
testing and evaluation of the whole system and the data of an energy were produced by
piezoelectric per step. These are the procedure to be followed to have good movement of
fabricating the system and time frame of building the prototype.

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Construction of prototype, the piezoelectric transducers are in between the plywood
covered by a rubber matte and full wave bridge rectifier circuit are connected in parallel
connections and the battery are also connected in parallel connection the polarity will be
considered. The charge controller will charge the battery correctly, the battery is connected in
photocontrol switch, which is the LED light is connected in photocontrol switch, it will be light
up when this device detects the place getting dark and automatically turn off the light when it
detects the place are getting bright. Finally, after the devices have been placed, you can perform
the first testing. The prototype design requires a vigilant preparation to guarantee that the
prototype is adequate to provide for the load.
Testing and evaluation. This process includes the verification of the prototype in terms
of its effectiveness, functionally, and efficiency. The testing of the prototype was performed in
order to find the error in the components with the use of digital volt-ohmmeter. Testing
continuously was done for the researchers to be sure that the prototype was working according to
its function. The first thing to test the prototype was to check the continuity of the whole circuit
to know whether if its short circuit or not. Also the voltage produced by the piezoelectric
transducers was tested with the use of multi-tester. This was done to determine if it will provide
enough charge for the battery. And the evaluation was disseminated so that necessary actions
can be applied if there is an amount of an error.
The evaluation of the prototype, a survey questionnaire was answered by the respondents
from the university staff including students from the College of Engineering Department and
another department who walked in the pathway were used to determine whether the project
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achieved its objectives. The researchers used the Likert categorical scale to measure the
reactions of the respondents. The questions are divided into the following categories
functionality, effectiveness and efficiency. The respondents were asked to answer in categories
of the responses by assigning a weighting to the answers. For the five category scales, 5 is
“strongly agree”, 4 is “agree”, 3 is “fairly agree”, 2 is “disagree”, and 1 is “strongly disagree”. 1
is assigned to the least satisfactory measurement and 5 is assigned to the most satisfactory
measurement.
Each criterion was computed using the weighted mean formula as follows:
5 ( f SA ) + 4 ( f A ) +3 ( f FA ) +2 ( f D ) +(f SD )
WM=
TR
Where: WM = Weighted Mean
TR = Total number of respondents, and
f SA = number of responses in strongly agree
fA = number of responses in agree
f FA = number of responses in fairly agree
fD = number of responses in disagree
f SD = number of responses in strongly disagree
The results were interpreted using the Modified Likert scale as shown in Table 1
Table 1
Modified Likert Scale
Likert Scale Rating Description

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4.21 - 5.00 5 Strongly Agree
3.41 - 4.20 4 Agree
2.61 - 3.40 3 Fairly Agree
1.81 - 2.60 2 Disagree
1.00 - 1.80 1 Strongly Disagree
Likert scale was used to classify the level of agreement of the respondents to each
standard. The Table 1 assisted the researchers to determine whether the prototype is fully
efficient and practical, and these data showed the researchers to recognize the part that needs
development.
Design Concept
The main concepts of the project study that the researchers used were the principles of
electrical circuits, physics and other related principles. The different principles of the subjects
were suitable for the data gathering and to develop the prototype. Also, there are many ways of
producing an electrical energy from pressure, so the researchers must consider the simplest way
of producing an electrical energy.
The design concept of this prototype was based in piezoelectricity, an electric
polarization produced by mechanical strain in crystals belonging to certain classes, the
polarization being proportional to the strain and changing direction with it. This effect is formed
in crystals that have no center of symmetry. With the help of a compression disk that looks like a
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capacitor with the piezoceramic material sandwiched between two electrodes, piezoelectric
happened.
A force applied perpendicular to the disk causes a charge production and a voltage of the
electrodes. The study basis in accordance of Newton’s Law, this force equal to the product of the
acceleration and the seismic mass. By the piezoelectric effect a charge output is proportional to
the applied force.
The principle of parallel connection to increase the output current of the piezoelectric
transducers and get the required current of the system.
For the researcher to determine the charge that can be stored in the battery the principles
of energy stored in charged capacitor was used wherein the half of the product of voltage square
and capacitance is equivalent to the energy stored.
e) Results and Discussion
This unit discusses the processes involved in the construction of the research prototype.
The outcomes of this study and discussion of the design of prototype, operation done by the
researchers and evaluation of the prototype are part of this unit. The design computations and the
specifications of materials to be considered in the design prototype are also included in this unit.
Data Gathering and Analysis
The researchers gathered data in the College of Engineering pathway near the Office of
the Student Affairs and student lounge beside the parking area of the students and university
staffs. This pathway is used by the students and university staffs going to other buildings and
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departments, going to their classrooms and many of them leave the university at night. At night,
many students and even the university staffs parked in the parking area near at the student lounge
are struggling to walk through this pathway due to lack of lighting in this area.
Through the results of the conducted pre-survey, the respondent who walked and
experienced the problem gives a positive result with an average of 4.56 which is equivalent to
strongly agree, this result is shown in Table 2. With this result, it means that the respondents
strongly agreed that the lighting system through piezoelectric technology needs to be
implemented in that pathway and parking area near in the student lounge.
Since many students and university staffs are walking in this pathway, the researchers
come up to constructing a piezoelectric technology that harvests the pressure produce by footstep
and produces it into an electrical energy that light up the pathway at night.
College of Engineering Pathway College of Engineering Pathway
Pathway condition Pathway condition

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Parking Area Pathway condition at night
Figure 2. Pictorial Data of the site location
Table 2
Pre-survey results
Numerical Rating No. of respondents Weighted Mean

Situation 5 4 3 2 1
1. Many students and university staffs walk 51 19 - - - 4.73
through the College of Engineering Pathway.
2. It is unsafe to walk at night in the College of 36 26 6 1 1 4.36
Engineering pathway due to the cracks caused
by roots of the tree.
3. Parking a vehicle at parking area without 44 23 3 - - 4.59
enough light is unsecured.
4. Lack of lights in Parking area during the night is 48 21 1 - - 4.67
inconvenient and unsafe.
5. The students hesitate to walk at night through 36 22 12 - - 4.34
the pathway from student lounge going to the
College of Engineering Building.
6. A solar cell, hydropower, wind turbines are an 40 27 3 - - 4.53
example of an alternative source of energy,
piezoelectric technology is considered as an
alternative source of energy.
7. Piezoelectric Technology produces an electrical 40 26 4 - - 4.51
energy without using an electricity coming from
a private electric company.
8. Piezoelectric Technology is environmentally 43 25 2 - - 4.59
friendly
9. Piezoelectric Technology will reduce the electric 42 24 4 - - 4.54
power consumption in the university
10. Piezoelectric Technology gives energy for the 38 27 5 - - 4.47
light without an additional load in the
university.
11. Additional lights in MSEUF gives a security to 54 15 1 - - 4.76
the University and prevent an accident.
Total Average 4.56
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This pre-survey conducted by the researchers to determine that the lighting system
through the piezoelectric technology will be the solution to the problem. Appendix C shows the
different situation and the rating of the respondents says that they agreed that the issues in lack of
light in the parking area and pathway that is indicated in the pre-survey are a serious problem for
the safety of the students and university staff. And the piezoelectric technology is an alternative
source of energy that is not harmful to the environment and it is better to be implemented in the
pathway.
Lighting System Design
In the data gathering of this prototype, it is not easy for the researchers because this
alternative source of energy does not work without applied pressure through it and this is the
only technology that converts the mechanical strain into an electrical energy. Many researchers
have own design and principles that applied in constructing piezoelectric technology depends on
their applications. The sequences of process and operation of the prototype are shown in the
block diagram below (See Figure 3) and the flow diagram of the prototype (See Figure 4).
Block Diagram. The researchers decided to use the battery as the storage of power
produced by piezoelectric technology that is connected to charge controller to control the charge
of the battery. And the photocontrol switch is supplied by the battery and this photocontrol
switch is the responsible to switch on and off the load if the place is getting dark.
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Figure 3 shows the block diagram where it starts with the footstep. The footstep in the
piezoelectric technology is the one that will produce stress that will enable the piezoelectric
transducer to produce the desired voltage. Since the piezoelectric transducer produces AC
voltage, the full-wave bridge rectifier is connected in parallel with it. The output from the
rectifier is then connected to the battery that will be charged. For the pathway and parking area
lighting system to operate only on the night, the photocontrol switch is connected on the lamp.
Piezoelectric Charge
Rectifier Controller
technology
Photocontrol
Load Battery
switch
Figure 3. Block diagram of Piezoelectric Transducer for the system
System Flow Diagram. In Figure 4, it shows the flow diagram of piezoelectric
technology where it started in the strain stress produced by the footstep of the students and
university staffs who walked in the pathway that applied in the piezoelectric technology that will
produce an AC voltage and is converted by the rectifier into DC voltage that is required in the
system prototype. And the charge controller will control the charge input and output to prevent
the overcharging and discharging of the battery, where the charges harvested will store in the
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battery. Then the photocontrol switch that supplied by the battery is responsible to switch on and
off the bulb when the place is getting dark. In figure 5 shows the nine lighting poles and the
distances of each pole in the site location. The pathway length is 33 meters and it has four
lighting poles, the parking area have a dimension of 23x15 meters and it has 5 lighting poles.
Figure 4. System Flow Diagram of Piezoelectric Technology
Figure 5. Design of Site Location Plan
Circuit Design
The arrangements and connections of the components in building the design prototype is
shown in Figure 6. It shows the schematic diagram indicating the sequence of components on
how they are connected sin the system and their functions. The effects of each component in the
system are also shown in the figure. The researchers used plywood covered with rubber matt as
the surface for piezoelectric transducers. The rubber matte covered in plywood provides more
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efficiency to produce electric charges by the piezoelectric transducers due to the bending of it on
a soft surface which enables it to attain more mechanical strain. It is advisable for the rubber
matt to have just enough softness for the piezoelectric transducers to be not damaged because
when using a very soft surface as the base for the piezoelectric transducer, the piezoelectric
transducer is being damaged due to its sensitiveness when mechanical strain is applied on it.
Figure 6. Piezoelectric Transducer Schematic Diagram
Design Computation
To attain the desired design, the design computations including the design factors are
calculated. The following computations are given below.
Illumination computation for pathway and parking area
lumen of the bulb

watt of the bulb=
luminous efficacy∈lumen per watt
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Since the luminous efficacy of LED bulb is 80
lumens of bulb
9watts =
80
Lumens of bulb= (9 watts) (80 lumens/ watts)
Lumens of bulb=720 lumens
Conversion lumens to candela
1 candela = 4𝜋 lumens
1 candela
720 lumens x =57 candela
4 π lumens
According to table 2.25.3.11 of PEC 2009. Clearance over roadways, walkways, rail, water and
open land;
Parking lot = 5.6 meters
Walkways = 4.1 meters
For pathways
I
E= 2
sin 3(θ)
base
57 candela 3
E= sin ( 45° )=1.2lux
4.1 meters2
Computation of the height of the pole
I
E= 2
cos3 (θ)
height
57
1.2 lux= 2
cos 3 ( 45° ) ; height of the pole = 4 meters
height
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Computation of number of poles
Length of the pathways = 35 meters
length of pathway
number of poles=
2(distance of the midpoint between two poles)
35 meters
number of poles= =4 poles for the pathway
2( 4.1 meters)
For the parking area
Length of the parking = 23 meters
Width of the parking = 15 meters
area of the parking lot

number of poles=
2¿ ¿
23 meters x 15 meters
number of poles= 2
=5 poles for the parking area
2(5.6)
Computation of battery capacity in terms of A-hr
Total watts= 9 watts (9 bulbs) = 81 watts
watts
current=
voltage
81 watts
current= =6.75 A
12 volts
Since the battery must sustain its 60% charge, and the system requires 12-13 hours
operates in a day and the researchers set an allowance of one and one half-day reserve charge
Total hours = 12 hours + (12 hours) (150%) = 30 hours
Battery capacity = (current) (total hours)
Battery capacity = (6.75 Amperes) (30 hours) = 202.5 A-hr

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Therefore, researchers used a 210 A-hr.
Computation of charging time of the battery in terms of current
(current output per piezoelectric transducer) (total no. of piezoelectric transducers)
(100mA) (70 piezoelectric transducer) in 1 second = 7 A – second
(7 A – second) ( 36001 hrsec . )=( 1994 microA

steps
−hr
)
In the researcher’s data gathered every 30 minutes there is a minimum of 90 students
walked in the pathway, and there are 56 steps in the pathways to pass.
90 students 60 minutes 56 steps 6 hrs 60480 steps

x x x =
30 minutes 1hr student day day
( 1994 microA
steps
−hr 60480 steps
)( day ) ( 80 % efficiency )= 94 day
A−hr
Computation of capacitor to be used,
With regards to the effective value of piezoelectric transducers, the researchers used
“faraday law”, according to Michael Faraday, the unit of capacitance when one coulomb of
charge given to its plates raises its potential difference by one volt.
The piezoelectric transducers specifications are produced an effective value of 20 to 30
volts depends on the applied force or mechanical stress and the frequency produce is 0.5
kilohertz.
Given:
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Effective value = 30 volts
Frequency = 0.5kilohertz
Maximum voltage = 1.414 * effective value = 30*1.414 = 42.42 volts
Time = 1 / frequency = 1 / 0.5x10^3 = 2x10^-3 = 2ms
Therefore;
Capacitance = (current)(time) / (maximum voltage)
(2 x 10¿¿−3)
C=( 100 x 10¿¿−3) ¿¿
42.42
C = 4.7 micro Farad
From the data of the capacitance of the capacitor, the researchers now conclude that a 4.7
micro farad must be used.
Selection for a transistor in photo-controlled switch, the piezoelectric transducer`s current
output is in milli-Ampere with the specification of the 2N3904 npn-transistor that requires a
small amount of current to operate the researchers used 2N3904 transistor
Prototype Fabrication
In Table 3, it shows the main materials and specification of the materials used in the
design prototype which is based from the design computation. These materials are must be
standard to achieve the goals of the project study. And to prevent unwanted accident caused by
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malfunctioning of the materials. The measurements of the materials are to be considered to
make the design output will be accurate as a design prototype.
Table 3
Materials and its Specifications
No. Description Specifications
1 Battery Voltage Rating: 12v, 210 A-hr
2 Copper wire Size: #18 AWG
3 LED Power Rating: 9W, 12volts
5 Charge controller 30A 12V/24V
6 PCB Size: 4x4 inch

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Resonant Frequency: 4.6 +/- 0.5

KHz
7 Piezo Electric Transducers Resonant Imp. (ohm): 300 max
Capacitance (nF): 20.0 +/- 30%
(1KHZ)
Plate Diameter: Approx
2.7cm/1.06”
Output max: 100mA
8 Plywood
9 Rubber matte
9 Rigid Steel Conduit ¾ inches, 36 meters
13 Thread, bolt and knot
Fabrication Process
The construction of the prototype design is showed by the following process. This is
arranged in terms of difficulties of construction to manage the time of the construction to be
more efficient.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7. Soldering of electronics components – rectifier and photo control switch assembly.
Figure 7 shows how to fabricate the circuit (a) First thing is to draw a circuit and
schematic diagram. The researchers showed their knowledge on how to create a diagram they
chose the right specification for the circuit. (b) The second step was soldering the components in
printed circuit board (PCB). The researcher connected the component accordingly to their
polarities. (c) The last thing was testing of the circuit if they are working according to their
functions.
(a)
(b)
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(c) (d)
Figure 8. Cutting of Biscuit Tin can and Fixing of Light pole
Figure 8 shows how the researchers created an improvised lamp case and holder. (a) First
step was to cut the biscuit tin can in half wherein the cut must be in the middle with the two sides
equal to create a lamp case and holder for two lamps. (b) The next step is to fold the cut edges of
the tin can for it to be not sharp. (c) Then after that is the bending of the Rigid Steel Conduit
(RSC) which serves as the pole for the lamp case. (d) As the researchers finished the pole and
lamp case, the next step is to drill holes in the case and pole for it to be combined with the use of
bolt and knot. And with this, the light pole can function as a street light in pathways.
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(a) (b) (c)
Figure 9. Platform assembly for piezoelectric transducer arrangement.
In figure 9 shows, the researcher cutting the plywood according to the size of the width
and length of the pathway, first they cut the plywood using a hacksaw having the size of
32x13inches then they cover the cut plywood with rubber mat for more comfortable while
walking into them.
(a) (b)
Figure 10. Fixing of Piezoelectric Transducers and Arrangement
Figure 10 shows the piezoelectric transducers having a thick rubber paste on it. The
rubber made the transducer more sensitive and efficient to produce the voltage and it act like a
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protector also. The piezoelectric transducers are in parallel connection wherein the like polarities
of each transducer are the ones that are connected. The reason for this connection is that the
current is increased with this connection. It is necessary for this step to be properly done for the
piezoelectric transducers to have an output that is efficient for charging the battery.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 11. Plat form assembly, painting of the pole and lamp cover
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Shown in figure 11, the researcher assembled the platform and paint the pole (a) First the
researcher gathered the unused plywood and woods. (b) They cut the plywood according to size
of the battery and assume the initial height of the platform to secure that the other components
are not getting wet. (c) The pole and the lamp cover painted a color of chrome because chrome
color is the color near in the stainless steel with a high reflection that’s why the researchers
decided to use this color.
Operational Flowchart
The process starts by the step through the piezoelectric transducer, the stress produce by
the footstep will converted into an electrical charge. The electric charge produce is an AC
voltage it will converted by the full wave bridge rectifier into DC voltage since the pathway and
parking area lights of the prototype will supplied by DC voltage. All the charges stored in the
battery by the use of the charge controller and use the charge as the supply of photocontrol
switch were the switching of the load is controlled by photocontrol switch. This photocontrol
switch operated when the pathway and parking area of the College of Engineering near at the
student lounge is getting dark, the photocontrol switch sense it and turn on the bulb and if the
place where located is getting bright the photocontrol switch will turn off the bulb. To understand
the operation of the piezoelectric technology easier, the operational flowchart of the whole
system was shown in the Figure 12.

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Figure 12. Prototype Operational Flow Chart
The system operational flowchart of the prototype shows the stages of process how the
piezoelectric technology operates. To start, the piezoelectric transducer must be applied a strain
stress produce by the footstep to produce an electric charge. The electric charge will be
converted the voltage into the voltage required for the system prototype by full wave bridge
rectifier. The energy producers will control by the charge controller to protect the battery for the
overcharging, the battery used to supply the load, the operation of the load will have controlled
by photocontrol switch. As stated problem that the place is lack of lighting system, if the
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photocontrol sense a darkest in the place the bulb will turn on and brighten the place at night to
give an additional security in the pathway and parking area in the College of Engineering.
Project Timeline
Table 4 shows the timeline of the different action conducted by the researchers starting
from the analyzation of the problem and title of the prototype until the finalization of the project.
From August 3rd to 2nd week of September, the researchers analyze the problem and
conceptualize the title for the project. During 1st and 2nd week of September, the researchers
finalize the title for the project. From September 2nd up to 1st week of November, they conduct
the documentation for unit I, II and III. It follows by selection of materials on the 1st week of
November up to 4th week, then followed by 4th week of November up to 2nd week of January the
researchers document the unit IV and V. From the 2nd week of December up to 4th week of
January they conduct the prototype fabrication and modification. The initial testing of prototype
were performed by the 4th week of January to 1st week of February. The 1st week and 2nd week of
February the researchers did the adjustments on how to improve the prototype on how it will
function well according to the expected outputs. The final testing of prototype was conducted
during the month February by the 2nd and 3rd week. And lastly the prototype execution was
performed by the month of February from 2nd to 4th week.

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Table 4
Gantt Chart
Cost of Project
Table 5 below shows the total cost of the prototype including all the components and
materials used in prototype amounting to ₱ 2,763.60

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Table 5
Bills of Materials
SPECIFICATION
NO. QTY. UNIT S UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICE
1 1 Meter Matte 65.00 php 65.00 php
2 3 Shoe glue 5.00 php 15.00 php
3 2 LED U-lite 165.00 php 330.00 php
Piezo electric
4 transducer 31.00 php 992.00 php
5 18 1/2 inch Bolt and knot 5.00 php 90.00 php
6 1 3/4 inch Rigid Steel Conduit 220.00 php 220.00 php
7 1 PCB 25.00 php 25.00 php
8 32 1N4007 Diode 5.00 php 160.00 php
9 3 Meter Lead 10.00 php 30.00 php
10 2 AWG (#18) / meter Copper wire 6.00 php 12.00 php
11 1 2.2kilo ohm Resistor 1.00 php 1.00 php
12 1 Large Photo resistor 55.00 php 55.00 php
400volts,
13 1 4.7microfarad Capacitor 10.00 php 10.00 php
14 1 2N3904 Transistor 12.00 php 12.00 php
30A 12V/24V
15 1 Charge Controller 746.60 php 746.60 php
15 1 12 volts Battery Borrowed 0.00php
16 Plywood Scrap 0.00php

Tota
l 2,763.60 php
Testing and Evaluation of the Prototype
As the researchers went through a rigorous process, the researchers were able to fabricate
the prototype beginning with the conceptualization of piezoelectric transducer design to the
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materials’ specification and the actual prototype fabrication. For the verification of functionality
and effectiveness of the project study, the researchers conducted the testing and evaluation.
Prototype Testing. When the fabrication of the prototype was finalized, the researchers
tested the continuity of the circuit to determine whether the positive and negative terminals were
connected or not. It is necessary that the positive and negative terminals are not short-circuited to
avoid discharging and to make all components are safe. The testing was done with the use of
continuity test with a buzzer in the digital multi-tester. Since the connection not buzzed the
connection are safe and doesn`t have any short circuit. This was shown in Fig. 13
Figure 13. Continuity testing
It is shown in Fig. 14 the testing of voltage that is made by stepping on the piezoelectric
technology. It is shown that the voltage produced by a single step is approximately 12volts to
14volts. That is required in the whole system of prototype.

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(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 14. Piezoelectric technology output voltage testing
In figure 15, it shows the piezoelectric transducer was connected in the full wave bridge
rectifier and directly connected to a lamp to indicate that there are an output voltage and current
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in the piezoelectric technology. It seems that in every step in the piezoelectric device can light up
the lamp.
(a) (b)
Figure 15. Testing the output of piezoelectric technology using a lamp as indicator.
Evaluation Results. Researchers provided an evaluation form of the whole system: the
functionality, effectiveness and efficiency of the prototype. The evaluation form was rated by the
student who always walked in the pathway as showed in the Figure 16.
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(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 16. Documentation of the Evaluation of the prototype

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The results of the evaluation helped the researchers to analyze the project study and come
up the recommendations to further improve the prototype. The results of the evaluation were
given in the Table 6, computed and interpreted by the Likert Scale.
Table 6
Results of the survey
SURVEY RESULTS
CRITERIA: WEIGHTED MEAN
Functionality Subtotal: 4.552
1. By installing this prototype which is “ Design of Pathway and
Parking Area Lighting System in C-ENG`G Through Piezoelectric
Technology” can be an alternative source of energy. 4.58
2. The prototype can support the lighting system in the area by
means of the energy harvested by the footsteps provided by the 4.38
students and university staffs.
3. The designed prototype is not dependent on private electric
utility company wherein it can produce electricity by the people 4.66
who walk in the prototype.
4. The prototype’s installation and usage can be easily done with
the use of proper tools and maintenance 4.42
5. The prototype is economically and not harmful to both humane
and environment. 4.72
Effectiveness Subtotal: 4.608
1. The generated output power from the prototype was produced
enough energy to sustain the LED light function to give a bright 4.46
way to the students to walk on the area.
2. The prototype design was easy & automatic to operate there is
no need to switch on and off the light at night. 4.6
3. The prototype can furthermore be enhanced and modified with
the use of appropriate computation for the piezoelectric transducer 4.7
and the load.
4 There is 12-volt output provided by the piezoelectric transducers 4.76

that enables the battery to be charged.
5. The prototype’s safety level is high due to the voltage supply it

provides to the volt which is 12 –volt DC. 4.52
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TOTAL: 4.58
The result upon analyzing the evaluation that shown in table 5 in the functionality
criteria, all statements got a verbal interpretation of “strongly agree”. The overall rating for the
functionality criteria was 4.58 with a verbal interpretation of “strongly agree”. It shows that the
respondents agreed that the prototype is working properly as designed.
Under the effectiveness criteria, all the statements got a verbal interpretation of “strongly
agree”. The overall rating for the effectiveness criteria was 4.608 with a verbal interpretation of
“strongly agree” and it shows that the respondents were not quite satisfied that the design of
pathway and parking area using piezo electric technology can achieved to supply the load.
Under the efficiency criteria upon the evaluation result, all statements got a “strongly
agree”. The overall rating for the was 4.513 with a verbal interpretation of “strongly agree” and
shows that the respondents are satisfied that the design was working properly to supply the
pathway and parking area lighting system to provide a safe and secured vicinities.
The overall results were 4.58 with a verbal interpretation of “strongly agree” showed that
the design of pathway and parking area using piezoelectric technology is functional and effective
to install in the area. The respondents were satisfied as they rated in the whole system of the
design prototype.
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Summary of the Findings
After the fabrication of prototype, this research study and the gathered data were
analyzed and understood, these are the findings of the research study.
1. The design piezoelectric technology produced a 12volts in every step it serves as a source
of energy that suit in the places where many peoples are walking and passing to charge
the battery that will be used at night to operate the lighting system of the pathway and
parking area.
2. The circuit connected in parallel and achieved the goals that the output can support the
lighting system, the piezoelectric transducer connected in parallel have a summation of
all current output that achieved the required current of the system. The system connected
in parallel to have an equal voltage in the system.
3. In the fabrication of prototype, the researchers found out that is able to achieve the
required output the piezoelectric transducers must applied a strain stress to produce the
necessary output, so that the researchers attached in a rubber matte to limit the
deformation of the piezoelectric transducer. And the piezoelectric transducer has an AC
output the rectifier converted this AC into DC output to use in the system. The photo-
controlled switch is operated if the location is getting dark by the used of photoresistor,
because the photoresistor increase the resistance and resist the flow of current to stop
flowing of current.
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4. During the testing, the design prototype meets the designated output that the pathway and
parking area to be enlighten using a piezoelectric technology by human footstep. Every
footstep produces a voltage and current that charge a battery to supply at night.
f) Conclusions and Recommendations
In this unit indicates the conclusions and recommendations based on the project study
that the researchers have been evaluated. And the outcome that contribute to the improvement in
the area or processes.
Conclusions
After analyzing and evaluating the project study entitled A Design of Pathway and
Parking Area Lighting System of College of Engineering through Piezoelectric Technology. The
researcher concluded at the following conclusions:
1. Human footsteps are the most valuable in production of electrical energy in this
prototype. Designing arrangement of piezoelectric transducers connection varies to
its given output. The output voltage that is being produced supplied the whole
lighting system. The lighting arrangement is staggered to give an efficient
illumination in the pathway and parking area. The lighting system is connected in
parallel connection to prevent affecting the other loads.

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2. The researchers used the principles of electrical circuits, physics and other related
study. The study basis in accordance with the Newton’s Law, this force equal to the
product of the acceleration and the seismic mass. By the piezoelectric effect a charge
output is proportional to the applied force. By giving a mechanical stress in the
piezoelectric in a way of human footstep it will produce an alternative source of
electrical energy. The charging time of the battery according in the computation is
enough in a single day to supply the demand of the lighting system at night.
3. In fabrication of prototype the researchers found out that is able to produce a
necessary output needed the piezoelectric transducer must need to bend. The circuit
was connected in parallel connection to produce summation of current in every
piezoelectric transducer and from the rectifier convert the AC into DC. The DC
output was the converted is required into the whole system.
4. According to the evaluation of project prototype and conducted survey result, the
respondents strongly agreed that piezoelectric technology which to provide
alternative source of electrical energy for the loads and achieves the objectives in
terms of functionality and effectiveness. And the result of testing the rectifier that
covert the output of the piezoelectric transducer into DC, that required in the system
have more efficient if it have a lot of rectifier to convert the charge produced and less
the charge losses.

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Recommendations
After analyzing all the findings in the designed prototype and have a conclusion from this
study, the researchers recommended the following:
1. The researchers recommend to have a deep understanding about the piezoelectric
technology on how it generates an electricity and different types of circuit.
Determine the best type of material that will use according to its functions. In
other materials like the copper wires, battery, charge controller and LED bulb
must use a high standard of materials in enable to produce a good result. The
researchers recommended to enhance the system in future is to have other type of
piezoelectric transducer that is more capable in the location to be more efficient.
2. To give a best result, the researchers recommended to analyze first the circuit
before doing a project, the connection of the system is to consider, study the
effects of different connections of piezoelectric transducers and seen the output
through testing the voltages and amperes and through the computation to
determine if the output is enough to use in the design. The researchers
recommended that the system must be in parallel connection to prevent the loads
affecting the other load.
3. The analysis of the researchers from the data gathered, the researchers found out
that there is a way to harvest an energy through the pressure produce of human
footstep as an input and used it as an alternative source of electric energy to
supply a Pathway and Parking area lighting system. The researchers recommend
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in fabrication of the prototype before constructing the whole system have first the
minor testing to be aware in the possible errors in the prototype.
4. The researchers also recommend on giving an emphasis on the parallel
connections the more piezoelectric transducers connected in parallel the more
output it will produce. The parallel connection have an equal voltages to supply
all the loads equally and have an advantage that all loads do not affect each other.
g) References:
Atienza, M. P. A., Coronel, R. A., Encanto, B. R., Ollet, J. N. P., Royo, M. A. E. & Vergara, H. P.,
(2008). A proposed automatically/digitally controlled street light. Manuel S. Enverga
University Foundation, Lucena City
Atienza, N. L. A., Deocampo, M. L., Jovena, P. I. & Trinidad, K., (2013). Design of a
Piezoelectric Stair as an Alternative Source of Energy. Mapua Institute of Technology
Battery. (2006). Webster Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus. New Lanark, Geddes&GRosset.
Bauer, W. & Westfall, G.D. (2011). University Physics (pp.143, pp.749 & pp.780-781). New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Bottom, V.E. Introduction to Quartz Crystal Unit Design (pp.2-3). New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company.
Charge Controller. (2017, November 15). In Sinovoltaic. Retrieved on November 15, 2017, from
http://sinovoltaics.com/learning-center/components/solar-charge-controllers-need-know/
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Charge Controller. (2017, November 15). In Solar Panel Venue. Retrieved November 15, 2017,
from http://solarpanelsvenue.com/what-is-a-charge-controller/
CNN. (2015). Future cities might harvest energy from human footsteps (Updated 1601 GMT
(0001 HKT)). Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com /2014/12/30/tech/ innovation/
tomorrow-transformed-energy-harvesting/index.html
Footstep. (2017, November 15). In oxforddictionaries. Retrieved on November 15, 2017, from
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/footstep
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier. (2017, November 15). In Circuits Today. Retrieved on November
15, 2017, from http://www.circuitstoday.com/full-wave-bridge-rectifier
Herman, S.L. (2014). Delmar`s Standard Textbook of Electricity (6th ed., pp.126-129, pp.151-157
& pp.174-175). Canada: Cengage Learning.
Inman, D.J. (2017). Vibration with Control (2nd ed., pp. 378-379 & pp.276). University of
Michigan, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Khan, M.A., (2013). Simultaneous use of piezoelectric transducer as actuator and sensor in
real-time applications. Tampere University of Technology
Nayan, H.R. (2015). Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Material. American International
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ostdiek, V.I., & Board, D.J. (2012). The World of Physics (pp.90 & 230). Pasig City, Philippines:
Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.

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Parking lights. (2017, October 2). Collin`s Dictionary. Retrieved on October 2, 2017, from
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/parking-lights
Prototype. (2017, September 9). In Meriam-Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus. Retrieved on
September 9, 2017, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prototype
Thomas, M.R., Oldham K.B. & Tocci, S. (2009). Illinois Chemistry (pp.38 & pp.616-619). USA:
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Tillery, B.W. (2005). Physical Science (6th ed., pp.62-73 & pp.149-150). McGraw-Hill.
IV. Appendices
Appendix A
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Appendix B
PEC Provisions
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Appendix C
Pre-Survey
Numerical Rating Equivalent Rating

5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Fairly Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
Numerical Rating No. of respondents Weighted Mean

Situation 5 4 3 2 1
1. Many students and university staffs walk
through the College of Engineering Pathway.
2. It is unsafe to walk at night in the College of
Engineering pathway due to the cracks caused
by roots of the tree.
3. Parking a vehicle at parking area without
enough light is unsecured.
4. Lack of lights in Parking area during the night
is inconvenient and unsafe.
5. The students hesitate to walk at night through
the pathway from student lounge going to the
College of Engineering Building.
6. A solar cell, hydro power, wind turbines are an
example of an alternative source of energy,
piezoelectric technology is considered as an
alternative source of energy.
7. Piezoelectric Technology produces an electrical
energy without using an electricity coming from
a private electric company.
8. Piezoelectric Technology is environmentally
friendly
9. Piezoelectric Technology will reduce the
electric power consumption in the university
10. Piezoelectric Technology gives energy for the
light without additional load in the university.
11. Additional lights in MSEUF gives a security to
the University and prevent an accident.
Appendix D
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INFORMED CONSENT FORM
TITLE:
Design of Pathway and Parking Area Lighting System of College of Engineering through
STUDY PROPONENT/PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Janus Vincent R. Cabrera (+6394-6298-9238)
Vincent P. Celemin (+6392-1682-2247)
John Lorenz M. Nagar (+6394-6577-6245)
Arjay S. Saludes (+6391-5301-9259)
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Declaration
There are no struggles of interest to declare in relation to this research.
The financial costs of implementing this research shall be shouldered by the principal
investigators.
INTRODUCTION
You are invited to contribute as an evaluator in this study because you have the required
knowledge to evaluate the research study. This agreement form gives you with evidence to help
you make an knowledgeable choice. Please read this consent form carefully. If you have any
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statements, they should be responded to your contentment before you decide whether to
contribute in this research.
STUDY BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
Pathway and Parking area are part of everyday living. Many people are walking through
the pathway and use parking area for their vehicles, but still many pathways and parking area are
lack of lighting system or worst, doesn`t have any light in the area. One of the reasons why
people are not comfortable to use the pathway at night is that walking in the dark is dangerous.
To have an alternative source of energy in the pathway and parking area that considering the
effect on the environment is the aim of this study. The piezoelectricity can be an alternative
source of energy that can be efficient in pathway and parking, by simply converting the pressure
produced by footstep into an electric charge that is not harmful to the environment.
Since many people are walking on the pathway, the numbers of footsteps are enough to
charge the battery with the use of the piezoelectric materials that supplies the lighting system that
will be activated at night through the use of photocontrol switch.
BENEFITS
The study will be beneficial to the students and university staff of the College of Engineering and
the Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation where the pathway and parking area near student
lounge at night, especially to those who are walking in the pathway and parking vehicles in the
parking area at night. And this research study is an alternative source of energy that is not
harmful to the environment.

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ONE’S PARTICIPATION
The study procedure’s concern is data gathering wherein questionnaires shall be provided to be
answered by the students of Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, basing on their
knowledge and experience. This activity is for the purpose of evaluation of the prototype.
The participation of the participant will last until the questionnaire is completely filled up by the
respondent.
The participant can choose not to participate in the study or leave the study.
RISKS
Risk (severity and likelihood) that the study may introduce into the situation or that may affect
the study participants is when the device will not work or experience a malfunction.
PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
How will participant information be kept confidential?
After the tallying of the data gathered from respondents, the questionnaires shall be shred to
pieces in order to prevent outside distribution of information.
GROUP CONFIDENTIALITY
If focus group session or similar arrangement is done.

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In order to respect the privacy of all participants in this study, a participant has to agree to
maintain the confidentiality of the information discussed by all participants and researchers
during the focus group session.
OPEN DATA
I understand that the information I’ll provide in this study will be used for research purposes. It
will not be used in any manner which would allow identification of my individual responses.
Anonymised research data will be archived at the Theses section of Manuel S. Enverga
University Foundation in order to make them available to other researchers in line with current
data sharing practices.
CONTACT INFO
If you have further questions or concerns about your participation in this research, or if you
suffer any damage related to the study, please contact:
Janus Vincent R. Cabrera 09462989238
Name Mobile Number
If you have statements about your privileges as a participant or about ethical matters related to
this research study, you can consult to someone who is not involved in the research at all. That
person is:
Engr. Evangeline Constantino
Name
SIGNATURES
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● I understand that my taking part is voluntary; I can withdraw from the study at any time
and I do not have to give any reasons for why I no longer want to take part.
● All of my situations and concerns have been responded
● I recognize the information indicated this informed agreement form
● I understand that my participation in this study is being interviewed
● By signing this form, none of my legal rights have been given up
___________________________________ _________________
Signature over Printed Name of Participant/ Date
Substitute Decision-Maker
___________________________________ _________________
Signature over Printed Name of Date
Person Conducting the Consent Discussion
ONLY IF the responded is unable to read or requiring oral translation, accomplish this sub-
section:
● This form was correctly explained to, and apparently agreed by, the contributor/substitute
decision-maker, and
● Informed consent was easily given by the participant decision-maker.
___________________________________ _________________
Signature over Printed Name Date
of Impartial Witness/Translator
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Appendix E
Evaluation Form
NAME: _______________________________ DATE: ____________________

YEAR/COURSE: _________________________
(Please Fill Up the Above Info)
We, the 5th year BSEE students, are conducting our project study entitled “ Design of Pathway
and Parking Area Lighting System of College of Engineering through Piezoelectric Technology”,
with this, we would like to ask certain questions that will help us in evaluating different
important factors regarding our study.
INSTRUCTION: Please mark a check (/) in the corresponding box of your answer. Refer to the
list below for your corresponding answer.
Numerical Rating Equivalent Rating

5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Fairly Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
NUMERICAL RATING 5 4 3 2 1
SITUATION
A. Functionality
1. By installing this prototype which is “ A
Design of Pathway and Parking Area Lighting
System in C-ENG`G Through Piezoelectric
Technology” can be an alternative source of
energy.
2. The prototype can support the lighting
system in the area by means of the energy
harvested by the footsteps provided by the
students and university staffs.
3. The designed prototype is not dependent on
private electric utility company wherein it can
produce electricity by the people who walk in
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the prototype.
4. The prototype’s installation and usage can be
easily done with the use of proper tools and
maintenance
5. The prototype is economically and not
harmful to both humane and environment.
B. Effectiveness
1. The generated output power from the
prototype has produced enough energy to
sustain the LED light function to give a bright
way to the students to walk in the area.
2. The prototype design was easy & automatic
to operate there is no need to switch on and off
the light at night.
3. The prototype can furthermore be enhanced
and modified with the use of appropriate
computation for the piezoelectric transducer
and the load.
4 There is a 12-volt output provided by the
piezoelectric transducers that enable the battery
to be charged.
5. The prototype’s safety level is high due to
the voltage supply it provides to the volt which
is 12 –volt DC.
Appendix F
Informed Consent for borrowing the Battery

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Informed Consent for the scrap wood

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Informed Consent for the scrap wood

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Appendix G
Ethics Review Approval Sheet

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Ethics Review Approval Sheet

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V. Curriculum Vitae Janus Vincent R. Cabrera

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Pinagbayanan
Pagbilao, Quezon
Contact No. 09462989238
cabrerajanus@yahoo.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
AGE: 21 Years Old CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

BIRTHDATE: January 05, 1996 CIVIL STATUS: Single
PLACE OF BIRTH: Lucena City RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Vicente A. Cabrera OCCUPATION: Nurse
MOTHER’S NAME: Leonora R. Cabrera OCCUPATION: Teacher
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary:
Name of School: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Course: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Secondary:
Name of School: Casa del Nino Jesus de Pagbilao (CNJP)
Year Graduated: 2012

Primary:
Name of School: Pagbilao East Elementary School
SKILLS
 Knowledgeable in basic installation
 Computer Literate
 Effective time management
 Able to work well with others
 Possess excellent organizational and presentation skills
ORGANIZATIONS
Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines (IIEE) -MSEUF Student

Chapter
Member A.Y. 2015-present
An Outstanding Aspirant A.Y. 2015-2016
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Rotaract Club of Lucena University District- MSEUF-Student Chapter

Proffesional and Relation Chairman A.Y. 2016-present
Janus Vincent R. Cabrera

VINCENT P. CELEMIN
Brgy. Masin Tayabas, Quezon
09216822247
vincent.celemin23@gmail.com
AGE: 22 CITIZENSHIP: Filipino

BIRTHDATE: October 23, 1995 CIVIL STATUS: Single
PLACE OF BIRTH: Tayabas Quezon RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Vidal Celemin OCCUPATION: Driver
MOTHER’S NAME: Benilda Celemin OCCUPATION: Housewife
Tertiary:
Secondary:
Name of School: Luis Palad National High School (2008 – 2012)

Primary:
Name of School: West Palale Elementary School
SKILLS
 Basic knowledge in AutoCad
 Electrical Installation and Maintenance NC II and NC III
 Mechatronics Servicing NCII
 Ability to communicate effectively
ORGANIZATIONS
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Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines MSEUF Student Chapter

Member 2015 - 2017
5th year Representative 2017 - 2018
Rotaract Club of Lucena University District
Public Relation 2016-present
Vincent P. Celemin
JOHN LORENZ M. NAGAR
Lot 7B, Jade St., Executive Village,
Brgy. Kanlurang Mayao, Lucena City
09093764494
Nagar.Ljo@gmail.com

BIRTHDATE: October 3, 1996 CIVIL STATUS: Single
PLACE OF BIRTH: Lucena City RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Samson Y. Nagar, Jr. OCCUPATION: Piano Technician
MOTHER’S NAME: Divina M. Nagar OCCUPATION: Sales Leader
Tertiary:
Secondary:
Name of School: Calayan Educational Foundation Inc.
Primary:
Name of School: Kanlurang Mayao Elementary School
SKILLS
 Knowledgeable in Basic Electrical Installation
 Knowledgeable in Motor Control
 Knowledgeable in the basics of AutoCad.
 Knowledgeable in electro-pneumatics
ORGANIZATIONS
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CFC – Youth For Christ Campus-Based (MSEUF Chapter)

President A.Y. 2014-2016
Executive Vice President A.Y. 2016- present
Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines
Member A.Y. 2015-present
John Lorenz M. Nagar

ARJAY S. SALUDES
Dama de Noche St. Brgy. Ilayang Ilasan,
Tayabas City
09153019259
arjaysaludes997@gmail.com

BIRTHDATE: April 10, 1997 CIVIL STATUS: Single
PLACE OF BIRTH: Tayabas City RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Renato S. Dejoras OCCUPATION: Farmer
MOTHER’S NAME: Josephine S. Saludes OCCUPATION: OFW
Tertiary:
Secondary:
Name of School: San Roque Parochial School
Primary:
Name of School: Ilasan Elementary School
SKILLS
 Knowledgeable in Electrical Wiring Installation
 Basic AutoCad
 Knowledgeable in Motor Control
 Knowledgeable in Mechatronics
 Drawing a Perspective and other Design
ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION
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Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (MSEUF Student Chapter)

Member A.Y. 2015 to present
Zeta Theta Gamma Fraternity (MSEUF Student Chapter)
Member A.Y. 2015 to present
Arjay S. Saludes

Design of Pathway and Parking Lighting System of College of Engineering Through Piezoelectric Technology

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Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-PS

MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Presented to the Faculty of the

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

University Site, Lucena City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Cabrera, Janus Vincent R.

Nagar, John Lorenz M.

The project study entitled:

Design of Pathway and Parking Lighting System of College of Engineering through

acceptance and approval for Final Oral Examination.

ENGR. EVANGELINE CONSTANTINO

Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____________________

ENGR. RODHER V. SEDENIO ENGR. HANNAH A. BALMES

DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR.

DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR. RCE, Ed.D.

suggestions to improve our research study.

been a professor who formed us throughout this journey.

allowing us to barrowed the battery that been used in our prototype.

Tiko, Vincent, Jo-L and Arjay.

I personally dedicated this research study to the following:

and difficulties I’ll encounter, he’s always there for us.

always support and cheer me up to give my best in everything I do as my inspiration.

project study and make this research study done.

To the faculty of College of Engineering who molded us throughout this journey.

and giving us the confidence to make this project study success.

Janus Vincent R. Cabrera

my life he always guides me to light.

us for something better than what we expected.

Ate Kayie and Kuya July. I love you all!

sleepless night was memorable yet challenging.

what kind of person I am. So thank you brads.

John Lorenz M. Nagar

I dedicate this project to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of

inspiration, wisdom knowledge and understanding.

those who are very close to our hearts.

especially financial support.

Along with all hard working and respected Teachers

Table No. Title Page

3 Materials and its Specifications 59

6 Results of the survey 73

Figure No. Title Page

Engineering through Piezoelectric Technology”

II. Name of Researcher: Janus Vincent R. Cabrera

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Contact Details: 09462989238

Name of Researcher: Vincent P. Celemin

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Contact Details: 09216822247

Name of Researcher: John Lorenz M. Nagar

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Contact Details: 09093764494

Name of Researcher: Arjay S. Saludes

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Contact Details: 09153019259

Name of Research Adviser: Engr. Evangeline L. Constantino

III. Research Proposal

footstep into an electric charge that is not harmful to the environment.

activated at night through the use of photocontrol switch.

In knowing piezoelectricity and having a better understanding of its function and

desired output was met concerning its effectiveness and efficiency.