Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
By Engr. Rafia Firdous
Flexural Analysis and

Design of Beams
(Ultimate Strength Design of Beams)
1
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Ultimate Strength Design of Beams
(Strength Design of Beams)
Strength design method is based on the philosophy of dividing F.O.S.
in such a way that Bigger part is applied on loads and smaller part is
applied on material strength.
favg = Area under curve/0.003 fc’ Crushing

Stress Strength
If fc’ ≤ 30 MPa
favg = 0.72 fc’ favg 0.85fc’

β1 = Average Strength/Crushing Strength
β1 = 0.72fc’ / 0.85 fc’ = 0.85 0.003

Strain 2
Ultimate Strength Design of Beams (contd…)
b εcu= 0.003 0.85fc 0.85fc

c a a/2 Cc
h d N.A.
la = d – a/2
fs fs T = Asfs
εs Internal Force
Strain Diagram Actual Stress Equivalent Stress Diagram
Diagram/
Diagram Whitney’s Stress
Diagram
In ultimate strength design method the section is always taken as

cracked.
c = Depth of N.A from the extreme compression face at ultimate stage
a = Depth of equivalent rectangular stress diagram.
3
• The resultant of concrete compressive 0.85fc 0.85fc a/2
force Cc, acts at the centriod of parabolic
stress diagram. Cc a Cc
c
• Equivalent stress diagram is made in
such a way that it has the same area as
that of actual stress diagram. Thus the Cc,
will remain unchanged.
f av × b × c = 0.85f c '×b × a
0.72f c '×c = 0.85f c '×a Actual Stress
Diagram
Equivalent Stress
Diagram/ Whitney’s
Stress Diagram
0.72f c '
a= ×c
0.85f c '
a =β1 ×c 4
Factor β1
β1 = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 28 MPa
Value of β1 decreases by 0.05 for every 7 MPa increase in

strength with a minimum of 0.65
β1 = 1.064 − 0.00714f c ' ≥ 0.65

≤ 0.85
5
Determination of N.A. Location at Ultimate Condition
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate Condition
εs ≥ ε y or fs ≥ f y fy
ε y εs
CASE-II: Tension Steel is Not Yielding at Ultimate Condition
εs < ε y or fs < f y
For 300 grade steel For 420 grade steel
fy 300 fy 420
εy = = = 0.0015 εy = = = 0.0021
E 200,000 E 200,000 6
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate
Condition
T = As × fs = As × f y a/2 C c
la
C c = 0.85f c '×b × a T=Af s s
a Internal Force Diagram
la = d −
2
For longitudinal Equilibrium
T = Cc
As × f y = 0.85 f c '×b × a
As × f y a
a= and c=
0.85 f c '×b β1 7
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate
Condition (contd…)
Nominal Moment Capacity, Mn depending on steel = T x la
 a
M n = As × f y ×  d − 
 2
Design Moment Capacity
 a
φb M n = φb As × f y ×  d − 
 2
Nominal Moment Capacity, Mn depending on Concrete = Cc x la

 a
M n = 0.85fc'×b × a ×  d − 
 2
 a
φb M n = φb 0.85fc'×b × a ×  d − 
 2 8
Minimum Depth for Deflection Control
1
Δα
I
1
Δα
(Depth)3
For UDL
4
Δ α ωL
Δ α ( ωL ) L3
Deflection Depends upon Span, end conditions, Loads and f y of

steel. For high strength steel deflection is more and more depth is
required. 9
Minimum Depth for Deflection Control (Contd…)
ACI 318, Table 9.5(a)
Steel Grade Simply One End Both End Cantilever

Supported Continuous Continuous
300 L/20 L/23 L/26 L/10
420 L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
520 L/14 L/16 L/18 L/7
10
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb
It is corresponding to that amount of steel which will cause
yielding of steel at the same time when concrete crushes.
At ultimate stage: ε = 0.003 cu
εs = ε y and fs = f y
cb
d- cb
ε cu = 0.003 εy
Strain Diagram
From the internal Force diagram
C c = 0.85f c '×b × a b
ab = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block when balanced steel
ratio is used. 11
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd…)
T = A sf y = (ρ b × b × d) × f y
For the longitudinal equilibrium
T = Cc
(ρ b × b × d) × f y = 0.85f c '×b × a b
fc ' a b
ρ b = 0.85 (1)
fy d
12
εcu= 0.003
From the strain diagram
B C
Δ s ABC & ADE cb
A
0.003 εy
= d- cb
cb d − cb
E D
0.003d εy
cb =
0.003 + ε y Strain Diagram
0.003 Es
cb = ×d×
f Es
0.003 + y
Es
13
0.003E s
cb = ×d
0.003E s + f y
600
cb = ×d
600 + f y
As we know a b = β1 × C b
600
a b = β1 × ×d (2)
600 + f y
Put (2) in (1)
fc ' 600
ρ b = 0.85 × β1 ×
fy 600 + f y 14
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate
Load Level
1. Tension Controlled Section
A section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is
greater than or equal to 0.005 when the corresponding concrete strain
at the compression face is 0.003.
εcu= 0.003
0.003 0.005
≥
c d−c c
0.003
c≤ d
0.008 d- c
3 3
c≤ d and a ≤ β1 d εs=>0.005
8 8 Strain Diagram
15
Load Level (contd…)
2. Transition Section
The section in which net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is
greater than εy but less than 0.005 when corresponding concrete strain
is 0.003. εcu= 0.003
c
3
a > β1 d a < ab d- c
8
εy<εs<0.005
16
Strain Diagram
Load Level (contd…)
2. Transition Section (contd…)
To ensure under-reinforced behavior, ACI code
establishes a minimum net tensile strain of 0.004
at the ultimate stage. εcu= 0.003
0.003 0.004
= c
c d−c
3 3 d- c
c= d a = β1 d
7 7
0.004
17
Strain Diagram
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate Load
Level (contd…)
Both the “Tension Controlled Section” and “Transition Section” are
“Under-Reinforced Section”
In Under-Reinforced Sections steel starts yielding before the crushing

of concrete and:
ρ<ρb
It is always desirable that the section is under-reinforced otherwise
the failure will initiate by the crushing of concrete. As concrete is a
brittle material so this type of failure will be sudden which is NOT 18
DESIREABLE.
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate Load
Level (contd…)
3. Compression Controlled Section (over-reinforced section)
The section in which net steel strain in the extreme tension

steel is lesser than εy when corresponding concrete strain is
0.003.
 Capacity of steel remain unutilized.
 It gives brittle failure without warning.
a > ab C > Cb
19
Strength Reduction Factor (Resistance Factor), Φ
It is reciprocal of minor part of overall factor of safety that is applied on
strength of member to obtain its design strength.
 Tension Controlled Section, Φ = 0.9

 Compression Controlled Section
Member with lateral ties, Φ = 0.65

Members with spiral reinforcement, Φ = 0.75
 Transition Section
For transition section Φ is permitted to be linearly

interpolated between 0.65 or 0.75 to 0.9. 20
Strength Reduction Factor (Resistance Factor), Φ
 Transition Section (contd…)
For members with ties
Φ = 0.65 +
0.25
0.005 − ε y
( εt − εy )
For members with Spirals
Φ = 0.75 +
0.15
(ε t − ε y )
0.005 − ε y
21
Maximum Steel Ratio, ρmax
For
T=C
A s × f y = 0.85f c '×b × a
ρ × bd × f y = 0.85f c '×b × a
fc ' a
ρ = 0.85 ×
fy d
3
For tension controlled section ε s = 0.005 a = β1 d
8
So
fc '  3 
ρ max = 0.85 ×  β1 
fy  8  22
Maximum Steel Ratio, ρmax (contd…)
For transition section

3
ε s = 0.004 a = β1 d
7
fc '  3 
ρ max = 0.85 ×  β1 
fy  7 
23
Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members
(ACI – 10.5.1)
f c ' 1.4
ρ min = ≥
4f y fy
 The minimum steel is always provided in structural members
because when concrete is cracked then all load comes on steel, so
there should be a minimum amount of steel to resist that load to
avoid sudden failure.
 For slabs this formula gives a margin of 1.1 to 1.5.
 This formula is not used for slabs.
24
Under-Reinforced Failure
Stage-I, Un-cracked Section
N.A. position is fixed, means “la”
a/2
remains constant. Only “T” and Cc
“Cc” increase with the increase of
la
load
T
Stage-II, Cracked Section
Internal Force Diagram
When section cracks, N.A. moves
towards compression face means
“la” increases. “T” and “Cc” also
increase.
25
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
Stage-III, Yielding in Steel Occur

a/2
T = Asfy remains constant and Cc also Cc
remains constant. “la” increases as the la
N.A. moves towards compression face
T
because cracking continues.
Failure initiates by the yielding of
steel but final failure is still by
crushing of concrete
26
Derivation for ρ
Design Moment Capacity
Φ b M n = Φ b T × la
 a
Φ b M n = Φ b Asf y ×  d − 
 2
For tension controlled section Φ = 0.9
 a
Φ b M n = 0.9Asf y ×  d −  (1)
And  2
Asf y
a= (2)
0.85f c ' b 27
Put value of “a” from (1) to (2)
 Asf y 

Φ b M n = 0.9A s f y  d − 
 2 × 0.85f c ' b 
 ρbd × f y 

Φ b M n = 0.9 × ρbd × f y  d − 
 2 × 0.85f c ' b 
For economical design
ΦbMn = Mu
 ρ × fy 

M u = 0.9 × ρbd × f y 1 −
2

 2 × 0.85f c ' 
Mu  ρ fy 
2
= 0.9ρ × f y 1 − × 
bd  2 0.85f c '  28
Let
Mu 0.85fc'
2
=R (MPa) And =ω
bd fy
Hence  ρ  2ω × R 0.85 fc'

R = 0.9ρ × f y 1 −  ρ 2 - 2ω × ρ + × × =0
 2ω  0.9f y 0.85 fc'
R  ρ 
= ρ1 −  ω2 × R
0.9f y  2ω  ρ - 2ω × ρ +
2
=0
0.3825f c '
R ρ2
= ρ- R × ω2
0.9f y 2ω ρ = 2ω ± 4ω − 4 ×2
0.3825fc'
2ω × R 2
ρ - 2ω × ρ +
2
=0
0.9f y 29
By simplification
 R 

ρ = ω1 ± 1 − 
 0.3825fc' 
We have to use –ve sign for under reinforced sections. So
 2.614R 
ρ = ω1 − 1 − 
 < 1.0
 fc' 
Reason
fc ' 600
For under reinforced section ρ <ρb ρ b = 0.85 β1 ×
fy 600 + f y
If we use positive sign ρ will ω
become greater than ρb, leading to ρb < ω 30
brittle failure.
Trial Method for the determination of “As”
Trial # 1, Assume some value of Asf y
“a” e.g. d/3 or d/4 or any other a= (A)
reasonable value, and put in (C)
0.85f c ' b
to get “As”  a
M u = 0.9A s f y  d −  (B)
Trial # 2, Put the calculated value  2
of “As” in (A) to get “a”. Put this
“a” value in (C) to get “As” Mu
As = (C)
Keep on doing the trials unless  a
“As” from a specific trial 0.9f y  d − 
becomes equal to the “As”  2
calculated from previous trial.
THIS VALUE OF AS WILL BE
THE FINAL ANSWER. 31
Is The Section is Under-Reinforced or NOT ?
1. Calculate ρ and if it is less than ρmax, section is
under reinforced
2. Using “a” and “d” calculate εt if it is ≥ 0.005,
section is under-reinforced (tension controlled)
3. If section is over-reinforced than in the
following equation –ve term will appear in the
under-root.
 2.614R 

ρ = ω1 − 1 − 
fc ' 
 
32
Is The Section is Under-Reinforced or NOT ?
(contd…)
3
1. For tension controlled section, εt = 0.005, a = β1 d
8
Using formula of Mn from concrete side
M u = Φ b M n = Φ b C c × la If we keep d > dmin
 a
M u = 0.9 × 0.85f c ' ba ×  d − 
the resulting section


2
3  will be under-
 0.85 d 
reinforced.
 3  8 
M u = 0.9 × 0.85f c ' b 0.85 d  ×  d −
 8   2 
  d > dmin means that
2 
M u = 0.205f c ' bd
section is stronger in
Mu compression.
d min =
0.205f c '×b 33
Over-Reinforced Failure
Stage-I, Un-cracked Section
Stage-II, Cracked Section a/2
Cc
These two stages are same as in la
under-reinforced section.
T
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of
0.003 but steel not yielding
We never prefer to design a beam as over-
reinforced (compression controlled) as it
will show sudden failure.
Φ = 0.65 εs < εy fs<fy 34
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of 0.003 but steel not
yielding (contd…)
Φ b M n = Cc × la
 a
Φ b M n = 0.65 × 0.85f c ' ba ×  d -  (i)
 2
“a” is unknown as “fs” is not known
Asfs
a= (ii)
0.85f c ' b
35
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of 0.003 but steel not yielding
(contd…)
εcu= 0.003
Comparing ΔABC & ΔADE B C

c
εs d−c fs = E × εs
A
=
0.003 c
d- c
d− a β −a 
εs β1 f s = 200,000 × 0.003 1 
=  a 
E D
0.003 a
β1 εs
β −a 
f s = 600 ×  1  Strain Diagram
β −a   a 
ε s = 0.003 1 
 a 
Eq # (iv) is applicable
(iv)
(iii) when εs < εy 36
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of 0.003 but steel not yielding
(contd…)
Putting value of “fs” from (iv) to (ii)
 β1d − a 
A s × 600 
a=  a  (v)
0.85f c ' b
Eq. # (v) is quadratic equation in term of “a”.
Flexural Capacity
 a  a Calculate “a” from (v)
Φ b M n = Φ b Cc  d −  = Φ b 0.85 f c ' ba d − 
 2  2 and “fs” from (iv) to
calculate flexural
 a  a capacity from these
Φ b M n = Φ b T  d −  = Φ b Asfs  d −  equations 37
 2  2
Extreme Type of
Tensile X-section
Steel Strain c/d a/d ρmax Φ
εt
< εy Compression
Controlled
 600 
> 
 600 
> β1   > β1
0.85f c '  600 
0.65
 600 + f   600 + f  f y  600 + f y 
 y   y 
≥ εy Transition
Section  600   600  0.85f c '  600 
0.65 to
≤  ≤ β1   ≤ β1 0.9
(Under-Reinforced)  600 + f 
 y 
 600 + f 
 y 
f y  600 + f y 
≥ 0.004 Under-
Reinforced ≤
3
≤ β1
3 0.85f c ' 3
0.65 to
≤ β1 × 0.9
(minimum strain 7 7 fy 7
for beams)
≥ 0.005 Tension
≤
3
≤ β1
3 0.85f c ' 3
0.9
Controlled ≤ β1 ×
8 8 fy 8
≥ 0.0075 Redistribution 2 2 0.85f c ' 2 0.9

is allowed ≤ ≤ β1 ≤ β1 × 38
7 7 fy 7
Capacity Analysis of Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beam by Strength Design method
Data
1. Dimensions, b, h, d and L (span)
2. fc’, fy, Ec, Es
3. As
Required
1. ΦbMn
2. Load Carrying Capacity
39
Rectangular Beam by Strength Design method (contd…)
Solution
Step # 1Calculte the depth of N.A assuming the section as
under-reinforced
fs = f y and εs ≥ ε y
Asf y a
a= and c=
0.85f c ' b β1
40
Solution
Step # 2 Calculate εs and check the assumption of step# 1
d−c
ε s = ε t = 0.003 For extreme point
c
If εs ≥ εy, the assumption is correct
If εs ≤ εy, the section is not under-reinforced. So “a” is to be calculated
again by the formula of over reinforced section
β d−a 
A s × 600 1 
a=  a 
0.85f c ' b
41
Solution
Step # 3 Decide Φ factor
For εs ≥ 0.005, Φ = 0.9 (Tension controlled section)

For εs ≤ εy, Φ = 0.65 (Compression controlled section)
For εy ≤ εs ≤ 0.005, Interpolate value of Φ (Transition Section)
Step # 4 Calculate ΦbMn
 a For under-reinforced Section
Φ b M n = Φ b Asf y  d − 
 2
 a
Φ b M n = Φ b × 0.85f c ' ba  d −  For over-reinforced Section 42
 2
Alternate Method
Step # 1 to step # 3 are for deciding whether the section is over
reinforced or under-reinforced. Alternatively it can be done in
the following manner.
1. Calculate ρ and ρmax if ρ < ρmax section is under-

reinforced.
2. Calculate dmin, if d ≥ dmin, section is tension controlled
43
Selection of Steel Bars for Beams
1. When different diameters are selected the maximum
difference can be a gap of one size.
2. Minimum number of bars must be at least two, one in
each corner.
3. Always Place the steel symmetrically.
4. Preferably steel may be placed in a single layer but it is
allowed to use 2 to 3 layers.
5. Selected sizes should be easily available in market
6. Small diameter (as far as possible) bars are easy to cut
and bend and place.
44
Selection of Steel Bars for Beams (contd…)
7. ACI Code Requirements
There must be a minimum clearance between bars (only exception is
bundled bars).
 Concrete must be able to flow through the reinforcement.
 Bond strength between concrete and steel must be fully
developed.
Minimum spacing must be lesser of the following
 Nominal diameter of bars

 25mm in beams & 40mm in columns
 1.33 times the maximum size of aggregate used.
We can also give an additional margin of 5 mm.
45
Selection of Steel Bars for Beams (contd…)
8. A minimum clear gap of 25 mm is to be provided
between different layers of steel
9. The spacing between bars must not exceed a maximum
value for crack control, usually applicable for slabs
What is Detailing?
Not O.K.
 Deciding diameter of bars 25mm

 Deciding no. of bars
 Deciding location of bent-up and curtailment of bars
 making sketches of reinforcements.
46
Concrete Cover to Reinforcement
Measured as clear thickness outside the outer most
steel bar.
Purpose
 To prevent corrosion of steel
 To improve the bond strength
 To improve the fire rating of a building
 It reduces the wear of steel and attack of chemicals
specially in factories.
47
Concrete Cover to Reinforcement (contd…)
ACI Code Minimum Clear Cover Requirements
1. Concrete permanently exposed to earth, 75 mm
2. Concrete occasionally exposed to earth,
 # 19 to # 57 bars 50 mm
 # 16 and smaller bars 40 mm
1. Sheltered Concrete
 Slabs and Walls 20 mm
 Beams and Columns 40 mm
48
Load Carried by the Beam
Beam Supporting One-way Slab (ly/lx > 2)
Exterior Beam
Interior Beam
lx
lx
ly
Width of slab supported by interior beam = lx

Width of slab supported by exterior beam = lx/2 + Cantilever width
Load Carrie by the Beam
Beam Supporting Two-way Slab (ly/lx≤ 2)
Exterior Long Beam
Exterior Short Beam 45o

lx Interior Long Beam
lx
ly ly
Interior Short Beam
Load Carrie by the Beam
Beam Supporting Two-way Slab (ly/lx≤ 2) contd…
Shorter Beams [ lx / 2]
cos 45o
For simplification this
lx/2 45o
triangular load on both
the sides is to be replaced
by equivalent UDL,
which gives same Mmax as lx/2
for the actual triangular
load.
Area of Square = [ lx / 2]
2

 cos 45 
o
2
 lx 
= 
 2
2
Equivalent Rectangular = 4 × lx = 2 lx 2
Area 3 2 3
45o lx
Factor of 4/3 convert this VDL into UDL.
2 2
Equivalent width supported lx
2
by interior short beam =3 = lx
lx 3
lx
Equivalent width supported = +Cantilever
by exterior short beam 3
2
lx
3
Beam Supporting Two-way Slab (ly/lx≤ 2)contd…
Exterior Long Beam lx/2 ly - lx lx/2

2
lx  lx 
Supported Area = × ( ly − lx ) +  
2 2
2 2
lx
lxly lx lx
= − +
2 2 4
lxly lx 2 lx
= −
2 4
1 lx 2 
=  lxly − 
2 2 
ly
Exterior Long Beam

1− R
2
3
Factor F converts
F=
1− R trapezoidal load into
2
equivalent UDL for
lx
where R=
ly
maximum B.M. at center
of simply supported
For Square panel beam.
R = 1 and F = 4/3
Exterior Long Beam lx/2 ly - lx lx/2
Equivalent width Equivalent width
(Area..Supported ) × F
=
Span...Length
1  lx 2  1 − R 2 3  1
=   lxly −  × ×
2
  2  1 − R 2  ly
ly
 lx  lx ly  1 − R 2 3 
=  1 − × 
 2 2  1− R 2 
=  (1 − R 2 3)+
 lx 
2 
Cantilever (if present)
Interior Long Beam

lx/2 ly - lx lx/2
Equivalent width
(
lx 1 − R 3 2
) Equivalent width
ly
Wall Load (if present) on Beam
tw (mm)
UDL on beam
 tw  9.81
= 1m × H × ×1930 × H
 1000  1000
(m)
= 0.019 × tw × H(kN/m)
0.019 × tw × H
Wall Load on the Lintel
Equivalent UDL on lintel if
height of slab above lintel
is greater than 0.866L 0.866L
60o 60o
UDL = 0.11× tw × L kN/m L
tw = wall thickness in “mm”

L = Opening size in “m”
If the height of slab above lintel is less than 0.866L
Total Wall Load + Load from slab in case of load bearing wall
UDL = (Equivalent width of slab supported) x (Slab load per unit area)
= m x kN/m2 = kN/m
Slab Load per Unit Area
Top Roof
Slab Thickness = 125 mm
Earth Filling = 100 mm
Brick Tiles = 38 mm
Dead Load 125
Self wt. of R.C. slab = × 2400 = 300 kg / m 2
1000
100
Earth Filling = × 1800 = 180 kg / m 2
1000
38
Brick Tiles = × 1930 = 74 kg / m 2
1000
Total Dead Load, Wd = 554 kg/m2
Slab Load per Unit Area (contd…)
Top Roof
Live Load
WL = 200 kg/m2
Total Factored Load, Wu
Wu = 1.2 Wd + 1.6 WL
9.81
Wu = (1.2 × 554 + 1.6 × 200 ) ×
1000
Wu = 9.66kN / m 2
Intermediate Floor
Slab Thickness = 150 mm
Screed (brick ballast + 25% sand) = 75 mm
P.C.C. = 40 mm
Terrazzo Floor = 20 mm
Dead Load
150
Self wt. of R.C. slab = × 2400 = 360kg / m 2
1000
75
Screed = ×1800 = 135kg / m 2
1000
(20 + 40)
Terrazzo + P.C.C = × 2300 = 138kg / m 2
1000
Total Dead Load, Wd = 633 kg/m2
Intermediate Floor
Live Load
Occupancy Live Load = 250 kg/m2
Moveable Partition Load = 150 kg/m2
WL = 250 + 150 = 400 kg/m2
Total Factored Load, Wu
Wu = 1.2 Wd + 1.6 WL
9.81
Wu = (1.2 × 633 +1.6 × 400 ) ×
1000
Wu = 13.73kN / m 2
Self Weight of Beam
Service Self Wight of Beam = b x h x 1m x 2400
L L
= × ×1m × 2400 = 11.11L2 Kg/m
12 18
Factored Self Wight of Beam
9.81
= 11.11L2 ×1.2 × = 0.131L2 kN/m
1000
Self weight of beam is required to be calculated in at the stage of
analysis, when the beam sizes are not yet decided, so approximate
self weight is computed using above formula.
Design of Singly Reinforced Beam by Strength
Method (for flexure only)
Data:
 Load, Span (SFD, BMD)
 fc’, fy, Es
 Architectural depth, if any
Required:
 Dimensions, b & h
 Area of steel
 Detailing (bar bending schedule)
Design of Singly Reinforced Beam by Strength Method (contd…)
Procedure:
1. Select reasonable steel ratio between ρmin and ρmax.

Then find b, h and As.
2. Select reasonable values of b, h and then

calculate ρ and As.
2. Using Trial Dimensions

I. Calculate loads acting on the beam.
II. Calculate total factored loads and plot SFD and
BMD. Determine Vumax and Mumax.
III. Select suitable value of beam width ‘b’. Usually
between L/20 to L/15. preferably a multiple of
75mm or 114 mm.
IV. Calculate dmin. M
d min = u
0.205f c ' b
hmin = dmin + 60 mm for single layer of steel
Round to
hmin = dmin + 75mm for double layer of steel upper 75 mm
V. Decide the final depth.
h ≥ h min For strength
h ≥ h min For deflection
h ≈ ha Architectural depth
h ≈h
12
Preferably “h” should be multiple of 75mm.
Recalculate “d” for the new value of “h”
VI. Calculate “ρ” and “As”.

Four methods
 2.614R 
a) ρ = w
1 − 1 − 

 fc' 
f ' Mu
w = 0.85 c R=
fy bd 2
b) Design Table
c) Design curves
d) Using trial Method
VII. Check As ≥ As min.
As min = ρmin bd (ρmin = 1.4/fy to fc’ ≤ 30 MPa)
VIII. Carry out detailing
IX. Prepare detailed sketches/drawings.
X. Prepare bar bending schedule.

1. Using Steel Ratio

I. Step I and II are same as in previous method.
III. Calculate ρmax and ρmin & select some suitable “ρ”.
IV. Calculate bd2 from the formula of moment
 ρf y 
( )
M u = Φ b M n = 0.9 ρbd f y 1 −
2

 1.7f c ' 
V. Select such values of “b” and “d” that “bd2” value

is satisfied.
VI. Calculate As.
VII. Remaining steps are same as of previous method.

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Flexural Analysis and

favg = Area under curve/0.003 fc’ Crushing

favg = 0.72 fc’ favg 0.85fc’

β1 = 0.72fc’ / 0.85 fc’ = 0.85 0.003

b εcu= 0.003 0.85fc 0.85fc

In ultimate strength design method the section is always taken as

Value of β1 decreases by 0.05 for every 7 MPa increase in

β1 = 1.064 − 0.00714f c ' ≥ 0.65

CASE-II: Tension Steel is Not Yielding at Ultimate Condition

Nominal Moment Capacity, Mn depending on Concrete = Cc x la

Deflection Depends upon Span, end conditions, Loads and f y of

Steel Grade Simply One End Both End Cantilever

300 L/20 L/23 L/26 L/10

420 L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

520 L/14 L/16 L/18 L/7

In Under-Reinforced Sections steel starts yielding before the crushing

The section in which net steel strain in the extreme tension

 It gives brittle failure without warning.

 Tension Controlled Section, Φ = 0.9

Member with lateral ties, Φ = 0.65

For transition section Φ is permitted to be linearly

For members with ties

For members with Spirals

For transition section

Stage-III, Yielding in Steel Occur

Hence  ρ  2ω × R 0.85 fc'

We have to use –ve sign for under reinforced sections. So

Comparing ΔABC & ΔADE B C

≥ 0.0075 Redistribution 2 2 0.85f c ' 2 0.9

For εs ≥ 0.005, Φ = 0.9 (Tension controlled section)

1. Calculate ρ and ρmax if ρ < ρmax section is under-

 Nominal diameter of bars

 Deciding diameter of bars 25mm

Width of slab supported by interior beam = lx

Exterior Short Beam 45o

Exterior Long Beam lx/2 ly - lx lx/2

Exterior Long Beam

Exterior Long Beam lx/2 ly - lx lx/2

Equivalent width Equivalent width

Interior Long Beam

UDL = 0.11× tw × L kN/m L

tw = wall thickness in “mm”

Total Factored Load, Wu

Total Factored Load, Wu

Service Self Wight of Beam = b x h x 1m x 2400

1. Select reasonable steel ratio between ρmin and ρmax.

2. Select reasonable values of b, h and then

2. Using Trial Dimensions

V. Decide the final depth.

h ≥ h min For strength

h ≥ h min For deflection

VI. Calculate “ρ” and “As”.

VII. Check As ≥ As min.

As min = ρmin bd (ρmin = 1.4/fy to fc’ ≤ 30 MPa)

VIII. Carry out detailing

IX. Prepare detailed sketches/drawings.

X. Prepare bar bending schedule.

1. Using Steel Ratio

V. Select such values of “b” and “d” that “bd2” value

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