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Student Workbook
Unit 1: BIM Modeling Basics
Contents
Unit Overview ............................................................................................................................ 3!
Key Concepts........................................................................................................................ 3!
Suggested Resources........................................................................................................... 7!
Lesson 1: Modeling Building Elements .................................................................................. 9!
Lesson Overview................................................................................................................... 9!
Assessment......................................................................................................................... 14!
Assessment......................................................................................................................... 22!
Assessment......................................................................................................................... 31!
Assessment......................................................................................................................... 42!
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Key Terms........................................................................................................................... 42!
Lesson 5: Fixtures, Fittings, and Furniture .......................................................................... 43!
Assessment......................................................................................................................... 54!
Assessment......................................................................................................................... 69!
Assessment......................................................................................................................... 83!
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Unit Overview
Key Concepts
Evolution of Design Communications
To appreciate the key features and value introduced by building information modeling (BIM), it
is helpful to look back at the history of design communication and how building modeling has
been used in that process.
Prior to the Renaissance, building designs were documented and communicated using
physical models. These models provided a physical representation of the proposed design that
everyone could easily see from many perspectives. To construct a physical model, design
features had to be fully understood and resolved in 3D, so the model served many purposes—
as a design tool, as a building plan, and as a record of the design.
The use of physical models necessitated a direct style of communicating the proposed design
to the people who would execute it. Master builders would interpret the model and explain the
key design features and details to the craftspeople charged with building it. And when
questions arose, people would return to the master builder and the physical model for
guidance.
This method of communicating design intent through physical models relied heavily on the
quality and skill of the craftspeople employed. Fine details that could not be seen in the model
would be resolved in the field based on the knowledge and experience of the builders.
Eventually, the inefficiencies inherent in relying on physical models to communicate design led
to a new, more efficient development—architectural drawings.
During the Renaissance, a new system that decomposed a proposed design into a series of
related architectural drawings was developed and widely adopted. In this system, a design is
described through a series of 2D orthographic projections, which typically include:
• Plans views showing a design from above. These views often include floor plans
showing the layout of rooms and spaces, roof plans, and site plans.
• Elevations views showing exterior facades. Elevations are also used to show
interior details and complement the plan views by documenting the height of key
design elements (for example, in kitchens, bathrooms, or spaces with cabinetry).
• Sections views showing the vertical relationships between building elements and
their connection details.
These 2D views are often complemented by 3D drawings showing how the design features
resolve in views that are more easily understood by people unfamiliar with architectural
drawing conventions. These 3D views can be drawn using several methods—isometrically,
axometrically, or as perspective views. However, the effort required to create these 3D views
is significant. So they are often created after a design is complete, rather than as a working
design tool.
Architectural drawings are used to serve many purposes—as design tools, as building plans,
as contract documents, as historical records, and as-built drawings. For many years, they have
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been used as the primary method for communicating design intent between a project’s
designers, owners, builders, reviewers, approvers, and users. But as the number of purposes
and uses has increased, the number of architectural drawings that must be produced to fully
document a project has also increased dramatically.
Rather than relying on hand-drawing and drafting, a more efficient method for creating
architectural drawings was needed. In the late 1980s, the widespread adoption of
microcomputers provided a solution, and computer-aided drafting (CAD) transformed the
building industry.
Computer-Aided Drafting
®
The adoption of CAD tools, such as AutoCAD software, provided a huge leap forward for the
building industry. CAD significantly increased the efficiency with which architectural drawings
could be produced, while also bringing greater consistency, reusability, and repeatability to the
design process.
While the value efficiency gain was enormous, the CAD approach still suffered from a critical
weakness that was introduced during the transition to drawings, which relies on 2D
abstractions to represent a 3D design. The lines that are used in architectural drawings do not
carry any intelligence about the elements they represent. They are just lines, and they can be
drawn in ways that do not accurately represent real 3D objects.
While the production of architectural drawings using CAD tools is very efficient, there is no
inherent coordination between drawings, conflict checking, or change propagation. CAD
drawings can be interlinked or cross-referenced, but each one remains an essentially separate
element. Coordination between the lines shown in the drawings is not automatic, and design
professionals are responsible for the formidable task of maintaining consistency between the
hundreds or even thousands of individual drawings needed on a typical building project. As
projects became more complex, design teams grew larger and time schedules became more
compressed, demanding a better approach.
In a BIM-based workflow, design and construction information from all project participants is
stored in a single database (or a series of inter-linked databases that facilitate easy sharing of
information about building elements). This sharing of project information enables new
workflows that simplify the storing, tracking, and reporting of all building information.
This BIM approach helps eliminate inconsistencies by providing all project team members with
the most current information about elements in the design. Changes made by any team
member can be synchronized with the central repository, so rather than relying on disparate
versions or copies, everyone has access to the current state of the design and the effort
required to coordinate the information is drastically reduced.
BIM has not only revolutionized the drawing production process: having access to the
information stored in a building model has also created new workflows that are fundamentally
changing the way projects are designed, constructed, planned, and analyzed. BIM offers
benefits throughout the entire project lifecycle, including:
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• Facilities management knowledge and updating records of events in the use phase
Several key trends in the building industry are driving the adoption of BIM as an indispensable
tool for firms to remain competitive.
There is increasing pressure on AEC firms to reduce waste and rework. On-site material waste
from inefficient assembly and poor planning represents a large part of a project budget and
consumes additional resources for proper disposal. BIM tools enable the detailed design of
building elements off-site, increasing the efficiency of material use, assembly, and installation.
BIM facilitates the retention of knowledge and best-practices from one project to the next,
thereby reducing wasted effort involved in reinventing project standards. And the transition
from a paper-based workflow between functional silos to a BIM model-based workflow helps
reduce the number of design errors requiring rework or costly resolution in the field.
BIM can improve coordination between both the project data and the project team members,
so errors can be spotted earlier, giving teams the opportunity to act proactively to avoid costly
mistakes and waste.
Project teams are growing increasingly diverse in response to the increasing complexity of
design requirements. Design teams may now include dozens of designers representing
disciplines such as energy analysis, electrical design, mechanical systems, information
technology, fire protection systems, daylighting, and many more. These multidisciplinary
project teams need tools that facilitate better communication and coordination, and BIM has
proven to be very effective in this role.
The workflow required by these multidisciplinary teams is also becoming increasingly complex
as team members collaborate more and earlier in the project design phase. In paper-based
workflows, designers often worked in functional silos with periodic handoffs of printed drawings
to share information. This approach is not sufficient for the levels of coordination needed for
today’s projects.
BIM provides a vehicle for early and consistent collaboration. Team members can be given
access to the current state of the project, even at the earliest steps in the design process. This
facilitates early design input from all team members and supports an iterative design approach
where the inputs from all team members are considered as the proposed design is evaluated
and matures.
Competitive and economic pressures are driving the time budgeted for projects design and
construction to be compressed. Many projects now use a fast-track delivery approach where
many design and construction activities are carried on concurrently to bring the facility on line
in the shortest time possible.
This fast-track delivery strategy requires project teams to work simultaneously and
collaboratively across all disciplines rather than sequentially in silos. The BIM-based workflow
allows early participation and information asset sharing by all team members, which improves
project delivery time.
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The benefits of sharing project information between all the participants in the design,
procurement, and construction activities on a project are driving major changes in the way
teams are being organized for project delivery. This trend is creating a need for new
organizations, new risk sharing relationships, and new tools/technology that enable sharing.
The integrated project delivery (IPD) approach includes new practices and workflows as well
as new contract types and risk-sharing relationships that enable project team members to
focus on the entire building lifecycle and rewards them based on the success of the overall
project. IPD requires the involvement of more diverse participants earlier in the design
process, and the use of a BIM-based approach is often crucial to its success.
Over the life of the project, BIM brings great advantages that easily outweigh the up-front costs
of transitioning to a BIM-based workflow. The adoption of BIM as an integrated approach to
coordinate the design, analysis, and construction activities on a project is essential for project
teams wanting to remain competitive going forward.
Lesson Roadmap
In this unit, you will learn many basic techniques for creating building information models by
exploring:
Building Envelope
Curtain Systems
• Modeling elevators
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• Creating 3D views
This unit presents many of the fundamental concepts of creating BIM models through the
application of the tools in Revit Architecture. The features presented are a small subset of the
®
full range available in the Autodesk Revit platform, specifically focusing on creating new
models and displaying them in ways suitable for various applications.
For more detailed coverage and examples of how to use Revit software for other design tasks,
you can refer to:
Suggested Resources
BIM Methodology
Autodesk AEC Headquarters and Integrated Project Design, Factor Ten Engineering Case
Study, August 2010
Link to White Paper
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Banana Farm 1.0, Factor Ten Engineering Case Study, August 2010
Link to White Paper
Autodesk BIM for Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Management 2011 Curriculum
students.autodesk.com/ama/orig/bim_2011/start.htm
Autodesk BIM for Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Management 2011 Curriculum
students.autodesk.com/ama/orig/bim_2011/start.htm
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Autodesk BIM Curriculum 2011
Student Workbook
Unit 1: BIM Modeling Basics
Lesson 1: Modeling Building Elements
Many designers begin the building modeling process by creating elements that represent
the exterior and interior walls of the proposed building.
® ®
In Autodesk Revit software, you create walls by using the Wall tool to sketch lines that
indicate where walls should be placed. As you sketch these lines, 3D wall elements are
created in the model and appear in other model views.
The characteristics of the walls created are determined by the properties of the wall type
that you have selected. You can specify the materials and structure of the walls being
placed, as well as wall height and many other physical properties.
As you place or reposition walls in the building model, Revit software automatically joins
the walls that intersect.
After placing exterior and interior walls, a common next step for many designers is to add
doors and windows to the model.
Doors are typically placed on the exterior walls to facilitate access and egress from the
building as well as on the interior walls to enable circulation between the rooms. In Revit
software, doors are hosted by wall elements. You create a door by using the Door tool to
choose a door component and then place it in a wall that has already been modeled.
The characteristics of the doors and windows placed are determined by the properties of
the door and windows types that you have selected. You can specify the features, sizes,
and materials by selecting different types as you place them. You can also easily change
the properties of a door or window by selecting it and choosing a new type.
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Most buildings also include a floor underfoot and a roof overhead. So to complete the
complete the building model, designers will add these elements.
The shape of many roofs is determined by the location of the walls that support it. For
these roofs, a simple strategy for designing the roof is to trace the boundary of the exterior
walls (which is also called the footprint), and then specify which edges of the roof will be
sloped. The shape of the roof is then determined by the intersections between the sloping
roof planes.
In Revit software, the Roof by Footprint tool enables you to use that simple strategy,
sketching lines or picking walls that indicate the boundaries of the roof and specifying
which edges should create sloped roof planes. The characteristics of the roof created—
including the materials and structure, as well as the slope—are determined by the
properties of the roof type that you have selected.
The steps for creating floor elements in Revit is very similar to creating roofs. You open
the Floor tool and then sketch lines or pick walls to indicate the boundaries of the floor.
The primary difference is that most floors are not sloped (although they can be if that is
appropriate for the model). The materials and structure of a floor are determined by
choosing the floor type.
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
• Place wall-hosted elements, such as doors and windows, and set their height
and other properties.
• Appreciate how to create floor and roof elements by sketching their boundaries
and choosing their types.
Suggested Exercises
Exercise 1.1.1: Modeling Exterior and Interior Walls
• Create walls by picking their location line and sketching them in a plan view.
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson1_Tutorial1.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson1_Exercise1_Start.rvt
• Continue adding exterior and interior walls to the building model shown in the
video tutorial, using the underlay drawing as a guide to determine their
location.
• Create new exterior walls using the Generic 8" wall type. Place the walls by
setting the location line to Finish Face:Exterior and tracing the outer edge of
the walls shown in the underlay drawing.
• Add new interior walls using the Generic 3" wall type. Place the walls by
setting the location line to either the Finish Face:Exterior or Finish Face:Interior
and tracing the corresponding edge of the walls shown in the underlay drawing.
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• Add doors and windows to a building model by choosing their type and placing
components in host walls.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson1_Tutorial2.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson1_Exercise2_Start.rvt
• Continue adding interior and exterior doors to the building model shown in the
video tutorial at the locations indicated the underlay drawing. The door types
and sizes needed are shown in the legend that appears in the plan view.
• Add windows to the east exterior wall at the locations indicated in the underlay
drawing. Use the window types and sizes shown in the window type legend
that appears in the plan view.
Figure 1.1.4. Door and window elements placed in the project model
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson1_Tutorial3.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson1_Exercise3_Start.rvt
• Create a new roof over the living areas of the project model by tracing the
footprint indicated by the red model lines that appear in the view. These lines
show the outer boundary of the roof, and all edges should be slope-defining
with a slope of 3"/12".
• Place a flat roof over the carport area by tracing the outer boundary indicated
by the blue model lines shown in the view.
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Figure 1.1.6. Finished sloping and flat roof over the project model
Assessment
Modeling Walls and Columns
• If a wall is connected to other walls, how will moving one affect the others?
• How can you indicate the hinge side and the flip of a door as you are placing
it? After it has been placed?
• When you place doors or windows in 3D views, how is the level associated
with them determined?
• When you create a roof by footprint, how is the shape of each of the roof
surfaces determined?
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Key Terms
The following key terms were used in this lesson:
Project Views Different views of the model, such as plan, elevation, section,
and 3D views.
Boundary Lines The outer limits or edges of many building elements, such as
stairs, floors, or roofs.
Sill Height The measurement from the floor up to the bottom of the
rough opening or sill of a door or window.
Head Height The measurement from the floor to the top of the rough
opening or head of a door or window.
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Student Workbook
Unit 1: BIM Modeling Basics
Lesson 2: Building Envelope
• Place and adjust the properties of doors, windows, and wall openings.
All walls placed in a building model have a wall type associated with them. The wall type
includes a definition of the layers and materials that determine the thickness of the wall,
so choosing the correct type for every wall is very important for creating accurate building
models.
® ®
As you place new walls in your model, Autodesk Revit software automatically chooses
the same type as the last wall created. You can accept this type or choose a different wall
type using the Type Selector. You can also change the wall type after walls have been
placed, but it is typically more efficient and better practice to choose the proper wall type
as you place new walls.
You can create new wall types to model materials and wall assemblies that are needed for
your design. And you can specify settings that determine the height of the top and bottom
of the wall in the Properties palette.
In Revit, doors, windows, and wall openings are modeled as components that are hosted
by walls. You place these elements by opening the Door tool, Window tool, or Wall
Opening tool, and then placing the component in a wall that has already been modeled.
While they are similar in many ways, the specific pieces contained in each type of
component differ slightly because they include unique parts needed to perform their
architectural functions:
• Door components cut an opening in a wall, which is filled by a door frame and
one or more swinging, sliding, or folding door panels. Many door types also
include interior and exterior trim.
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• Wall openings cut an opening in a wall, but include no panels or other parts to
fill the openings. Wall opening components are also available in the Revit
Library to create nonrectangular shapes, and some components include trim.
You can change the sizes of doors and windows by choosing different types in the Type
Selector or duplicating an existing type and changing its dimension properties to create a
new size.
Doors and windows can be placed individually, or you can use arrays to quickly place
many components using an even spacing. All of the elements in the array will be identical
to the first and be spaced evenly along the length of the array.
• Horizontal placement—by dragging the element along the wall or adjusting the
temporary dimensions to precisely place it.
• Orientation—by selecting the element and clicking its control arrows to flip the
exterior and interior sides.
• Hinge side (for doors only) and swing—by selecting the element and clicking its
control arrows to change the location of the hinge and the direction that the
panels swing.
The Roof by Footprint tool in Revit enables you to create roofs with many different shapes
and forms by sketching or picking the roof boundary and specifying which edges of the
roof should create sloping roof planes. Using this tool, you can create model the common
roof shapes typical of most architectural styles, for example:
• Gable roofs—some roof edges are not slope-defining, and gable end walls
appear at these edges.
You can also build up more complex roof shapes by creating several independent roof
elements to model gambrel roofs, mansard roofs, clerestory roofs, and dormer roofs.
Where the edge of one roof intersects the face of another roof, you can join them to
automatically determine the geometry of the intersection.
Revit also provides a Roof by Extrusion tool that enables you to create roof surfaces by
extruding a surface from a sketched roof profile. This tool provides great flexibility for
creating roofs that cannot be defined using simple sloped planes, for example a curving
roof or barrel vault.
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
• Understand the methods for changing wall types and for creating new wall
types with specific structures and design features.
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• Explore methods for creating simple and complex roof elements modeling a
variety of roof shapes and forms.
Suggested Exercises
Exercise 1.2.1: Modeling Wall Types, Structures, and Design
Features
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson2_Tutorial1.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson2_Exercise1_Start.rvt
• Select and change all of the exterior walls in the project model to wall types
that more accurately model an actual construction assembly. Change the type
from Generic – 8" to Exterior – Brick.
• Create a new wall Type called Wood Panel Wall and specify the following
structure starting from the exterior side:
o Finish 2 [5] layer of Horizontal Panel Wood with 1/2" thickness. This
layer wraps.
o Finish 2 [5] layer of Horizontal Panel Wood with 1/2" thickness. This
layer wraps.
• Change all the interior walls to this new wall type Wood Panel Wall.
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• Also change the exterior living room walls indicated on the Ground Floor plan
view with the text annotation Panel to the Wood Panel Wall.
• Open the default 3D view, and select the interior walls that protrude through the
roof. Attach these walls to the base of the roof.
Figure 1.2.2. Residence with newly specified interior and exterior wall types
• Place windows and doors and change their location using temporary
dimensions.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson2_Tutorial2.mp4
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Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson2_Exercise2_Start.rvt
• Open the plan view of the project model and zoom in to focus on the living
room area, which features a row of doors on the east side and a row of
windows on the west side.
• Change the view’s display style to wireframe so you can easily see the
underlay drawing indicating the locations of the doors and windows to be
placed.
• Place a Double-Glass type door at one end of the east wall, and then array it
to create three instances as shown in Figure 1.2.4. Use the underlay drawing to
determine the position of the first door you are placing, and use the width of the
door as the distance between elements of the array.
• Create a similar array of Casement Dbl with Trim type windows in the dining
and bedroom areas as shown in Figure 1.2.5. Use the underlay drawing to
determine the position of the first window and use the width of the window as
the distance between elements of the array.
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• Modify a roof footprint and slope-defining edges to fine-tune the shape and
create various roof shapes and forms.
• Create a custom roof form by extruding a roof surface from a sketched profile.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson2_Tutorial3.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson2_Exercise3_Start.rvt
• Create a new roof by footprint over the triangular main living area of the project
model. Trace the red model lines in the Roof – Living & Bedrooms plan view
as the boundary of the roof and specify that all edges will be slope-defining.
The slopes to use are indicated in the text annotations on the view.
• Create another roof by footprint over the southeast bedroom wing by tracing
the green and blue model lines in the plan view. All edges of this roof should be
specified as slope-defining, except for the green boundary (as this edge will be
joined with the living area roof). The slopes to use for each edge are indicated
in the text annotations.
• Join the non-sloping edge of this bedroom area roof to the closest face of the
living area roof to create a single roof as shown in Figure1.2.7.
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Assessment
Modeling Wall Types, Structures, and Design Features
• How can changing a wall’s type affect the clear space between adjacent walls?
• In a typical residence, what locations are most critically affected by the wall
thickness?
• What happens if the boundary of the door or window exceeds the extents of the
wall?
• Can you place a door at a height above or below the associated floor level?
• How would you model a sloping roof surface surrounding a lower flat roof—a
strategy often used to conceal utilities and mechanical equipment?
• What can you do if Revit reports that it cannot create a roof by footprint using
the boundary sketched?
Key Terms
The following key terms were used in this lesson:
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Stacked Wall A wall that has two or more horizontal layers, each consisting
of different materials and surfaces.
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Autodesk BIM Curriculum 2011
Student Workbook
Unit 1: BIM Modeling Basics
Lesson 3: Curtain Systems
• Specify the layout and spacing of the curtain wall elements for new curtain wall
systems and how to modify existing ones.
• Explore the design options available for customizing grid patterns, panel
materials, and panel types.
Curtain walls provide separation between spaces, but typically do not support structural
loads. They are often used to create very sleek, modern exterior skins for buildings or to
separate interior spaces where high visibility is desired (for example, between a lobby and
a conference room).
When creating a curtain wall, you can: Figure 1.3.1. Curtain system elements—panels, grids,
and mullions
• Create a single wall panel that you will manually
subdivide by adding grids and mullions to it.
• Use a previously defined curtain wall type that specifies the grid pattern and
mullion types as part of the type definition.
Regardless of which method you use to create a curtain wall, you can easily modify (add,
remove, or move) grids and change the mullions as desired to accurately model your
design.
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You specify a curtain wall’s horizontal and vertical grid layout (as well as the mullions to
be placed at the panel and wall edges) by editing its type and instance properties. You set
the pattern for each direction independently, and the layout options include:
• None—creates no grids.
• Fixed number—divides the wall into panels of equal size. The number of
panels is set as an instance property each wall.
• Fixed distance—places grids at the fixed distance specified. Smaller panels will
be created at the beginning or end of the pattern if the total length to be divided
is not an even multiple of the distance specified.
• Maximum spacing—divides the wall into panels of equal size that are as big as
possible without exceeding the maximum specified.
• Minimum spacing—divides the wall into panels of equal size that are as small
as possible but that are no smaller than the minimum specified.
You can edit the grid layout of existing curtain walls—adding, removing, or moving entire
grids or selected segments—using the Curtain Grid tool.
With the Curtain Grid tool selected, you hover the cursor over the horizontal or vertical
edges of a curtain panel, and Revit suggests potential grid locations that would divide it
into even increments (for example, halves or thirds). You can also align curtain grids to
other elements in your model by snapping to faces, reference planes, or levels.
When adding curtain grids to a wall, you can use placement options to:
• Add grid lines across all segments except ones that you pick to exclude.
Use the Mullion tool to place mullions on any grid line segment, on an entire grid lines, or
on all of the curtain wall’s grid lines and boundaries.
To make editing curtain grids and mullions easier, choose an elevation or 3D view that
displays the horizontal and vertical grid layout.
When you create a curtain wall using a type-defined layout or add grids using the Curtain
Grid tool, Revit subdivides the wall into curtain panels with the same type properties.
By default, curtain panels are set to a type named Glazed, which specifies a transparent
glass material. You change a curtain panel’s type by selecting it and choosing another
type from the Type Selector.
You can also create new curtain panel types to model panels with different properties (for
example, different colors, materials, or transparencies) by duplicating an existing type and
setting the material properties to create the desired effect.
Curtain wall systems behave like basic walls in many ways, but one key difference is that
they cannot host standard door objects.
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You add doors to curtain walls in Revit by replacing curtain panel elements (which are
typically stationary or fixed) with a special panel type that provides door functionality.
Before replacing a fixed curtain panel with a door panel type, you should adjust the curtain
grid lines by adding or removing segments to create a panel with dimensions that match
the size of the desired door panel.
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
• Explore new design alternatives made possible through the use of curtain
panels.
• Investigate the best way to divide curtain walls for various applications.
Suggested Exercises
Exercise 1.3.1: Creating Curtain Walls
• Define curtain wall type properties to automatically place curtain grids and
mullions.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson3_Tutorial1.mp4
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Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson3_Exercise1_Start.rvt
• Create a new curtain wall type called Residence NorthWall by changing the
type of the exterior wall at the north side of the residence to Curtain Wall 2,
duplicating it, and renaming it.
• Adjust the type properties of the north wall to specify a layout with a fixed
number of panels as the vertical and horizontal grid pattern, then adjust the
instance properties in order to create a grid layout that matches the pattern
shown in Figure 1.3.3.
Figure 1.3.3. Initial curtain grid layout on the north side of the residence
• Pin and unpin curtain system elements to prevent or allow changes to the
layout.
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson3_Tutorial2.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson3_Exercise2_Start.rvt
• Modify the curtain wall on the north side of the residence by adding and
removing curtain grid lines to match the pattern shown in Figure 1.3.5.
• Complete the design by adding mullions to all the grid lines on the north wall.
Figure 1.3.5. New grids and mullions in curtain grid layout on the north side of the
residence
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson3_Tutorial3.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson3_Exercise3_Start.rvt
• Change the indicated curtain panels on the north wall of the residence (shown
in Figure 1.3.7) from glazed panels to a new type called Solid – White.
• Create a new panel type for panel 2 by editing its current type, renaming it
Solid – Gray, and assigning it the material named Gray Panel.
• Create a new panel type for panel 17 by editing its current type, renaming it
Wood – Dark, and assigning it the material named Wood Panel – Dark.
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Figure 1.3.7. Panels to be changed in curtain grid layout on the north side of the
residence
• Adjust curtain grid segments to create a panel with the dimensions for a
desired door opening.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson3_Tutorial4.mp4
Unit1_Lesson3_Exercise4_Start.rvt
• Modify the curtain grid segments on the south side of the studio to match the
layout shown in Figure 1.3.9. The width of the new door panel should be three
times the width of the adjacent fixed panel to the right.
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• Change the door panel to the type called Curtain Wall Single Door – Wood
and change the remaining panel types as needed to match the appearance
shown in Figure 1.3.9.
Figure 1.3.9. Wooden door panel in grid layout on the south side of the studio
Assessment
Designing Curtain Grid Patterns
• How would you specify a curtain wall’s properties to create vertical gridlines that
are equally spaced—for example, 5 feet (1.5 meters) apart—on all sides of a
building regardless of wall length?
• How would you specify panels of equal size but no larger than 10 feet (3 meters)
wide?
• If you change the grid pattern layout and spacing rules for an existing curtain wall
type, are the walls that have already been placed updated using the new rules?
• Would it be easier to start by specifying a regular pattern in the curtain wall’s type
properties, then modify it? Or would it be better to manually subdivide the wall by
adding curtain grids individually?
• What types of patterns cannot be made using the layout options in the curtain
wall type properties?
• How do you change the mullion properties (for example, the profile or the
material) for a curtain wall type?
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• Can you create an open panel (with no material) in a curtain wall system?
• Do curtain wall door panels behave like standard door types? Can you change
the orientation or swing direction using standard door editing techniques? Do
they appear in door schedules?
• What other types of operable panels would be useful in a curtain wall? For
ventilation? For shading?
Key Terms
The following key terms were used in this lesson:
Grids Horizontal and vertical divisions that subdivide the wall into
panels.
Mullions Members that frame the panels and provide support for the
weight of the panels as well as resistance to wind and other
lateral loads.
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Autodesk BIM Curriculum 2011
Student Workbook
Unit 1: BIM Modeling Basics
Lesson 4: Interiors and Circulation
• Specify the essential properties that set the height and length of the stair!the
levels of the top and bottom of the stair.
• Sketch the run line!an imaginary line that specifies the direction and length of
each stair section.
Revit automatically calculates the number of risers required to connect the top and bottom
levels and reports the number of risers created as you sketch the run line.
Ramps are created in a similar way using the Ramp tool, which also appears in the
Circulation panel of the Home tab:
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AUTODESK CURRICULUM
Revit automatically calculates the length of the ramp required using a slope of 1/12 for
accessibility, but you can customize this slope as needed.
You can change a stair in many ways to fit your requirements and the space available:
• Alter the stair properties (for example, the number of risers, tread length, or
stair width) in the Properties palette.
• Edit the sketch that defines the stair’s layout to change the boundary shape or
the placement and shape of the risers.
You can also sketch curved run lines to create curved or spiral stairs. When creating spiral
stairs, keep in mind that a curved stair run is limited to a rotation of 360°. If you need to
model a stair with greater rotation, create several segments, then move and join them to
create a continuous run.
While the Stairs tool automatically creates all of the stair elements needed to connect
between two levels, it does not cut openings in the floors or ceilings that separate those
levels. You can create these openings in two ways:
• Use the Edit Boundary tool and adjust the floor or ceiling boundary sketch to
include the layout of the opening.
When creating stairs and ramps, Revit automatically adds railings to these circulation
elements for safety. You can use the Railings tool to adjust these railings or add new ones
in locations where they are needed:
• Cutting openings in the shaft walls for the doors on each floor
If an elevator component is not included into your model, you can load one from an
external library.
The Shaft Opening tool is especially useful for modeling elevators because it can cut a
vertical opening through many floors, ceilings, and roofs. When you move or modify the
boundary of a shaft opening, the changes are automatically updated on every level.
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
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Suggested Exercises
Exercise 1.4.1: Creating a Stair and Ramp
• Create stairs with multiple runs and complex layouts (for example, L-shaped,
U-shaped, and curved stairs).
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson4_Tutorial1.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson4_Exercise1_Start.rvt
• Create a new stair from the first floor of the studio to the second floor meeting
space using Figure 1.4.3 and the view called Studio – Stair 3D as guides.
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• Create an L-shaped ramp with two runs and no railings connecting the deck at
the first floor level to the parking area, which is 1'–9" (0.53 meters) below
ground level, using Figure 1.4.4 and the default 3D view as a guide.
Figure 1.4.4. Ramp from the concrete deck to the parking area
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• Edit the sketch to change the stair boundary and shape of the risers.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson4_Tutorial2.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson4_Exercise2_Start.rvt
• Replace the stair created in the previous exercise with a new steeper stair with
only 16 risers:
o Open the Stairs tool, edit the type properties, choose the Residential
– Open Riser type, duplicate it, and rename the new type Residential
– Open Riser – Steep.
o Set the properties for this new type to allow a maximum riser height of
9" (0.23 meters) and a minimum tread depth of 9" (0.23 meters) then
create a new stair using this type to replace the old one.
• Create a spiral stair with 15 risers and run radius of 2'-0" (0.6 meters) to
connect the first and second floor of the residence:
o Open the Stairs tool and duplicate the Residential – Open Riser type
again, renaming the new type to Residential – Open Riser – Spiral.
o Set the maximum riser height to 10" (0.25 meters) and the minimum
tread depth to 11" (0.28 meters).
o Using the curved run line option, try sketching a spiral stair using this
type. The sketch cannot be completed, because the rotation required
exceeds 360°.
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o Change the instance properties for this stair to set the Actual Tread
Depth property to 10" (0.25 meters). This value will override the
minimum value specified in the type properties.
o Resketch the spiral stair using these new properties and move it to the
location shown in Figure 1.4.6.
• Change the spiral stair’s railing to Handrail – Pipe and add a center pole as
shown in Figure 1.4.7 using the views First Floor – Spiral Stair and Second
Floor – Spiral Stair as guides.
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Figure 1.4.7. Spiral stair with pipe railing and center column
• Create railings.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson4_Tutorial3.mp4
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Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson4_Exercise3_Start.rvt
• Create an opening in the second floor of the residence at the top of the spiral
as shown in Figure 1.4.9 and add railings of the type Guardrail – Pipe as
shown in Figure 1.4.10.
• Provide openings in the shaft walls to access the elevator at each floor.
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson4_Tutorial4.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson4_Exercise4_Start.rvt
• Place the Electric_Lift elevator component in the studio near the stair placed
in an earlier exercise.
• Add 6" (0.15 meters) generic walls to the first and second floors as needed to
enclose the elevator with shaft walls.
• Use the Shaft Opening tool to cut an opening from the first floor to the roof
within the shaft walls and place wall openings on the south shaft wall to provide
access to the elevator.
• Add a guardrail at the edge of the second floor slab between the west exterior
wall and the new elevator shaft walls. Use the view Second Floor – Elevator
to see the progression of the elevator.
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Assessment
Creating Simple Stairs and Ramps
• How does changing the riser height affect the number of risers required and as
the number of risers changes, what happens to the overall length of the stair?
• If you need to shorten (or lengthen) the total run of a stair, which properties can
you change to accomplish this?
• What is the typical relationship between tread length and riser height in a single
family residence? For an exterior stair? Explain the difference.
• What is the maximum riser height and minimum stair width allowed by today’s
building codes?
• How much clearance is required between the treads of a stair and the floor
above (so users do not bump their heads)?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of creating floor openings with
shaft opening elements versus editing the floor boundary?
• Why are stairs and elevators typically located very close to each other?
Key Terms
The following key terms were used in this lesson:
Treads The horizontal surfaces of the stair that you step on.
Stringers The supports for the treads and risers, which can be located
at the sides of the stair or in the center (underneath the
treads and risers).
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Autodesk BIM Curriculum 2011
Student Workbook
Unit 1: BIM Modeling Basics
Lesson 5: Fixtures, Fittings, and Furniture
• Adapt existing component families to meet their needs by adding and removing
forms as well as assigning materials.
• Create new component families and add parameters that enable them to
dynamically resize the components and change their materials.
You can use the Model In-Place tool to create unique components when a suitable
component family does not exist. The Model In-Place tool affords the designer flexibility
and creativity in designing and specifying custom, one-of-a-kind components for use
within a single project.
• Blend—3D shape extrapolated from two 2D Sketch Profiles, one at bottom and
another at top of shape, with blend depth determining transition between top
and bottom shapes.
These five methods can be combined to create almost any geometry required.
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You can adapt existing component families to model objects with similar geometries. This
approach is especially effective when components are available that have many common
characteristics but are not exactly what you need. Rather than starting from scratch, it is
often easier to edit an existing component family and change only the parts that are
different.
You can open an existing component family in Revit software’s family editor in two ways:
• Open the Revit family file using the Open command in the Revit menu, then
choose Family in the submenu.
• Select an existing component placed in your project, then opening the Edit
Family tool.
Either method opens the Revit family editor, where you can explore the existing forms
(extrusions, blends, revolves, and sweeps) defined in the component and edit their
properties as desired to create your component.
Be sure to save the adapted component using a new family with a new filename to avoid
accidentally overwriting the existing version.
You can also create new component families from scratch to model objects that cannot be
easily adapted from an existing component.
You create new components by opening the Revit family file using the New command in
the Revit menu, and then choose Family in the submenu. Choose a template from the
library that determines the category and hosting conditions for your component, and then
define the component using tools in the Revit family editor:
• Solid and void forms (extrusions, blends, revolves, and sweeps) to define the
parts of the components.
As you define new parametric components, plan the critical dimensions that will drive the
geometry carefully. Be careful not to over-constrain the forms by locking too many
dimensions or adding too many parametric constraints. This is a common pitfall, and Revit
will warn you when all the constraints defined cannot be met. When this happens,
examine the constraints that have been added carefully, determine which constraints are
in conflict, and remove the constraints that are not truly needed.
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
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• Understand the techniques for creating new parametric families from scratch
and loading them into projects.
Suggested Exercises
Exercise 1.5.1: Modeling In-Place Components
• Use the Model In-Place tool to create project specific custom forms.
• Create simple extruded shapes and set the extrusion’s thickness and material
properties.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson5_Tutorial1.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson5_Exercise1_Start.rvt
• Create an in-place component to model a dining room table that fits the unique
triangular geometry of the walls.
o Create the table using two separate extrusions: one for the table base
and another for the table top. The table top should be 4-inches thick
with its top surface located 32 inches off the floor. The table base
should extend from the floor to the bottom of the table top.
• Use the Place Component tool to place chair components of type Barrel
around the custom table as shown in Figure 1.5.2.
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Figure 1.5.2. In-place component for dining table with barrel chairs placed around it
• Model this in-place component using three extruded shapes to represent the
following parts: the bed platform, the mattress, and the headboard.
• Use void forms to cut openings in the headboard for books and bedsides
accessories.
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• Add new forms to the families and change the instance parameters.
• Define new component family types and load them into a project.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson5_Tutorial2.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson5_Exercise2_Start.rvt
• Edit the family of the floor lamp near the sofa in the living room of the residence
to create a new one with a mid-century modern look.
o Save the component family using a new name to avoid overwriting the
original. Name the new component Floor Lamp – Modern.
• Open the front elevation view, and edit the revolve. Change the sketch of the
boundary lines to create a funnel shape as shown in Figure 1.5.5.
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Figure 1.5.5. Updated boundary sketch and revolved form for lamp shade
o Open the front elevation view again, and edit the revolve. Change the
sketch of the boundary lines to create a cylinder shape as shown in
Figure 1.5.6.
Figure 1.5.6. Updated boundary sketch and revolved form for lamp base
o Open the front elevation view again, and create a new solid extrusion.
o Sketch boundary lines that meet the sides of the lamp shade and
lamp base as shown in Figure 1.5.7.
o Set the extrusion start to -1/2" and the extrusion end to 1/2" to create
a 1" thick leg.
o Open plan view and use the Array tool to create a radial array of 3
legs spaced evenly around the center of the lamp (with a rotation of
120 degrees between the elements).
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Figure 1.5.7. Boundary sketch for leg extrusion and radial array of 3 legs supporting lamp
shade
• Modify the light source definition to match the new lamp shape:
o Open the Light Source Definition tool and choose to emit light using
the line shape and the spherical light distribution pattern.
o Open the front elevation view again, and select the light source
element.
o Open the Materials dialog box, and duplicate the Default material.
Name this new material Modern Lamp Base, and assign a brown
color as the shading to represent wood.
o Duplicate the Glass – Frosted material and name the new material
Modern Lamp Shade.
o Open the 3D view and select each of these elements to assign their
materials in the Properties palette.
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o If the leg elements are in a group (created during the array operation),
select one leg and edit the group. The material assigned to one leg
will automatically be used by all legs.
• Save your work and use the Load into Project tool to load the new component
into your project.
• Use the family editor to add reference planes, dimensions, and parameters.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson5_Tutorial3.mp4
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Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson5_Exercise3_Start.rvt
• Modify the console table component created in the tutorial by editing the family
to add additional parametric features. Change the tabletop from a 4" slab of a
single material to two pieces—a table surface and a table frame whose
thickness and height can be resized parametrically.
• Start by adding reference planes and parameters to control the thickness of the
frame:
o Add new reference planes on all four sides of the table. Place these 1"
away from the existing reference planes that define the tabletop
boundary toward the center of the table as shown in Figure 1.5.11. It
may be helpful to use the Pick Lines tool to place these planes using a
1" offset from the existing planes.
o Add a dimension from the existing reference plane to the new one on
each side of the table.
• Add an opening to the existing tabletop extrusion to create the table frame:
o Align the edges of this new opening to the reference planes and lock
them in place.
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o Align the edges of this new extrusion to the reference planes and lock
them in place.
• Add reference planes and add parameters to control the height of the table
frame, the table surface, and the pedestal base:
o Add new reference planes about 1" below the existing reference plane
that defines the top of the table as shown in Figure 1.5.14.
o Add a dimension from the existing reference plane to the new one.
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Figure 1.5.14. New reference plane and parameters to control thickness of table frame
and surface
• Lock the top and bottom surfaces of the extrusions to these reference planes:
o Switch to the wireframe visual style to see all three extrusions clearly.
o Align the top of the table surface extrusion to the table top reference
plane and lock it.
o Align the bottom of the table surface extrusion to the middle reference
plane and lock it.
o Align the top of the pedestal base extrusion to the middle reference
plane and lock it.
• Assign a material to the table surface and add a new instance parameter to
enable users to dynamically change this material:
o Click the small button that appears in the material value field to open
the Materials dialog box, and choose Glass as the default material for
this form.
o Click the small button that appears to the right of the material value
field and add a new parameter to control this material setting.
• Save the family and load the new component into your project.
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Figure 1.5.15. Two instances of the console table component placed in the residence showing different
sizes (type properties) and materials (instance properties)
Assessment
Modeling In-Place Components
• Can you copy/paste to duplicate in-place components? Can you reuse your in-
place component in another project?
• Which forms in the lamp component could be modeled in other ways (for
example, as extrusions rather than revolves)?
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Key Terms
The following key terms were used in this lesson:
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Autodesk BIM Curriculum 2011
Student Workbook
Unit 1: BIM Modeling Basics
Lesson 6: Views and Visualization
When you create a new project, the Revit software automatically creates two types of plan
views for each of the levels defined in the project template:
• Floor plans, which look down on a level from a cutting plane above
• Reflected ceiling plans, which look up to a level from a cutting plane below
While this initial set of views is typically sufficient to get started with your modeling, your
views can get crowded and confusing as you add more elements and detail to the building
model. Rather than trying to view all of the model information in a single view, it is typically
a better practice to create many views of your model, each focusing on the types of
information needed for a particular aspect of the design process.
• Using the Plan View tool to create a new floor plan, reflected ceiling plan, or
area plan for any of the project levels
• Duplicating an existing plan view and adjusting the properties of the new view
Creating additional views and customizing the information displayed does not change the
underlying building model. All of the elements are still available in the model (regardless of
visibility) and will be affected by changes made in any view.
You can set the properties of any view to precisely control how the elements in your
building model will be displayed. You choose these settings by selecting a view in the
Project Browser, then adjusting the view properties in the Properties palette.
The view properties vary slightly depending on the type of view, but the options available
typically allow you to set:
• View range—the location of cutting plane (the imaginary plane that cuts
through your building model to create the 2D view) as well as the depth beyond
and in front of the cutting place to display in the view.
• Cropping—the crop region that limits the portion of the model that will be
visible. Elements outside of the crop region are hidden in the view.
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AUTODESK CURRICULUM
• Level of detail—the amount of detail to show for the model elements. This
setting ranges from Coarse (which displays simplified representations) to Fine
(which displays the full detail).
You can use plan regions to adjust the view range settings used for specific areas in a
plan view. This is useful when elements are not being displayed, because they are located
outside the view range (for example, clerestory windows, which are located high on a wall
above the cutting plane of a view) or on slightly offset levels (for example, floors in a split-
level house).
When you create a new project, the Revit software creates four elevation views named
North, East, South, and West. These names describe the orientation of the elevation view
relative to project north.
As you progress with your design and modeling, you will typically need to create additional
elevation views and section views to focus on specific aspects of the project. You do this
by:
• Using the Elevation tool to place an elevation tag that establishes the location
and direction of the new elevation views.
• Using the Section tool to place a section line that determines the location of the
cut plane and direction of the new section view.
Like plan view, you can set visibility graphics overrides and adjust the view properties to
set the crop boundaries, view scale, level of detail, and visibility of model elements.
Creating 3D Views
• Using the 3D View tool (which appears on the View tab in the ribbon panel) and
choosing the Default 3D View option. If this view has already been created, it
will be opened instead.
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• Duplicating the Default 3D View, which appears as {3D} in the Project Browser.
The view properties and settings will be copied and used to create a new view,
which will appear in the 3D View section of the Project Browser.
• Using the 3D View tool and choosing the Camera option, which allows you to
specify the location and elevation of a camera object and a target for the
camera view.
You can also add section boxes to your 3D views to cut away portions of the building
model so that you can see inside. Each face of the section box acts as a cutting plane, so
you can use the section box to create a wide variety of views to share your design and
show the details of how it will be constructed—for example, 3D plans, 3D sections, and
3D detail views.
You can change the appearance of the elements that appear in any view by adjusting the
View Properties that control how objects are displayed.
You can also change the visual style for displaying the elements in this view. Your options
include:
• Wireframe—displays all edges and lines drawn in the model, but no surfaces.
• Hidden Line—displays all edges and lines, except ones hidden in the view by
other elements.
These display properties are set independently for each view. So you can create new
views or duplicate existing views as needed, then assign different display properties to
each view to achieve the desired visual effects.
You can further enhance your views using Revit software’s Graphic Display Options to:
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Displaying shadows can slow down the display of your views. If you are making many
changes to your model and you find that your computer’s performance is feeling sluggish,
try temporarily turning off the shadows in the open views. It is often helpful to keep two
versions of a view—one with the shadows turned on for enhanced display, and another
with the shadows turned off for quick editing.
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
• Adjust the properties of model views to emphasize key elements of their design
and hide unnecessary or unwanted detail.
Suggested Exercises
Exercise 1.6.1: Creating Plan Views
• Create new plan views by using the Plan View tool or duplicating existing plan
views.
• Turn on cropping and resize the crop region for a plan view.
• Adjust the view range (the height of the cutting plane and the view depth) for
plan views and plan regions.
• Change the scale of a plan view and adjust the level of detail shown.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson6_Tutorial1.mp4
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Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson6_Exercise1_Start.rvt
• Create a plan view called Level 1-Structural that focuses on the structural
elements of the first floor.
• Create a plan view called Level 1-Furniture that focuses on the interior design
of the first floor.
o Override the graphics for the furniture and furniture systems elements
with a heavier line weight and highly visible color.
o Override the graphics for the wall, door, stair, and structural column
elements to display using a halftone effect. These objects will be
visible, but less prominent as you focus on furniture placement.
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• Create a plan view called First Floor-Residence that focuses solely on the
first floor of the residence.
• Turn on cropping and resize the crop region to limit this view to the residence
portion of the model and underlay the second floor level as a guide to assist
with aligning elements between floors.
Figure 1.6.4. First floor plan view with second floor elements displayed as an underlay
• Create a plan view called Second Floor-Residence that focuses solely on the
second floor of the residence.
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• Turn on cropping and resize the crop region to limits similar to the first floor
view.
• Change the visual style for this view to Shaded with Edges.
• Adjust the view range for this view to explore its effects:
o Move the cut plane to 5'-0" (1.52 meters). This higher elevation will
make the features of the loft wall visible in the plan.
o Move the cut plane to 6'-0" (1.82 meters). When set to this elevation,
the doors cannot be seen.
o Return the cut plane to the default elevation of 4'-0" (1.22 meters).
o Change the view depth to Level Below (First Floor). With this setting,
objects placed on the first floor level are also visible in this view.
Figure 1.6.5. Second floor plan with view range adjusted to show elements on floor below
• Modify view properties to adjust the crop region, level of detail, and scale of
elevations and sections.
• Set visibility graphics overrides to choose which types of objects appear in the
views.
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson6_Tutorial2.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson6_Exercise2_Start.rvt
• Create an interior elevation view for all sides of the living room of the residence
and give them a descriptive name such as Living Room Interior-North.
• Open one of these interior elevation views, and adjust the view properties:
o Turn on the cropping and crop region visibility, then adjust the crop
region as needed to show only on the living room walls.
• Create a view template from this elevation view and apply this view template to
the other interior elevation views.
Figure 1.6.7. Interior elevation of the north wall of the living room
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• Adjust the crop region, far clip offset, and camera and target positions for
perspective views.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson6_Tutorial3.mp4
Unit1_Lesson6_Exercise3_Start.rvt
• Create an interior perspective view of the living room in the residence by using
the camera tool to place a camera in a position similar to Figure 1.6.9.
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Figure 1.6.9. Camera and target locations for interior perspective view
• Change the name of the new perspective view to Living Room Interior and
adjust the crop region and zoom as needed to create a view similar to the one
shown in Figure 1.6.10.
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• Reorient the model and move the faces of the section box in order to create a
section view that displays the interior features of the residence and the studio
by cutting through the spiral stairs as shown in Figure 1.6.11.
• Use the View Control bar to quickly change a view’s display properties!for
example, the level of detail and the visual style.
• Use Graphic Display Options to enhance the silhouettes of elements and add
gradient backgrounds to 3D views.
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson6_Tutorial4.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson6_Exercise4_Start.rvt
• Use the Camera tool to create an exterior perspective view, called Exterior
Perspective, that shows the east exterior walls of the residence and studio.
• Use the View Control Bar to quickly review the appearance created by applying
each of the visual style options, and choose Shaded With Edges to show the
colors of the materials assigned (incorporating the effects of the lighting
settings).
Figure 1.6.13. Exterior perspective view using the Shaded With Edges visual style
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Figure 1.6.14. Exterior perspective view using the Realistic visual style
• Duplicate the Exterior Perspective view, and name the new view Exterior
Perspective with Shadows.
• Adjust the graphic display options to cast accurate shadows for a day in June
in Los Angeles, CA, and create a gradient background to mimic the effect of a
late afternoon or sunset. For this exercise, assume that project north is aligned
to true north.
Figure 1.6.15. Exterior perspective views with shadows and different gradient background
colors
Assessment
Creating Plan Views and Setting View Properties
• Which types of objects are copied when you duplicate a view without detailing?
With detailing?
• What factors affect whether it is better to duplicate with or without detailing?
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• How would you change the view properties to show clerestory windows with
sills located at 6 feet (1.8 meters) above the floor level?
o Building sections?
• Should you create interior elevations for every room? What features of a room
are best illustrated using interior elevations?
• What are the key differences between elevation and section views?
Creating 3D Views
• What happens to the accuracy of objects that appear at the edges as you
expand a perspective view’s crop region?
• If you want to include a broader view of your model in a perspective view, how
should you change the camera placement?
• Can you use a section box to cut away parts of a perspective view?
• What visual styles would you recommend for views that will be:
o Project location?
o Time of day?
Key Terms
The following key terms were used in this lesson:
Plan View A horizontal view looking directly down toward a level from a
viewpoint above.
Reflected Ceiling Plan A horizontal view looking direct up toward a level from a
View viewpoint below.
Elevation View Interior or exterior vertical views with a line of site parallel to
the ground. Elevation views typically present external
projections of building elements.
Section View A vertical view that slices through a building to displays the
relationships between the cut elements.
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Student Workbook
Unit 1: BIM Modeling Basics
Lesson 7: Materials, Lighting, and Rendering
• Assign materials to model elements through object styles, type properties, and
instance properties.
You can assign materials to the elements in a building model to accurately display their
appearance in shaded and rendered views. All elements in a building model have a
material—either a default material based on the object category or a specific material that
has been assigned through the element’s type or instance properties. Materials are
assigned to elements using this hierarchy:
• Type properties—using the materials assigned to all elements of the same type
in the family’s type properties.
If an element has properties that assign a material at a higher level in this hierarchy,
lower-level settings will be overridden. For example, a furniture element that has materials
assigned through its type properties will use those materials, rather than the default
material assigned to the furniture category.
Use the Material tool in the Manage tab to edit existing materials, create new ones, and
specify how the materials will be displayed in views. You can set these options for hidden
line, shaded, and consistent color views:
• Shading color
• Transparency
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You can also assign a render appearance to each of the materials that will be displayed:
To change a material’s render appearance, open the Materials dialog box, then switch to
the Render Appearance tab, where you can browse the library of render appearances by
material type or search to find specific items. You can:
• Replace the current render appearance by choosing a new one from the
library.
Autodesk Revit software can render photorealistic views that accurately portray the
materials selected as well as the effect of lighting and shadows. Rendered views are
useful for presenting your design to clients and other reviewers who want to preview the
appearance of the finished building.
You can render any 3D orthogonal or perspective view to create a photorealistic image.
Open the Rendering dialog box by clicking the Show Rendering Dialog button in the View
Control Bar, where you can specify these settings:
• Lighting scheme—the sources of light that will provide illumination. For exterior
renderings, the sun is typically the primary light source.
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The rendering settings chosen has a very dramatic effect on the amount of time required
to render a view. For this reason, it is typically wise to:
• Start by testing your renderings at draft quality to see the results quickly.
• Use these draft renderings to identify any elements that need to be adjusted or
corrected (for example, materials that are not assigned properly).
• Create another rendering at draft or low quality to confirm the adjustments. You
can limit the region rendered to focus on the area where these elements
appear, rather than rendering the entire view.
• When all the changes are confirmed and you are confident about the rendering
results, create a final rendering using medium, high, or presentation quality.
You can also create photorealistic renderings of interior 3D views to see materials
selected and explore lighting effects. Interior views can be rendered to show the effect of
daylight transmitted through openings, windows, and curtain walls. But, depending on the
sun’s position and time of day, you will often need to supplement the sunlight with artificial
light sources (for example, lamps, surface fixtures, and recessed lights).
• Explore the effects of using different lighting schemes and fixtures to illuminate
a space.
• Create evening or nighttime renderings that will be lit primarily through artificial
lighting.
To use artificial lighting, place lighting fixture components in your building model. Then
use the artificial lighting controls in the Rendering dialog box to specify the light settings
used in each view.
Renderings that use artificial lights can take a long time to run (up to several hours,
depending on your computer’s hardware and the rendering settings chosen) because the
effects of the light produced by each fixture that is turned on must be calculated. When
using artificial lights, choose your rendering settings very carefully:
• Use draft renderings to get quick results and identify any problematic elements.
• Limit the region rendered to focus on specific areas as you test the effect of
lighting settings.
• Turn off any lighting fixtures that are not needed to provide light for this view.
• Adjust the exposure settings to control the overall brightness of the image and
the highlights and shadows.
• Reserve the higher-quality settings for final renderings, when you are confident
about the expected results.
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Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
• Explore the visual effect of specifying various materials for different building
elements.
Suggested Exercises
Exercise 1.7.1: Assigning Materials to a Component
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson7_Tutorial1.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson7_Exercise1_Start.rvt
• Create a new floor type using a different material and thickness for the deck at
the east side of the residence and studio and the ramp coming from the
driveway:
o Open the Exterior Perspective view and note the appearance of the
deck. A cast-in-place concrete material has been assigned to this
element, and it is displayed with gray shading and speckled pattern.
o In a plan view, select the deck and create a new type called Wood
Patio, then edit the structure for this new type:
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o Also assign this material to the ramp from the deck to the parking
area.
• Next, change the materials assigned to the Console Table in the living room of
the residence to match the other furniture in the room:
Figure 1.7.3. Exterior perspective view showing new wood material assigned to the deck
and ramp
• Create new materials by duplicating existing ones and setting the shading color
and surface pattern.
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson7_Tutorial2.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson7_Exercise2_Start.rvt
• Create the following new materials to be assigned to the Eames chair in the
living room of the residence, and choose an appropriate render appearance for
realistic and rendered views:
o Eames Chair Frame!use Teak from the wood library and change
the surface pattern to Wood 3.
• Open the Living Room Interior view and choose the realistic visual style to
see the new render appearances applied to the elements.
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Figure 1.7.5. Living room view using realistic visual style to show render appearance of
materials selected
• Specify sun settings to set the lighting level and cast accurate shadows.
• Edit background properties for a view to choose how the sky will be rendered.
Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson7_Tutorial3.mp4
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Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson7_Exercise3_Start.rvt
o Choose the Exterior: Sun only lighting scheme for this daytime
rendering.
! Set the location to the city near where you were born.
! Set the date to your birthday and the time to 10:00 AM.
o Run the rendering and save the results to the project as Exterior
Perspective Draft
• Create another version of this rendering using Medium quality and keeping the
other settings the same:
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Video Tutorial
Unit1_Lesson7_Tutorial4.mp4
Student Exercise
Unit1_Lesson7_Exercise4_Start.rvt
• Using the Living Room Interior perspective view, create a draft nighttime
interior rendering of the living room area using artificial lighting sources to
illuminate the view:
o Choose the Interior: Artificial only lighting scheme for this nighttime
rendering. (The sun settings will be ignored).
o Click Artificial Lights to open artificial lights settings for this view.
o Turn on the checkbox next to all of the lighting groups except the
Studio Lights. You can also select any individual light, then turn it on
or off or set its dimming level.
o Save the rendering to the project and name it Living Room Interior
Draft.
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Figure 1.7.10. Interior renderings at draft quality (showing default and adjusted exposure
settings)
• Create another rendered view using the medium quality setting to improve the
rendering of the shadows and lighting effects:
o Adjust the artificial lighting settings to dim some of the lighting fixtures:
! Set the dimming level for the floor lamps to 0.7 (70%).
! Set the dimming level for the ceiling lights in the seating area
to 0.8 (80%).
o Save this rendering to the project and name it Living Room Interior
Medium.
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Figure 1.7.11. Interior renderings at medium quality (showing default and adjusted
exposure settings)
Assessment
Assigning Materials to Model Elements
• If you want to define a new material for some elements in you model, is it better
to change an existing material or to duplicate one and change the settings of
the new material?
• If you want to change the render appearance of some of the elements in your
model, is it better to modify an existing material’s settings or to create a new
material and assign it to those elements?
• How is the time required to render an image affected by the quality setting and
output resolution?
• How are the shadows cast affected by the location specified? By the date and
time?
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• Why do renderings that include artificial light sources take so much longer to
produce?
• How would you set up the lighting scheme for a later afternoon view to include
the effect of sunlighting through the curtain wall as well some artificial lights?
• What are the advantages of placing light fixtures in light groups? Are there any
disadvantages?
Key Terms
The following key terms were used in this lesson:
Object Style Settings that determine how elements that belong to a model
category are displayed if the materials are not assigned
through the element’s type or instance properties.
Lighting Scheme A setting that specifies the sources of light that should be
considered when rendering a view.
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