General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 3e (Timberlake)

Chapter 15 Carbohydrates

15.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) A carbohydrate that gives two molecules when it is completely hydrolyzed is known as a
A) monosaccharide.
B) disaccharide.
C) polysaccharide.
D) starch.
E) trisaccharide.
Answer:

2) Which group of carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed to give smaller molecules?

A) monosaccharides
B) disaccharides
C) trisaccharides
D) oligosaccharides
E) polysaccharides
Answer:

3) A monosaccharide that consists of 5 carbon atoms, one of which is in a ketone group, is

classified as a(n)
A) aldotetrose.
B) aldopentose.
C) aldohexose.
D) ketotetrose.
E) ketopentose.
Answer:

4) A monosaccharide that contains 4 carbon atoms, one of which is in an aldehyde group, is

classified as a(n)
A) aldopentose.
B) aldohexose.
C) ketopentose.
D) aldotetrose.
E) ketotetrose.
Answer:

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5) Which of the following is an example of an aldopentose?
A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

Answer:

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6) Ribulose has the following structural formula. To what carbohydrate class does ribulose
belong?

CH2OH
∣
C =O
∣
H - C - OH
∣
H - C - OH
∣
CH2OH

A) aldotetrose
B) aldopentose
C) ketotetrose
D) ketopentose
E) ketohexose
Answer:

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7) Which of the following is an example of a ketopentose?
A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

Answer:

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8) Which of the following is an example of an aldohexose?
A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

Answer:

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 9) The reduction of monosaccharides produces
A) sugar alcohols.
B) disaccharides.
C) trisaccharides.
D) sugar acids.
E) polysaccharides.
Answer:

10) Which Fischer projection is the mirror image of the structure given below?

Br
∣
HO Cl
∣
CH3

A) Br
∣
HO CH3
∣
Cl

B) Br
∣
Cl OH
∣
CH3

C) OH
∣
CH3 Cl
∣
Br

D) CH3
∣
Br Cl
∣
OH

E) Br
∣
CH3 Cl
∣
OH

Answer:

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11) In the L- isomer of a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, the -OH group furthest from the
carbonyl is written
A) on the left of the top chiral carbon.
B) on the right of the top chiral carbon.
C) on the left of the middle chiral carbon.
D) on the left of the bottom chiral carbon.
E) on the right of the bottom chiral carbon.
Answer:

12) One difference between D-glucose and L-glucose is

A) the open-chain form of L-glucose does not exist.
B) it is not possible to make L-glucose.
C) L-glucose has a 5-membered ring , and D-glucose has a 6-membered ring.
D) only D-glucose is found in disaccharides and polysaccharides.
E) L-glucose cannot form a closed structure.
Answer:

13) The sugar also known as dextrose and blood sugar is

A) glucose.
B) galactose.
C) fructose.
D) lactose.
E) sucrose.
Answer:

14) A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides can also be classified as a(n)
A) double bond.
B) ester bond.
C) ether bond.
D) achiral bond.
E) alcohol bond.
Answer:

15) In a disaccharide, two monosaccharides are joined by what kind of bond?

A) double
B) anomeric
C) alcohol
D) glycosidic
E) rotational
Answer:

16) Which of the following contains a β-1,4-glycosidic bond?

A) galactose
B) lactose
C) maltose
D) sucrose
E) amylose
Answer:

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 17) Which sugar is NOT a reducing sugar?
A) glucose
B) fructose
C) galactose
D) maltose
E) sucrose
Answer:

Refer to the disaccharide below to answer the question(s) that follow.

18) In the figure above, the monosaccharide unit on the left is a(n)
A) aldopentose.
B) ketopentose.
C) aldohexose.
D) aldoheptose.
E) ketohexose.
Answer:

19) In the figure above, the monosaccharide unit on the right is a(n)
A) aldopentose.
B) ketopentose.
C) aldohexose.
D) aldoheptose.
E) ketohexose.
Answer:

20) Hydrolysis of the disaccharide above gives the monosaccharides

A) fructose and ribose.
B) fructose and galactose.
C) ribose and glucose.
D) ribose and galactose.
E) fructose and lactose.
Answer:

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21) The disaccharide above contains a(n) __________-glycosidic linkage.
A) α-1,4
B) β-1,4
C) α-2,4
D) β-2,4
E) α-2,6
Answer:

22) Maltose is a
A) monosaccharide.
B) disaccharide.
C) trisaccharide.
D) polysaccharide.
E) phosphosaccharide.
Answer:

23) Which of the following contains α-1,6-branches?

A) amylose
B) glycogen
C) cellulose
D) sucrose
E) maltose
Answer:

24) Cellulose is not digestible by humans because it contains glucose units linked by
__________-glycosidic bonds.
A) α-1,2
B) α-1,4
C) α-1,6
D) β-1,2
E) β-1,4
Answer:

25) Amylose is a form of starch which has

A) only β-1,4-bonds between glucose units.
B) only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units.
C) both α-1,4-and β-1,4-bonds between glucose units.
D) hemiacetal links joining glucose units.
E) carbon-carbon bonds joining glucose units.
Answer:

26) Humans cannot digest cellulose because they

A) lack the necessary enzymes to digest β-glycosides.
B) are allergic to β-glycosides.
C) are poisoned by β-glycosides.
D) have intestinal flora which use up β-glycosides.
E) cannot digest chlorophyll.
Answer:

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27) Aspartame® and Saccharin® are two examples of
A) disaccharides.
B) polysaccharides.
C) chlorosaccharides.
D) alcohol sweeteners.
E) noncarbohydrate sweeteners.
Answer:

28) Galactose has the structure shown below. It can be classified as a(n)

A) ribose.
B) ketose.
C) disaccharide.
D) monosaccharide.
E) ketone.
Answer:

29) Galactosemia is the name of a metabolic disorder. In this disorder, an enzyme is missing that
is needed to
A) make galactose from lactose.
B) make lactose from galactose.
C) convert galactose to glycogen.
D) convert galactose to glucose.
E) convert α-galactose to β-galactose.
Answer:

30) Under acid hydrolysis conditions, starch is converted to

A) glucose.
B) xylose.
C) maltose.
D) galactose.
E) fructose.
Answer:

31) Maltose can be classified as a(n)

A) disaccharide.
B) polysaccharide.
C) ketose.
D) pentose.
E) oligosaccharide.
Answer:

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32) Hyperglycemia is a condition in which
A) the glucose level in the blood is about 100 mg/dL.
B) the amount of glucose in the urine is lower than normal.
C) the glucose level in the blood is higher than normal.
D) the glucose level in the pancreas is lower than normal.
E) the glucose level in the liver is lower than normal.
Answer:

33) Hypoglycemia is a condition in which

A) the glucose level in the blood is about 100 mg/dL.
B) the amount of glucose in the urine is higher than normal.
C) the glucose level in the blood is higher than normal.
D) the glucose level in the pancreas is higher than normal.
E) the glucose level in the blood is lower than normal.
Answer:

34) During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen by
A) large animals.
B) insects.
C) mushrooms.
D) green plants.
E) earthworms.
Answer:

35) The breakdown of carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water in the body is called
A) reduction
B) respiration.
C) photosynthesis.
D) anabolism.
E) mutarotation.
Answer:

36) The breakdown of glucose to chemical energy for the cells to do work is an example of
A) oxidation.
B) respiration.
C) reduction.
D) anabolism.
E) mutarotation.
Answer:

37) Photosynthesis uses __________ as an energy source.

A) glucose
B) carbon dioxide
C) chlorophyll
D) oxygen
E) sunlight
Answer:

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38) Fructose does not undergo hydrolysis because it is a
A) aldose.
B) hexose.
C) reducing sugar.
D) monosaccharide.
E) disaccharide.
Answer:

39) Galactose is a product of enzymatic hydrolysis of

A) lactose.
B) glucose.
C) maltose.
D) erythrose.
E) sucrose.
Answer:

40) The conversion between α and β anomers is called __________.

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) glycoside
D) mutarotation
E) hydrolysis
Answer:

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TAKE HOME
EXAM 1

ANSWER SHEET FOR PAGE 1 TO 12…….SUBMIT THIS PAGE UPTO 18

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15.2 Short Answer Questions
State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form.

1)

Answer:

2)

A
n
s
w
e
r
:

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3)

Answer:

4)

Answer:

5)

Answer:

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

6) CHO
∣
HO H
∣
H OH
∣
CH2OH

-threose
Answer:

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7) CH2OH
∣
C=O
∣
HO H
|
CH2OH

-erythulose
Answer:

8) CHO ∣
HO H
∣
H OH
∣
HO H
∣
HO H
∣
CH2OH

-glucose
Answer:

9) CHO
∣
HO H
∣
H OH
∣
H OH
∣
HO H
∣
CH2OH

-galactose
Answer:

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 10) CH2OH
∣
C=O
∣
H OH
∣
HO H
∣
H OH
∣
OH

-sorbose
Answer:

15.3 True/False Questions

1) Sucrose is a disaccharide.
Answer:

2) A reducing sugar gives a precipitate of silver metal with Benedict's reagent.

Answer:

3) Sucrose is made up of glucose units only.

Answer:

4) Amylopectin is a straight-chain polysaccharide.

Answer:

5) Cellulose will give a positive Benedict's test.

Answer:

6) The product of oxidation of an aldose is a carboxylic acid.

Answer:

7) The product of reduction of mannose is mannic acid.

Answer:

8) Sucrose is a reducing sugar.

Answer
9) Maltose is a reducing sugar.
Answer:

10) The iodine test is used to detect the prosence of a reducing sugar.
Answer:

11) The product of reduction of xylose is xylitol.

Answer:

12) Glucose is stored in in animals as glycogen.

Answer:

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15.4 Matching Questions
Select the correct carbohydrate for each description.

1) a carbohydrate that cannot be A) amylose

digested by humans
B) glycogen
2) a disaccharide that occurs as C) galactose
a breakdown product of
starch
3) a carbohydrate that stores D) sucrose
energy in the human body
E) cellulose
4) a carbohydrate that is used to F) maltose
build cell walls in plants
5) a monosaccharide that G) fructose
combines with glucose to
form lactose
H) lactose

6) a disaccharide found in milk

and milk products

7) a disaccharide consisting of
glucose and fructose

8) a disaccharide consisting of
two glucose molecules

9) a monosaccharide found in
fruit juices and honey, the
sweetest carbohydrate

10) an unbranched carbohydrate

that stores glucose in plants

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
8) 9) 10)
Indicate the monosaccharide(s) produced upon hydrolysis of each carbohydrate.

11) amylopectin A) glucose

12) lactose B) glucose + galactose

13) glycogen C) glucose + fructose

14) maltose

15) sucrose

11) 12) 13) 14) 15)

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