BS 1139 - 2.2 (1991)

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BRITISH STANDARD BS 1139-2.2:
1991
Licensed Copy: Technical Information Services Dept ., CNL Technical Information Services, 17 October 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Metal scaffolding —
Part 2: Couplers —
Section 2.2 Specification for steel and

aluminium couplers, fittings and
accessories for use in tubular
scaffolding
BS 1139-2.2:1991
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Civil

Engineering and Building Structures Standards Policy Committee (CSB/-) to
Technical Committee CSB/57, upon which the following bodies were
represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers

Association of Consulting Scientists
British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd.
British Steel Industry
Building Employers’ Confederation
Concrete Society
Construction Health and Safety Group
Construction Industry Training Board
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users’ Association
English Net Manufacturers’ Association
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Health and Safety Executive
Institute of Building Control
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
National Association of Scaffolding Contractors
National Federation of Master Steeplejacks and Lightning Conductor
Engineers
Prefabricated Aluminium Scaffolding Manufacturers’ Association
Suspended Access Equipment Manufacturers’ Association
This British Standard having
been prepared under the
direction of the Civil
Engineering and Building
Structures Standards Policy
Committee was published under
the authority of the Board of BSI
and comes
into effect on
31 January 1991
© BSI 12-1998
First published, as BS 1139,
November 1943
Second edition November 1951
Third edition June 1964
Fourth edition, as BS 1139-2,
September 1982 Amendments issued since publication
Fifth edition, as BS 1139-2.2,
January 1991
Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference CSB/57
Draft for comment 85/15498 DC
ISBN 0 580 18899 X

BS 1139-2.2:1991
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Materials 1
4 Aluminium tensile strength, castings and hinge pins 2
5 Suitability of fittings 2
6 Fittings for close-jointed tubes 2
7 Design of fittings 2
8 Tests on fittings 2
9 Right angle couplers made of aluminium 2
10 Swivel couplers made of aluminium 2
11 Putlog couplers 4
12 Joint pins 4
13 Sleeve couplers made of aluminium 4
14 Reveal pins 4
15 Putlogs 5
16 Putlog ends 5
17 Base-plates 5
18 Adjustable base-plates 6
19 Detachable castors 6
20 Toe board clips 6
21 Finish 6
Figure 1 — Test for distortion of right angle coupler made of aluminium 3
Figure 2 — Test for slip of right angle coupler made of aluminium 3
Figure 3 — Test for distortion of swivel coupler made of aluminium 3
Figure 4 — Test for slip of swivel coupler made of aluminium 4
Figure 5 — Rig for slip tests on putlog couplers made of
aluminium or steel 5
Figure 6 — Test for bending putlog end 6
Publications referred to Inside back cover
© BSI 12-1998 i
BS 1139-2.2:1991
Foreword
This Section of BS 1139 has been prepared under the direction of the Civil
Engineering and Building Structures Standards Policy Committee (CSB/-).
Together with BS 1139-2.1:1990 it supersedes BS 1139-2:1982, which is
withdrawn.
This Section covers couplers and fittings not included in BS 1139-2.1 and the
requirements include those in BS 1139-2:1982. Progress is being made towards a
full revision of these requirements, but as the major part of BS 1139-2 is
superseded by BS 1139-2.1, it was deemed helpful to users to republish the
remainder with the superseded text omitted. A new edition of Section 2.2
incorporating additional couplers and fittings will be published when the revised
requirements have been finalized.
The revision of BS 1139-2 comprises two Sections:
Section 2.1 Specification for steel couplers, loose spigots and base-plates for
use in working scaffolds and falsework made of steel tubes. This standard is
identical with EN 74 and covers the following couplers and fittings made of
ferrous metals only:
Right angle couplers
Swivel couplers
Sleeve couplers
Loose spigots
Parallel couplers
Base-plates
Section 2.2 Specification for steel and aluminium couplers, fittings and
accessories for use in tubular scaffolding. The products covered and their
requirements are listed elsewhere in this standard. The strength
requirements are given in SI units in accordance with current practice.
BS 1139 is now published in separate Parts and Sections as follows.
— Part 1: Tubes;
— Section 1.1: Specification for steel tube;
— Section 1.2: Specification for aluminium tube;
— Part 2: Couplers;
— Section 2.1: Specification for steel couplers, loose spigots and base-plates for
use in working scaffolds and falsework made of steel tubes (Identical
with EN 74);
— Section 2.2: Specification for steel and aluminium couplers, fittings and
accessories for use in tubular scaffolding;
— Part 3: Specification for prefabricated access and working towers;
— Part 4: Specification for prefabricated steel splitheads and trestles;
— Part 51): Specification for materials, dimensions, design loads and safety
requirements for service and working scaffolds made of prefabricated elements
(Identical with HD 1000).
1)
In preparation
ii © BSI 12-1998
BS 1139-2.2:1991
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
© BSI 12-1998 iii

iv
blank
BS 1139-2.2:1991
1 Scope 2.7
putlog
This Section of BS 1139 specifies requirements for
new steel and aluminium alloy couplers and fittings a tube or other member spanning from a horizontal
for use with scaffolding used as temporary member bearing on the wall of a building
structures on which persons work and which 2.8
provide support for the plant and materials used in putlog coupler
building, constructional, maintenance, repair and
a coupler used for fixing a putlog or transom to a
demolition work.
ledger
This British Standard does not cover any of the
2.9
following couplers and fittings which are made of
putlog end
rolled steel, forged steel, malleable cast iron or cast
steel. a specially formed end of a putlog, or a fitting for
Base-plates attaching to a tube, for locating the member in a
joint of a wall
Loose spigots
2.10
Parallel couplers
reveal pin
Right angle couplers
a fitting used for tightening a tube between two
Sleeve couplers opposing surfaces
Swivel couplers 2.11
The couplers and fittings listed above are covered in scaffolding
BS 1139-2.1:1990 which is identical with EN 74.
a temporary structure on which persons work, and
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard which provides support for the plant and materials
are listed on the inside back cover.
used in building, constructional, maintenance,
2 Definitions repair and demolition work
For the purposes of this British Standard, the 2.12

following definitions apply. scaffold tube
2.1 tubing which complies with either BS 1139-1.1 or

adjustable base-plate BS 1139-1.2
a base-plate embodying a screw jack 3 Materials

2.2 3.1 General
aluminium base-plate
The fittings shall be free from flaws or other defects.
a plate for distributing the load from a standard or
Bolts and hexagonal nuts shall be of steel and of a
raker
quality that complies with BS 916.
2.3
Materials shall be free from any impurities and
aluminium right angle coupler
defects which might affect their satisfactory use.
a coupler other than a putlog coupler, used for
3.2 Steel couplers and fittings
connecting tubes at right angles
Steel couplers and fittings together with the
2.4
metallic parts of castors shall be manufactured from
castor
steel complying with BS 4360, BS 970 or BS 1449.
a swivelling wheel attached to the lower end of a Where castings are used they shall comply with the
tubular column for the purpose of moving and requirements of BS 1452, BS 3100 or BS 6681.
supporting scaffolding
3.3 Aluminium couplers and fittings
2.5
Aluminium couplers and fittings together with the
coupler
metallic parts of castors shall be manufactured from
a fitting by which a grip is applied to the external an alloy complying with clause 4. Any steel
surfaces of two tubes and which thereby holds them components of such fittings shall comply with 3.1
together and 3.2 and shall be suitably protected to prevent
2.6 interaction between dissimilar materials.
joint pin
an internal fitting for joining two tubes end to end
© BSI 12-1998 1
BS 1139-2.2:1991
4 Aluminium tensile strength, castings 8 Tests on fittings

and hinge pins Tests on fittings shall be carried out by fixing the
4.1 Tensile strength fittings to be tested to tubes that comply with
BS 1139-1.1 or BS 1139-1.2 and which are clean,
Lengths or strips cut from selected fittings shall
smooth and free from corrosion.
show a 0.1 % proof stress of not less than 154 N/mm2
and an elongation of not less than 8 % measured in If fittings are supplied as being suitable for
accordance with BS 18. particular types of tube (welded, seamless, or
NOTE The alloys 6082-TB, 2031-TB and 2014A-TB of BS 1472
close-jointed steel (see note) or aluminium alloy)
(formerly HF30-W, HF12-W and HF15-W respectively) comply they shall be tested on tubes of those particular
with these requirements. types.
The 0.1 % proof stress shall not exceed 80 % of the NOTE Steel close-jointed tube is no longer included in BS 1139.
tensile strength of the material. For the purposes of the tests the fittings shall be
4.2 Castings properly fixed by means of the tool normally
supplied for the particular type of fitting.
Cast components formed by sand or gravity casting
shall comply with LM25TF or LM25TB7 of BS 1490. The fitting shall be capable of passing the necessary
tests without damage which would render the
4.3 Hinge pins
fitting, or the tube or tubes with which it is tested,
Hinge pins made of aluminium shall comply unserviceable for further use in scaffolding.
with 6082-TF of BS 1473.
9 Right angle couplers made of
5 Suitability of fittings aluminium
All fittings shall be capable of complying with this A right angle coupler made of aluminium shall be
Section when used with all types of tube that comply capable of passing the following tests.
with Section 1.1 or 1.2 of this standard, unless the
a) Test for distortion. The coupler, connecting two
supplier states that they are suitable for use only
tubes at right angles and suitably prevented from
with certain types of tube.
slip-ping on the vertical tube, as shown in
Figure 1, shall be capable of supporting, without
6 Fittings for close-jointed tubes distortion, a load of 29.8 kN applied to the
Fittings which are intended for use with horizontal tube.
close-jointed tubes (see note) and which rely upon a b) Test for slip. The coupler connecting two tubes
frictional grip on the external surface of the tube at right angles, as shown in Figure 2 shall be
shall have a grip extending over not less than 75 % capable of sustaining a load of 12.4 kN applied to
of the circumference of the tube. They shall not exert the horizontal tube. During this test the coupler
a frictional grip on the internal surface of the tube. shall not rotate through an angle exceeding 10°
NOTE Steel close-jointed tube is no longer included in from the horizontal.
BS 11391-1.
In carrying out the tests described in a) and b), the
7 Design of fittings coupler shall be tested with each gripping surface in
turn subjected to distortion and slip respectively
All fittings shall be designed for fixing in the normal and with the test load applied successively in
manner for service as part of a scaffold. The reverse directions for each coupler position.
maximum force applied to fittings, when in use,
shall not exceed 6.25 kN except where a greater load 10 Swivel couplers made of aluminium
is specified by the manufacturer.
NOTE For information on the safe working loads for specific
A swivel coupler made of aluminium shall be
types of coupler, reference should be made to Table 17 of designed and constructed so that the swivelling
BS 5973:1990 and Table 24 of BS 5975:1982. faces are smooth and in sufficiently close contact to
The various parts of the couplers and fittings shall prevent the connecting pin being subjected to
be firmly attached to each other unless the design bending stresses. This requirement, however, shall
precludes this and it is impossible for the coupler or not prohibit a washer of adequate bearing area
fitting under load to remain in position on the tubes being interposed between the faces of the coupler,
without all its parts. provided it is an exact fit on the pin and the coupler
is not rendered less efficient by the use of the
washer. The pin connecting the two parts of a swivel
coupler shall be of steel and not less than 15.9 mm
in diameter.
2 © BSI 12-1998
BS 1139-2.2:1991
A swivel coupler shall be capable of passing the b) Test for slip. The coupler, connecting two tubes
following tests. at 45° angle as shown in Figure 4, shall be
a) Test for distortion. The coupler, connecting two capable of sustaining a load of 12.4 kN applied to
tubes at 45° angle and suitably prevented from the vertical tube. During this test the coupler
slipping on both tubes as shown in Figure 3, shall shall not rotate through an angle greater
be capable of supporting, without distortion, a than 10° from the horizontal.
load of 14.9 kN. In carrying out the tests described in a) and b), the
coupler shall be tested with each gripping surface in
turn subjected to distortion and slip respectively
and with the test load applied successively in
reverse directions for each coupler position.
Figure 2 — Test for slip of right angle

coupler made of aluminium
Figure 1 — Test for distortion of right angle

coupler made of aluminium
Figure 3 — Test for distortion of swivel coupler made of aluminium
© BSI 12-1998 3
BS 1139-2.2:1991
Figure 4 — Test for slip of swivel coupler made of aluminium
11 Putlog couplers The shear strength of the joint pin shall be not less
than 80 % of that of a steel tube complying with
The grip afforded by a putlog coupler shall offer
BS 1139-1.1.
adequate resistance to horizontal slip or accidental
NOTE Joint pins are not intended for use in positions where
displacement of a putlog. they will be subject to bending stresses or axial tension.
A putlog coupler shall be capable of passing the
following test. 13 Sleeve couplers made of aluminium
Test for slip. The coupler, connecting two tubes at A sleeve coupler shall be self-centring when
right angles as shown in Figure 5, and assembled plain-ended tubes are being joined so that an equal
as recommended by the manufacturer, shall be length of the sleeve shall engage both the tubes
capable of sustaining a load of 1.2 kN applied to connected by the sleeve.
the horizontal putlog or transom. It shall have, in every position, a resistance to
NOTE A putlog coupler should be of such a shape as to be bending at least equal to that of any tube of the
readily distinguishable from a right angle coupler.
types for use with which the sleeve coupler is
12 Joint pins intended to be suitable (see clause 5).
When used in tension, it shall resist, without
A joint pin shall be self-centring so that in both the
slipping, an axial load of not less than 6.2 kN.
tubes which it connects an equal length of pin shall
engage with each of the tubes. 14 Reveal pins
Compliance with the above requirement shall be
achieved by means of an annular projection The end of the reveal pin remote from the tube shall
encircling the joint pin at mid-point. This projection provide a bearing surface perpendicular to and
shall provide an even bearing surface for the end of concentric with its axis and having a minimum
any tube which has been cut cleanly and squarely width of 48.3 mm.
and which otherwise complies with BS 1139-1.1 The means of varying the distance between the
or BS 1139-1.2. The bearing surface shall not, under surface bearing against the end of a tube and the
normal loading, tend to bulge or otherwise distort end of the reveal pin shall enable adjustments of
the end of any tube with which it is in contact. this distance to be made readily, smoothly and with
Each spigot of a joint pin shall extend not less infinite variation within the limits of adjustment of
than 76 mm on the internal surface of any tube the reveal pin.
which complies with this standard and shall provide The design of the adjustable portion of the reveal pin
an effective bearing area. shall be such that, when under load, the adjustment
Each spigot shall be capable of being expanded cannot be altered by the action of the load or by
within a tube with which it is engaged so as to vibration.
provide an adequate grip between the tube and the
joint pin.
4 © BSI 12-1998
BS 1139-2.2:1991
Figure 5 — Rig for slip tests on putlog couplers made of aluminium or steel
A reveal pin shall be capable of passing the following Putlog ends shall be considered to be subject to
test. bending, bearing or shear stresses only and shall
Test for deflection and slip. A steel tube 1.8 m not be required to transmit axial pulls or thrusts.
long complying with BS 1139-1.1 and fitted with Detachable putlog ends shall be provided with
the reveal pin shall be placed horizontally so that means of securing them to the putlog without risk of
it is supported solely by the frictional grip being accidentally disconnected.
exerted upon the smooth, parallel, vertical faces A putlog end, when attached to or forming part of a
of two abutments by the bearing surface of the putlog and supported only within 38 mm of its
reveal pin and the end of the tube respectively. extremity, as shown in Figure 6, shall be capable of
Timber or other suitable packing material may supporting without permanent set, a maximum
be used against the faces of the abutments. A distributed load of 4.4 kN over a span of 1.2 m.
load of 2.4 kN shall be applied to the tube NOTE 1 As aluminium scaffold tube is heat-treated, heat
midway between the abutments and the central should not be applied to them by welding, flame-cutting, etc.,
deflection measured. The deflection under load unless it is carried out under the controlled conditions of CP 118
with the reveal pin extended to within 25 mm of since this may otherwise greatly impair the mechanical
properties.
its full working length shall not exceed twice the NOTE 2 Where aluminium scaffold tubes are required to be
deflection under the same load with the reveal flattened at one end to form putlog ends this work should be
pin closed to within 25 mm of its minimum carried out before the tubes are subjected to their final treatment.
length. During the test no slip shall occur It is recommended that putlogs with flattened ends be obtained
ready-made from the tube manufacturers, except where
between the tube or reveal pin and the abutment adequate heat-treatment facilities are available.
faces. No permanent set, distortion, or other
damage shall occur which would render the tube 17 Base-plates
or reveal pin unserviceable for further use in
A base-plate shall have a flat surface not less
scaffolding.
than 232 cm2 in area, concentric with the axis of the
shank, to which it shall be securely attached. The
15 Putlogs upper surface of the plate shall provide a smooth
A putlog shall either be constructed from tube and even bearing for the end of a tube satisfying the
complying with BS 1139-1.1 or BS 1139-1.2 or be so requirements of this standard and be such as not to
designed and constructed as to provide at least damage or distort the tube under load.
equivalent resistance to bending, shear and The shank shall be not less than 50 mm long, and
deflection. (See also note 1 to clause 16). shall be a loose fit to allow the insertion of the full
A fitting, other than a putlog coupler, provided for depth of the shank inside the tube.
connecting a putlog to a tube shall comply with A base-plate, if of low carbon steel, shall be not less
clause 11 for putlog couplers. than 4.75 mm thick. If of other steels they shall have
a thickness sufficient to provide an equal strength.
16 Putlog ends Aluminium base-plates shall be not less
A putlog end shall have an even bearing surface at than 6.35 mm thick.
least 76 mm long and at least 50 mm wide,
measured from the end of the tube.
© BSI 12-1998 5
BS 1139-2.2:1991
Figure 6 — Test for bending putlog end
If provided with holes they shall be 6.35 mm The eccentricity of the centreline of the wheel
diameter, situated diametrically opposite each other relative to the axis of swivel shall not exceed 64 mm.
at a distance of not less than 50 mm from the centre When requested by the purchaser castors shall be
of the plate, and not less than 19 mm from the edge provided with an effective wheel brake that cannot
of the plate. be accidentally released.
18 Adjustable base-plates 20 Toe board clips
An adjustable base-plate shall satisfy the Toe board clips shall be suitably designed and
requirements of clause 17 relating to the bearing constructed for the attachment of toe boards to
surface and clause 14 relating to the means for tubular members and shall prevent accidental
height adjustment. displacement of the boards. When in position they
When extended to its maximum working position shall not project sufficiently from the surface of the
the shank shall be capable of supporting a load board to cause a person to trip.
of 59.7 kN without distortion. In applying this test
the base-plate shall be placed on a smooth 21 Finish
horizontal surface and the load applied through the Fittings shall be supplied untreated, unless
seating on which the scaffold tube normally rests. At
otherwise specified.
the upper end the shank shall not be held in position
NOTE 1 For normal purposes aluminium requires no painting
or restrained in direction. or other surface treatment. Care should be taken, however, to
avoid prolonged contact with materials such as damp lime or wet
19 Detachable castors cement, unless a suitable protective paint is applied.
NOTE 2 If fittings are stamped with a metal die the stamping
Detachable castors shall be designed and should be carried out in such a manner as not to impair the
constructed to provide adequate strength, rigidity efficiency of the fitting.
and bearing surfaces for their purpose.
All castors shall be clearly marked with the safe
working load they are designed to withstand. Such
load shall be vertically applied on the castors when
stationary on an even and level surface.
The shank or socket of all castors shall be not less
than 50 mm long, provided the design allows for an
adequate transfer of the load from the tube to the
shank. Means shall be provided to prevent the
castor unit falling out of the tube when its wheel is
not under load.
The diameter of castor wheels shall be not less
than 127 mm. When tyres are fitted they shall be of
adequate section and securely fixed to the wheel
centres.
6 © BSI 12-1998
BS 1139-2.2:1991
Publications referred to
BS 18, Method for tensile testing of metals (including aerospace materials).

BS 916, Specification for black bolts, screws and nuts, hexagon and square, with B.S.W threads, and partly
machined bolts, screws and nuts, hexagon and square, with B.S.W. or B.S.F. threads2).
BS 970, Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied engineering purposes.
BS 1139, Metal scaffolding.
BS 1139-1, Tubes.
BS 1139-1.1, Specification for steel tube.
BS 1139-1.2, Specification for aluminium tube.
BS 1139-2, Couplers.
BS 1139-2.1, Specification for steel couplers, loose spigots and base-plates for use in working scaffolds and
falsework made of steel tubes.
BS 1449, Steel plate, sheet and strip.
BS 1452, Specification for grey iron castings.
BS 1472, Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for general engineering purposes —
forging stock and forging.
BS 1473, Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for general engineering purposes —
rivet, bolt and screw stock.
BS 1490, Specification for aluminium and aluminium alloy ingots and castings for general engineering
purposes.
BS 3100, Specification for steel castings for general engineering purposes.
BS 4360, Specification for weldable structural steels.
BS 5973, Code of practice for access and working scaffolds and special scaffold structures in steel.
BS 5975, Code of practice for falsework.
BS 6681, Specification for malleable cast iron.
CP 118, The structural use of aluminium.
2) Obsolescent
© BSI 12-1998
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BS 1139 - 2.2 (1991)

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Licensed Copy: Technical Information Services Dept .

A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most

Section 2.2 Specification for steel and

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Civil

Association of Consulting Engineers

The following BSI references

ISBN 0 580 18899 X

© BSI 12-1998 iii

For the purposes of this British Standard, the 2.12

2.1 tubing which complies with either BS 1139-1.1 or

a base-plate embodying a screw jack 3 Materials

4 Aluminium tensile strength, castings 8 Tests on fittings

Figure 2 — Test for slip of right angle

Figure 1 — Test for distortion of right angle

Figure 3 — Test for distortion of swivel coupler made of aluminium

Figure 4 — Test for slip of swivel coupler made of aluminium

Figure 6 — Test for bending putlog end

BS 18, Method for tensile testing of metals (including aerospace materials).

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