BERAVIOR OF CONCRETE COLUMNS CONFINED BY FIBER COMPOSITES

By Amir Mirmiran 1 and Mohsen Shahawy/ Members, ASCE

ABSTRACT: External confinement of concrete by means of high-strength fiber composites can significantly
enhance its strength and ductility as well as result in large energy absorption capacity. The confinement mech-
anism may include fiber-wrapping of existing columns as a retrofitting measure or encasement of concrete in a
fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) tube for new construction. Proper design of such hybrid columns, however, requires
an accurate estimate of the performance enhancement. Current design methods use simple extension of the
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models developed for conventional reinforced concrete columns. Results from a series of uniaxial compression
tests on concrete-filled FRP tubes are compared with the available confinement models in the literature. The
present study indicates that these models generally result in overestimating the strength and unsafe design. The
study also shows a unique characteristic of confinement with fiber composites in that, unlike steel, FRP curtails
the dilation tendency of concrete, as it reverses the direction of volumetric strains. This paper provides a
framework for better understanding of the behavior of fiber-wrapped or FRP-encased concrete columns.

INTRODUCTION tube may be a cross-ply or angle-ply laminate with axial and

It is generally recognized that hybrid construction can result
in a more efficient structural system (U.S.-Japan Planning
Groups 1992). In recent years, concrete-filled steel tubes have
been reconsidered in construction industry (Ralston and Kor-
man 1989), especially in seismic regions (Ge and Usami
1992). Their benefits include high stiffness and strength, large
energy absorption, and enhanced ductility and stability. The
tube interacts with the core in three ways: (1) it confines the
core, thereby enhancing its compressive strength and ductility;
(2) it provides additional shear strength for the core; and (3)
depending on its bond strength with concrete and its stiffness
in the axial direction, it develops some level of composite
action, thereby also enhancing the flexural strength of con-
crete. The core, in return, prevents buckling of the tube. Since
steel is an isotropic material, its resistance in the axial and
hoop directions cannot be uncoupled nor optimized. Also, its
high modulus of elasticity causes a large portion of axial loads
to be carried by the tube, resulting in premature buckling. Fur-
thermore, its Poisson's ratio is higher than that of concrete at
early stages of loading (Fardis and Khalili 1982). This differ-
ential expansion results in partial separation of the two mate-
rials, delaying the activation of confinement mechanism. Fi-
nally, outdoor use of steel tubes in corrosive environments
may prove costly.
These problems may be eliminated by using fiber reinforced
plastic (FRP) materials. Hybrid construction with FRP and
concrete combines the mass, stiffness, damping, and low cost
of concrete with the speed of construction, light weight,
strength, and durability of FRPs. The orthotropic behavior of
FRPs makes them most suitable for encasing concrete col-
umns. FRP jackets have already been successfully used in the
field for retrofitting of concrete columns (Saadatrnanesh et al.
1994). However, FRPs have not yet been used in new con-
struction of concrete columns. Mirmiran and Shahawy (1995;
U.S. Patent 5,599,599) have proposed the use of concrete-
filled FRP tubes as cast-in-place or precast columns. The tube
acts as the formwork, protective jacket, confinement, and shear
and flexural reinforcement. It can also be used to complement
or replace conventional steel reinforcement of the column. The
'Asst. Prof.. Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg.• Univ. of Central Florida.
Orlando. FL 32816.
'Dir.. Struct. Res. Ctr.• Florida Dept. of Transp.• Tallahassee. FL 32310.
Note. Associate Editor: Bahram Shahrooz. Discussion open until Oc-
tober I. 1997. To extend the closing date one month. a written request
must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The manuscript for
this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on February
22. 1996. This paper is part of the JOUTlUlI of Structural Engineering.
Vol. 123. No.5. May. 1997. ©ASCE. ISSN 0733-9445/97/0005-0583-
0590/$4.00 + $.50 per page. Paper No. 12691.
hoop components for any fiber orientations (Mirmiran et al.
1996).
Since use of fiber composites for confinement of concrete
is relatively new, theoretical work in this area is limited to the
models that were originally developed for transverse steel re-
inforcement. The present paper shows, however, that concrete
behaves very differently when confined by elastoplastic ma-
terials such as steel as compared to linearly elastic materials
such as FRPs. Applying the same models to FRP-encased or
fiber-wrapped concrete may result in overestimating the
strength and unsafe design. In the absence of reliable models,
the construction industry may be forced to either avoid the use
of advanced composites or incorporate high "factors of
safety," making composite construction less economical.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Florida Department of Transportation has sponsored a de-
tailed study on the feasibility of hybrid FRP-concrete members
(Mirmiran 1996). Both fiber-wrapped and FRP-encased col-
umns are investigated. The experiments include materials test-
ing with the split-disk procedure, uniaxial compression tests,
beam-column tests, tests on long and slender columns, and
beam tests for shear and flexural strength. In this paper, only
uniaxial compression tests are presented.
Specimen Layout
A total of thirty 152.5 X 305 mm (6 X 12 in.) cylindrical
specimens were tested, which included 24 concrete-filled FRP
tubes and six plain concrete specimens. The test program and
specimen properties are summarized in Table 1. Three batches
of concrete with different target strengths and water-to-cement
ratios were used in the study. No additive was used in any of
the mixes. Cement type II was used in all mixes to lower the
possible shrinkage. However, the experiments indicated that
shrinkage is not likely to impose a restriction on the design.
For each batch, three distinct jacket thicknesses of 6, 10, and
14 plies (layers) were tested. 1\vo unconfined control speci-
mens were prepared for each batch. FRP tubes consisted of a
filament-wound angle ply of polyester resin with unidirectional
E-glass fibers at :!: 15° winding angle. The resin is DION
6692T polyester with the following characteristics for clear
casting at 77°F (manufacturer data): flexural strength and mod-
ulus of 108 MPa (15.6 ksi) and 4,000 MPa (580 ksi), respec-
tively; and tensile strength, modulus, and elongation of 72
MPa (10.4 ksi), 4,344 MPa (630 ksi), and 2.02%, respectively.
Glass fibers are R099-660 roving with the following properties
(manufacturer data): single strand tensile strength of 1,420
MPa (206 ksi), and elongation of 2.65%. The hoop strength
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING / MAY 1997/583

J. Struct. Eng., 1997, 123(5): 583-590

 TABLE 1 Test Program and Properties of Test Specimens
Average Mix Proportions FRP Tube Thickness Number of Plies
concrete Total (by weight) (mm) (layers)
Batch strength number of
number (MPa) specimens C S G W Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3
(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11 ) (12) (13)
A 30.9 11 (9F, 2P) 1.0 1.8 3.52 0.58 1.3 2.1 3.0 6 10 14
B 29.6 11 (9F, 2P) 1.0 1.55 3.12 0.52 1.3 2.1 3.0 6 10 14
C 32.0 8 (6F, 2P) 1.0 1.66 3.30 0.55 1.3 2.1 3.0 6 10 14
Note. C cement, F - FRP-encased concrete, P = plam (unconfined) concrete; S - sand; G - gravel; W water.
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and modulus of elasticity of the FRP tubes were detennined

by two methods: (1) Mixture rule and the classical laminate
theory; and (2) split-disk tests on rings of FRP tubes. The
analysis and experiments resulted in comparable numbers. For
the mixture rule, microscopic methods were used to detennine
the fiber volume fractions. Hoop strengths of FRP tubes were
detennined as 524 MPa (76 ksi), 579 MPa (84 ksi), and 641
~Pa (93 ksi), for the six-, 10-, and 14-layer tubes, respec-
tIvely. Modulus of elasticity of the tubes were detennined as
37,233 MPa (5,400 ksi), 40,336 MPa (5,850 ksi), and 40,749
MPa (5,910 ksi), for the six-, 10-, and 14-layer tubes, respec-
tively. Details of analysis and experiments are reported else-
where (Minniran 1996). It suffices to note that since fiber vol-
ume fraction in each layup is slightly different, tensile strength
and modulus of elasticity are not the same. To prevent inter-
action between the jacket and concrete in the axial direction, FIG. 2. Typical Failure Mode for Concrete-Filled FRP Tubes
a 5 mm (3/16 in.) thick groove was cut on both sides of each
specimen at about 19 mm (3/4 in.) from the end surface. The
embedded gauges reached their readability limits at 2% strain
groove, which was cut through the thickness of the tube en-
levels, which proved too low for all jacket thicknesses. Tests
compassed the entire perimeter of the jacket. All specimens
were conducted using a 2,500-kN MTS compression machine
were capped with sulfur mortar, and it was checked that the
and a Mega DAQ data acquisition system. Specimens were
end surfaces were parallel and orthogonal to the axis of the
loaded under a displacement control mode with a constant rate
specimen.
of 5.6 mm/min (0.22 in.lmin). Fig. 1 shows the test setup and
instrumentation of one composite specimen.
Instrumentation
To measure the lateral strains in the specimens, two 60 mm Observed Behavior
surface gauges were attached at the midheight of each speci-
Failure of composite specimens was generally marked by
men, 1800 apart. In addition to surface gauges, three of the
fracture of the fiberglass tube at or near the midheight of the
specimens (one of each thickness in batch A) were fitted with
specimen (see Fig. 2). Failure near the top and bottom edges
an embedded strain gauge (30 mm gauge length) inside con-
was not of consequence due to friction between the platens
crete to measure the axial (longitudinal) strains in concrete.
and the specimen. Failure, while sudden, was physically de-
Moreover, for measurement of average axial strains, three lin-
tectable and predictable. Sounds heard during the early to mid-
ear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs) were placed at
dle stages of loading were attributed to the microcracking of
1200 apart around the specimen. The results from the LVDTs
concrete and shifting of aggregates. Snapping of the inner lay-
were compared with those of the embedded gauges. It was
ers of the fiberglass could be heard near the end of the loading
obs~rved that for all practical purposes, the average axial
process. At about 60- 70% of the ultimate load, patches of
strams measured by LVDTs were as accurate as the measure-
ments made with the embedded gauges, especially since the white would begin to show near the midheight of the tube.
This indicated a plastic flow of the resin, leaving only the
white glass fibers to take the lateral load. The white patches
would continue to grow toward the top and bottom edges.
Although some local buckling and waving in the tubes were
observed, shear failure was noted as the primary mode of fail-
ure for the tube. As shown in Fig. 2, specimens typically re-
mained intact after failure.

Stress-Strain Response
Typical stress-strain curves for specimens of batch C are
shown in Fig. 3. Each curve is an average of two tested spec-
imens with the same properties. The curves to the right rep-
resent the plots of axial stress versus axial strains, whereas the
curves to the left show the plots of axial stress versus lateral
strains. A review of response curves indicates a significant
enhancement in strength and ductility of concrete. Further-
FIG. 1. Test Setup and Instrumentation more, unlike steel-encased concrete, response of FRP-encased
584/ JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING / MAY 1997

J. Struct. Eng., 1997, 123(5): 583-590

 14 r--i1":'7~~~---;--i;:::=~~---i----'

12
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2 ------------,----

0 1 - - - - - - l - - - - 4 - - - - 4 - - - - - I - - - - 4 - - - -......- - - - - I
-0.02 -0.01 o 0.01 0.02 0.Q3 0.04 0.05
Laten1 Strain .blal Stram

FIG. 3. Experimental Streas-Straln Curves for Specimens of Batch C

14,------------------------------,
Specimen DA32 (l4-Layer Jaeket)

12

i'" 10
...
~
=II
]

0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.Q3 0.035 0.04 0.045

AxIal Strain

FIG. 4. Uniaxial Cyclic Response of FRP-Encased Concrete

concrete is bilinear with no descending branch. Recent studies Dilation Properties

by Picher et aI. (1996) and Nanni and Bradford (1995) have
shown a similar bilinear trend for fiber-wrapped columns with
glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers. The response consists of three
distinct regions. In the first region, behavior is similar to plain
concrete, since lateral expansion of the core is insignificant.
With the increase in microcracks, a transition zone is entered
where the tube exerts a lateral pressure on the core to coun-
teract the stiffness degradation of concrete. Finally, a third re-
gion is recognized in which the tube is fully activated, and the
stiffness is generally stabilized around a constant rate. The
response in this region is mainly dependent on the stiffness of
the tube.
To evaluate the stiffness degradation of FPR-encased con-
crete under cyclic loading, one of the 14-layer specimens was
subjected to three unloading-reloading cycles at the same rate
of strain that was established for the initial loading path. The
failure mode was similar to other specimens under monotonic
loading. Fig. 4 shows the hysteresis loops for specimen DA32.
The results confirm that the initial stress-strain path may serve
as an envelope for the case of quasi-static loading. More im-
portant, while the loops become wider beyond the peak
strength of unconfined concrete, stiffness degradation is not as
severe as that of steel-encased concrete.
To better depict the unique behavior of FRP-encased con-
crete, its volumetric response should be examined. In a triaxial
state of stress, volumetric strain £v (or dilatation) is defined as
the volume change per unit volume (Chen 1982)
(I)
where £1 = axial strain; and £, = lateral strain. It is known that
plain concrete experiences a volume reduction up to 0.90/:,
after which the direction of volume change is reversed, re-
sulting in an inelastic volume expansion or dilatancy near or
at t:, and an unstable expansion beyond the peak strength
(Chen 1982). Replotting test data from Ahmad and Shah
(1982) confirms that unstable dilatancy also occurs for steel-
encased concrete when steel yields. Fig. 5 shows plots of axial
stress versus volumetric strain for specimens of batch C. Each
curve is an average of two specimens with the same properties.
Although not shown, a similar trend was observed for all other
specimens in the test matrix. As shown in the figure, despite
some volume expansion beyond the critical stress of confined
concrete, the linearly increasing hoop stress of FRP eventually
curtails the volume expansion and reverses its direction. It is
clear that with an adequate amount of external fiber compos-
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING / MAY 1997/585

J. Struct. Eng., 1997, 123(5): 583-590

 14 r------------r----~----~----~----__,

12 --- - -_llO.Ia~Tubel- - n~---- num L

: i ~
-- -~-- --------- --- -!-)o:11":"'4-=-lay-er-::Tube~r-

------t---------------i--------------1---------------
,, ,, ,,

f
! : i :
..-------
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~--------------i----····-·-----r-----·-·-------[-----·

.< 4 --------~------:------ -----------t---------------:----------------:------------._.

, ,
,,, ,,
,, ,,,
, , ,
2 ------- .• -- ----:--------------- - - - - - -- ------~ -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -:- ------- ---- - - - -:- ------~ -------
,, ,,

-0.00' 0.00' om 0.01' 0.02

Volumo c.....ae (~V I V)

FIG. 5. Volumetric Strain Curves for Specimens of Batch C

0.9

0.8

0.7

3 0.6

!• 05
.g
~ 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0-1----+----+----+----+----+----+----1----1----1
o 0.005 0.01 0.01' 0,02 0.025 0.Q3 0.03' 0.04 0.04'
ADal 81ro1. (It>

FIG. 6. Typical Dilation Rate of FRP-Encased Concrete (Specimen DA23)

ites, lateral expansion of concrete can be effectively curtailed.
This unique characteristic of FRP-encased concrete can be best
explained by evaluating the rate of change of volumetric
strains. Taking the first derivative of (1) with respect to axial
strains, one can write
dE v =1 + 2 dE, =1 + 21Jo
dEl dEl
where the last term represents the rate of change of lateral
strains with respect to axial strains, or as termed herein, dila-
tion rate IJo. Fig. 6 shows a typical plot of dilation rate versus
axial strains for specimen DA23 with a to-layer tube. The
experimental dilation rate is calculated for every two consec-
utive readings as follows:
The solid line in the figure represents the dilation rate as
the moving average of J.Lew A similar trend exists for all other
composite specimens. Fig. 7 shows the dilation curves for
specimens in batch C. As shown in the figure, dilation re-
sponse of FRP-encased concrete consists of three regions that
generally correspond to those explained earlier for stress-strain
curves. The initial rate of dilation J.Lo is the same as the Pois-
son's ratio of unconfined concrete v. The dilation rate remains
constant during the early stages of loading, when concrete be-
(2) haves elastically. As severe microcracks develop, the dilation
rate begins to increase. For unconfined concrete, with the
growth of crack openings, dilation becomes unstable (see Fig.
7). However, the dilation rate of FRP-encased concrete reaches
a peak value of J.Lm.., after which it decreases and finally sta-
bilizes at an asymptotic value of J.Lw' The present study shows
that the peak and ultimate dilation rates depend on the jacket
stiffness and concrete strength (Mirmiran 1996). A regression
analysis was made and the following relationships were de-
rived:
(3)
2EJtJ)
IJomax = -0.7611 In ( j::"D + 4.0167 (4a)
2EJtJ)
IJou = -0.1375 In ( j;oD + 0.8646 (4b)

586/ JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING / MAY 1997

J. Struct. Eng., 1997, 123(5): 583-590

 1.6 r--------------------...,....-------,
1.4
1.2
::l. 1
a
~
,8 0.8
~ 0.6
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0.4
0.2
o-l---+-----;---+---+---+----+----f---+-----l
o 0.005 0.01
FIG. 7. Dilation Curves for Specimens of Batch C
where EJ = modulus of elasticity of the tube in the hoop di-
rection; tJ = thickness of the tube; D = core diameter; and /;0
= strength of unconfined concrete [for more details, see Mir-
miran (1996)].
CONFINEMENT MODELING
From the pioneering work of Considire (1903), who intro-
duced spiral reinforcement in concrete columns, researchers
have attempted to develop a generalized model to quantify the
effects of confinement on strength and ductility of concrete.
Of the models developed to date, the one by Mander et al.
(1988) (MPP) is most widely used. Although originally de-
veloped for conventional reinforced-concrete (RC) columns, it
has since been applied to steel-jacketed columns (Chai 1991)
as well as fiber-wrapped columns (Saadatrnanesh et al. 1994).
A more theoretical approach was taken by Ahmad and Shah
(1982) (A&S) whose model is proved effective for conven-
tional RC columns (Ahmad and Mallare 1994). Most recently,
Karabinis and Kiousis (1994) (K&K) developed a plasticity
confinement model. In this section, these models are compared
in terms of the basic characteristics of FRP-encased concrete.
Mechanics of Confinement
The confinement provided by transverse reinforcement or
external jacket is of a passive type, in that confining pressure
is developed only after the surrounding member undergoes
hoop elongation (Poisson's effect in concrete). The mechanics
of confinement is therefore dependent on two factors, the ten-
dency of concrete to dilate and the radial stiffness of the con-
-toJ
FIG. 8. Confining Action for Continuous Sleeve
J. Struct. Eng., 1997, 123(5): 583-590
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
AslalStnoiD
fining member to restrain the dilation. Consequently, two con-
ditions must always be satisfied: (1) geometric (strain)
compatibility between the core and the shell; and (2) equilib-
rium of forces in the free-body diagram for any sector of the
confined section (see Fig. 8). The second condition leads to
the following relationship between the confining pressure f,.,
and the hoop stress h:
(5)
While the A&S and K&K models satisfy both conditions at
each strain level, the MPP model only satisfies the force equi-
librium, and only at the peak strength of confined concrete.
Failure Criterion
Confined concrete fails as soon as the first hoop fails, lead-
ing to a progressive failure of the jacket. The K&K model
uses the Druker-Prager nonassociative hardening rule and ge-
ometric compatibility to predict the effect of confinement. The
A&S model uses an incremental-iterative scheme that deter-
mines the failure point as the confining member reaches its
ultimate hoop strain. The MPP model, however, is insensitive
to variation of the Poisson's ratio of concrete, and even at the
peak stress does not satisfy the strain compatibility. Hence, it
seeks the failure strain by an energy-balance approach. The
basis of this approach is that the additional ductility available
in confined concrete is due to the energy stored in the confin-
ing member. Therefore, the total strain energy in the confining
member is equated with the increase in strain energy of con-
fined concrete over its unconfined value to establish the first
hoop fracture. Recent studies by Chai (1991) have shown that
even for ultimate compressive strain of conventional RC col-
umns, the MPP model underestimates experimental data by as
much as 85%. When the model is applied to FRPs, the energy
approach generates a failure stress much lower than that cal-
culated from the equilibrium of forces (Saadatmanesh et al.
1994; Mirmiran and Shahawy 1996).
Confinement Effectiveness
Confinement effectiveness is defined as /;J/;oo where /;c =
strength of confined concrete. Richart et al. (1928) suggested
the following linear relationship between confinement effec-
tiveness and the confinement ratio (f,./ /;0):
f~ = 1 + k f, (6)
1:0 1 / ;0
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING / MAY 1997/587
 ...... Richart, et al (1928)
--- Newman & Newman (1971)
I -Mander,etai(1988)
-'-' Ahmad and Shah (1982)
II A Pre.ellt Study
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o+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+--.-....--~
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
CODfiDemeDt Ratio (f r I f 'co)

FIG. 9. Confinement Effectiveness versus Confinement Ratio

where k 1 = 4.1 = effectiveness coefficient. Newman and New- steel tubes (Ahmad and Shah 1982), concrete cylinders
man (1971) suggested the following nonlinear relationship, wrapped with fiberglass wires (Ahmad et al. 1991), and the
since confinement is not as effective at high levels of lateral concrete-filled FRP tubes of the present study. For the K&K
pressure: model, the computer program was provided by the second au-
thor of Karabinis and Kiousis (1994). For the other two mod-
k1 = 3.7 ( '2 )
-0.14

(7) els, a computer program was developed.

Fig. 10 shows the experimental stress-strain curve for a 76
More recently, Saatcioglu and Razvi (1992) suggested the X 229 mm (3 X 9 in.) concrete cylinder confined in a 0.31
following coefficient based on the test data from Richart et al. mm (0.0122 in.) steel tube (Ahmad and Shah 1982). The com-
(1928): pressive strength of unconfined concrete is 26.2 MPa (3.8 ksi),
the modulus of elasticity of steel is 198,576 MPa (28,800 ksi),
kl = 6.7[;°·17 (8) and its yield strength is 365 MPa (53 ksi). In the same figure,
The MPP model suggests a nonlinear relationship based on predictions from the three models are shown. Although the
the ultimate strength surface developed by Elwi and Murray A&S model provides the closest estimate to its own set of
(1979), which reduces to the following form for circular sec- tests, all three models generally provide good predictions.
tions: Fig. 11 shows the experimental stress-strain curve for a
101.5 X 203 mm (4 X 8 in.) concrete cylinder confined with
~i: = (2.254 1 + 7.94 1:0
.f,..f,.
- 2 I:' - 1.254
) (9) 1 mm (0.04 in.) fiberglass wires at zero spacing, that is, a
continuous sleeve (Ahmad et al. 1991). The compressive
strength of unconfined concrete is 64.2 MPa (9.31 ksi), and
The A&S model uses a strength criterion based on the oc- the wires have a modulus of elasticity of 48,300 MPa (7,000
tahedral failure theory, the three stress invariants, and test data ksi) and an ultimate tensile strength of 2,070 MPa (300 ksi).
for RC specimens. Solving the octahedral equations for the The peak point in the stress-strain curve corresponds to the
confined strength of concrete, the model can be simplified to first fracture in the fiberglass spirals, which is followed by a
the following bilinear equations: descending branch due to "unzipping" of the wires. In the
same figure, pedictions from the three models are shown. It
1:X = 1 + 4.2556
!co
I;
leo
(if I;
leo
< 0.68) (lOa)
1.00
o Tuillty AII1IuJd I: SItaJo (1982)
I;e
p= 1.7757 + 3.1171 p.f,. (·f.f,.
I p>O. 6 8 ) (lOb) 7.00 .../ .._.... •__ ••.•
- - - MPP MotMI
- AI:SMotMI
Jeo Jeo Jeo
'ii' .......... • KI:KMotMI
--- ---- -- ---- ----~-~:. ~ .~
...
The K&K model, unlike the other two models, does not ~ 6.00 ...., ./ .. "'- -
~..~:.:: ... .......
calculate the peak strength at the outset of analysis. In fact, in ...~ ... . ------
this model, confinement effectiveness is not only a function
<:l
II
3.00 /~I/ 0
of confining pressure, but also depends on the jacket stiffness.
Fig. 9 shows a plot of confinement effectiveness versus con-
i
~ 4.00
:'
!i
finement ratio for the A&S and MPP models as well as test ~ "
il

results of the present study. The following relationship has g 3.00

""
j'" CtRfl/Mmml MotkI f.
been established for FRP-encased concrete with a correlation
~
2.00 MPP MotkI 1.07
factor of close to 90% (Mirmiran 1996): AI:SMotMI 0.97
1.00
KI:KMoMI 1.22
1:X =I:' + 4.269 I~·m (11)
0
0 0.003 0.010 0.013 0.020 0.023 0.030
Performance Analysis AxJa1 StraIn
In this section, performances of the three models are studied FIG. 10. Comparison of Confinement Models for Concrete-
against data from three sets of experiments: concrete-filled Filled Steel Tubes

588/ JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING / MAY 1997

J. Struct. Eng., 1997, 123(5): 583-590

 30
FU::=? .....
/, I 0 0
' ,
I "
I '
I'
10
1
0
r U.S. Departments of Transportation under Contract No. B-9135. Mate-
l rials for the tests were provided by Marine Muffler Corp., Orlando Paving
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" ...." _ _
of..---->----->--------<----+----+----"''-----+---+----~
o 0.003 0.01 0.013 0.02 0.023 0.03 0.033 0.04
FIG. 11. Comparison of Confinement Models for Flberglass-
Wire-Wrapped Concrete
20~-----------------
, Specimen Den
--- MPP Model
-A&SModel
--- K & K Model
-Minniran(1996)
0.005 0.01 0.015
AmIStralD
FIG. 12. Comparison of Confinement Models for Concrete-
Filled FRP Tubes
should be noted that the A&S curve extends to a strain of
about 15%, and only the portion up to 4% strain is shown in
the figure. The figure shows a significant deviation from the
experimental results for all three models.
Fig. 12 shows the experimental stress-strain curve for one
of the 152.5 X 305 mm (6 X 12 in.) concrete cylinders of the
present study with a 3.0 mm (0.117 in.) FRP tube, that is, 14
layers. The compressive strength of unconfined concrete is 25
MPa (3.615 ksi), and the FRP material has a modulus of elas-
ticity of 40,749 MPa (5,910 ksi) and an ultimate tensile
strength of 641 MPa (93 ksi). In the same figure, predictions
from the three models are shown. Again, poor predictions are
noted, indicating the need to a new confinement model for
FRP-encased concrete. This task has been accomplished (Mir-
miran 1996), and the results of the new confinement model
are also shown in the same figure. Close agreement is noted.
For more details regarding the new confinement model, see
Mirmiran (1996):
CONCLUSIONS
Uniaxial compression tests on concrete-filled FRP tubes in-
dicates that fiber composites are an effective means of con-
finement, as they significantly increase both strength and duc-
tility of concrete. Full instrumentation of specimens allowed
monitoring the axial and lateral strains of concrete and those
of the jacket. A comparison of test data with available con-
finement models indicates that while they produce acceptable
results for steel-encased concrete, they overestimate the
strength of FRP-encased concrete. This is attributed to their
inability in estimating the dilatancy of confined concrete. The
present study shows a unique characteristic of confinement
, Tatdy Altmad,., Q/(l991)
- - MPPMtKW
with fiber composites in that, unlike steel, FRP curtails the
dilation rate of the concrete core. Finally, it needs to be em-
- Acl:SModII phasized that use of available confinement models that are
c 000
...... Kcl:KModII calibrated for steel may prove detrimental in the design of
fiber-wrapped or FRP-encased concrete columns.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Financial support for this study was provided by the Florida and the
~
Co., and Rinker Materials. The writers are grateful to Professor Kiousis
_ _L:._=-=_.,-=c.::._==:.._ _-'-"-'-=--'--'-=---'I
of the University of Arizona, Thomas Beitelman of Florida DOT, and
UCF graduate students Michel Samaan and Mike Scherer. The opinions
and findings expressed here, however, are those of the writers alone, and
not necessarily the views of the sponsoring agencies.
b/Q/Strtllll
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 Saadatmanesh, H., Ehsani, M. R., and Li, M. W. (1994). "Strength and f::C = strength of confined concrete;
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fj = hoop stress in jacket;
Saatcioglu, M., and Razvi, S. R. (1992). "Strength and ductility of con-
fr = confining pressure;
fined concrete." J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 118(6), 1590-1607. kl confinement effectiveness coefficient;
U.S.-Japan Planning Groups. (1992). "Recommendations for U.S.-Japan tj = tube thickness;
cooperative research program-Phase 5 composite and hybrid struc- Eeu = ultimate compressive strain of concrete;
tures." Rep. No. UMCEE 92-29, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Er = lateral strains;
Ev = volumetric strains;
APPENDIX II. NOTATION E1 = axial strains;
The following symbols are used in this paper: Jl. = dilation rate;
Jl.exp = experimental dilation rate;
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Addis Ababa Science and Technology University on 08/26/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

D = core diameter; Jl.o = initial rate of dilation;

Ej = modulus of elasticity of jacket in hoop direction; J.Lrnu, Jl.u = peak and ultimate dilation rates; and
f;, f;o = strength of unconfined concrete; v Poisson's ratio for concrete.

590 I JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING I MAY 1997

J. Struct. Eng., 1997, 123(5): 583-590