Ans 1 a) EIA is a process in which is used to measure the environmental impacts of proposed project

prior to its approval. EIA which is also known as the Environmental Impact assessment is divided into
various systematic steps into order to grant clearances by the companies these steps are mentioned
below –

1. Identification in this process the project proposer approaches or take its project to the EIA
evaluation authority and the authority understands the type and importance of the project.

2. Screening In this step the authority decides weather the EIA is applicable or not and
understands the level of EIA required it is based upon the type of project, location, investment
etc. if the authority the necessity of EIA then it is proceeded to the next step –

3. Scoping and consideration of alternatives is an important step as it may bring initial changes in
the phases or the design of the project. In this step it is determined the key environmental
impacts that may occur due to the project. It means the range of EIA report. Various
environmental factors must be determined in this step such as soil, natural resource accounting
if the project is using it, air quality issues, water quality issues etc. and physical. It also identifies
the impact on the parties near residing nearby the proposed location of the project such as
farmers, NGOs, local peoples etc. EIA is required a major public participation support to know
and address the various debatable issues these discussions are generally made between the
stakeholders, local peoples, project beneficiaries etc. This stage also has an option to revise or
cancellation of the proposed project after this stage there is very little possibility for the changes
in the project.

4. Impact prediction this step involves the mapping of the environmental problems or
consequences that is likely to be caused by the various stages or phases of implementation and
during operation of project. This step is divided into 2 further steps –

i) Identification in which the evaluation team identify the major impacts from the
proposed project
ii) Prediction of Impacts involves the prediction of identified impacts

5. Mitigation it is process in order to reduce the magnitude of the identified adverse impacts. It
done by the idea of reducing the negative environmental impacts

6. Reporting to the Decision-making committee- In this the documents and reports is submitted to
the decision making which includes the systematic environment impact statement, mitigation
procedures, filled questions, detailed project report various environmental issues and
recommendations to reduce their impacts, environment management plans etc.

7. Public hearing involves the providing a summary of EIA report to the group of peoples,
organizations etc. which is most likely to be affected and take public opinion.
 8. Review of EIA report Once the final report is prepared which is based upon the comments and
inputs from stakeholders.

9. Final decision at this stage the decision-making committee may approve or reject the project if
the project is rejected the proposer again need to follow the above procedure in order to get
environment clearance.

10. Post project monitoring and clearance in which once a project is approved, then it should
function as per the conditions stipulated based on environmental clearance. These conditions
must be strictly monitored and implemented. Monitoring should be done during both
construction and operation phases of a project. This is not only to ensure that the commitments
made are complied with, but also to observe whether the predictions made in the EIA reports
were correct or not.

Basis of exemptions are –

a) Basis of investment and cost

b) Based on area
c) Based on types of project

There are some of the projects which are exempted from the process of EIA are –

a) Road expansion projects, highways and pipeline projects but should arrange public hearing in
the are from where highway or pipeline passes
b) Modernization of irrigation projects
c) All building and construction projects less that 20,000 sq.mtr buildup area example City square
mall Ajmer where the buildup area is 19,020 sq.mtr.
d) Military projects
e) The new projects where the investment total is less than 100 crores and modernization projects
where costs is less than Rs 50 crore.

Ans 1 b) An environmental impact assessment (EIA) may be a process to predict the environmental
consequences of a project's development. By evaluating the project through the EIA, we will assess the
environmental effects of every plan and choose the plan which will suit our needs the foremost .The
hydrocarbons are the compounds where the chief elements are hydrogen and carbons these are mostly
present in the petroleum products such as gasoline, natural gas, charcoal etc. it is one of the amongst
element which is responsible for causing environmental pollution majorly the air pollution. By this
exemption majorly petroleum and oil industries are getting benefit but these are the major compounds
which are causing the air pollution because it is associated with our day to day lives, it is also a major
compounds of oil and petroleum processing industries and the assessment of hydrocarbons should be
the part of EIA by exempting this may give a free hand to the industrialists to pollute the environment
because it is believed that 60% of air pollution is caused due to automobiles that run on these
hydrocarbon-based fuels. Now the main culprit of this pollution is that the incomplete combustion of
this hydrocarbon fuels. This causes hydrocarbons to react with Nitrogen Oxides (NO2). When the
resultant gases are hit by the sun’s rays it results in the formation of ozone. Now ozone i.e. O3 may be a
heavy sort of oxygen. It settles down within the atmosphere. this is often why polluted air (for example
air near traffic jams) feels heavy. Now ozone may be a pollutant during this case and causes smog. This
incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons drastically brings effects the air quality, causing several
problems from diseases to visibility issues. So, these are some effects of hydrocarbons on environment
and its major source is hydrocarbon-based biofuels. Oil isn't only detrimental in large spills; small
emissions from automotive leaks and other sources can have cumulative effects which will damage the
environment in devastating ways. The Massive oil spills and dumping of petroleum by product or
processing are an obvious source of damage to human health and ecosystems. Exposure to large
amounts of oil may inhibit respiratory function in animals and humans. Animals that ingest the oil can
also be poisoned. For this the proper mitigation procedure must be done and require in order to reduce
the biodiversity loss as well as to protect the human health. This decision of central government is also
opposed by various states such as Tamil Nadu government, famers associations of Tiruchi as the change
will certainly upset the whole farming community of the country, especially farmers within the delta
region on the east, which is rich in hydrocarbons. it'll destroy agriculture once and for all and may affect
the food security of the country. Drilling for oil and gas from rock is one thing. But extracting
hydrocarbon, which incorporates everything from coal bed methane to shale gas, will destroy the delta
within subsequent coming years. The central government should consider this decision again and should
withdraw this decision by taking the necessary steps to mitigate the issues.

Ans 2 a) Environmental migrants or climate refugees are people that are forced to go away their home
region thanks to sudden or long-term changes to their local environment. These are changes which
compromise their well-being or secure livelihood. Human migration as a result of climate change is now
a reality. People across Africa, Asia and Latin America are moving in response to unpredictable rainfall
patterns. The governments of Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea and small island states, such as the
Solomon Islands, have already had to resettle people because of rising seas. A recent policy brief,
published by the Institute for Environment and Human Security of the United Nations University,
examines this issue and makes recommendations for policy The large-scale arrival and prolonged
presence of refugees can have negative impacts on the environment, including deforestation; de-
vegetation; erosion; the destruction, degradation and pollution of water sources and catchment areas;
illegal poaching and fishing; and overgrazing. Vulnerability to extreme events and the ability to move is
related to wealth (social, economic and political). People of low to medium wealth often become
trapped, either in situ during disasters or where they have been displaced, following a disaster There are
several global environmental changes which can cause human migration. global climate change is, of
course, a serious factor. water level rise, changes in storm or cyclone frequency, changes in rainfall
patterns, forest fires, increases in temperature and ocean acidification may end in loss of homes or
livelihoods. There are multiple drivers of migration and rather than trying to identify ‘environmental
migrants’, which may be difficult or maybe impossible, it'd be more helpful to look at all drivers of
migration and then specialize in how environmental changes might influence them. In the future,
environmental changes like a rise in floods, land degradation and drought could end in changes in
migration patterns in Europe, researchers write during a recent analysis. It is difficult to predict these
exact migration patterns, however, as they're determined by a complex interplay of economic, political
and social factors with environmental change, also as adaptive capacity. Over coming years, migration
flows associated with global climate change are expected to extend, particularly within the world’s
poorest countries. This is because global climate change is predicted to extend the frequency and
severity of utmost environmental events, like drought, sea level rise, floods and hurricanes.

Ans 2 b) Environmental Refugee are the group of people that are migrated from there national country
to another safe place or a country in order to protect themselves from the natural environmental
hazards such as earthquakes, floods and other natural calamities. The climate refugees are people that
are forced to go away their home region thanks to sudden or long-term changes to their local
environment. Climate migrants therefore face many social and economic hurdles to integrating in new
communities, which increases their vulnerability to exploitation, financial hardship and discrimination.
These are changes which compromise their well-being or secure livelihood. Climate-induced migration
may be a global phenomenon. to offer a couple of examples: per annum, an estimated 700,000
Mexicans must relocate due to natural resources depletion within the drylands. Cyclone Pam, among
other tropical storms, devastated small island states like Vanuatu and displaced thousands of individuals
in 2015 alone. And, across the African Sahel, desertification is contributing to food insecurity, loss of
livelihoods, and a growing number of African migrants.

Ans 3) There is much value in waste the conversion of waste into a resource is now not a dream due to
the growth of the sophisticated and advance machines, technologies has changed the way of living as
well in the field of environmental protection and management these new upcoming technologies and
advancements help us a lot. Nowadays the environment is at priority for every country, every nation
because it is important to conserve it for us as well as for our future generations. Proper waste
management, treating solid wastes and offers variety of solutions for recycling items that don't belong
to trash, there are eight major groups of waste management methods, each of them divided into
numerous categories. Those groups include source reduction and reuse, animal feeding, recycling,
composting, fermentation, landfills, incineration and land application. Many countries have started
using many techniques right reception, like reduction and reuse, which works to scale back the quantity
of disposable material used. Interestingly the waste has given raise to many startup companies which
means increasing the employment in the country and increasing the perception about environment, our
young scientists are also contributing towards environment protection by inventing the various products
such as plastic bags that are made from the starch which is bio-degradable, use of cardboard made of
paper waste instead of plastic packings, making reusability more innovative in such ways the young
generation is also participating in the protection of environment . India provides an incredible potential
for reuse and recycling of products, there's a felt need for a more comprehensive policy and regulatory
simplification aiming at a proper ecosystem and ‘ease of doing business’ for recyclers. This includes
removing barriers for the input factors, establishing a marketplace for scrap and recycled products,
promoting public procurement and enhancing overall consumer awareness, and harmonizing standards
and certification. Various multinational companies have stepped in the process of reduce, reuse,
recycling majorly the e-waste producing industries such as IBM, Samsung, Nokia which is motivating the
public by upgradation programs to reduce and recycle the e-waste. Reusing the plastic waste which is a
major source of environmental problems such as incorporation of waste plastic in the development of
road which has increased the durability of roads and well as reducing the costs and government
expenditure towards the management of these kind of waste, remolding of plastic waste into new
products. Various NGOs and local public groups are also spreading the awareness towards reduce, reuse
and recycle the solid waste by organizing workshops, exhibitions to create awareness to increase the
perception toward environment. Conversion of waste to energy has also implemented first time India in
New Delhi in which the non-recyclable waste is combusted, and it is used to generate the electricity
which is a cheap and eco friendly way to reduce non treatable solid waste this have given raised to a
new energy sector providing a cheap an alternative way of generating power subsequently providing the
electricity at lower prices. The small MSME and self-help groups are also getting benefits from recycling
the waste to valuable items which empowering the nation and reducing the greenhouse emissions.
Waste recycling has become big business for those who have recognized the advantages of adopting
waste recycling policies in their offices and factories. Waste recycling may be a potential profitable
business for this and future. the foremost profitable business is that the collection of used aluminum
sachets, used aluminum containers, used aluminum packaging materials from restaurants, trains with
catering facilities, large food courts in malls, etc. Another profitable waste recycling business is that the
collection and sale of rubbish wastes and used metal objects from various sources is increasing
nowadays. Apart from environmental benefits, promoting the recycling industry will help generate jobs
and reduce dependence on scrap imports. As our material consumption is predicted to triple by 2025,
recycling offers a viable and sustainable domestic option for meeting the country’s growing material
demand. Thus, a transition is imminent, a paradigm shift, to boost the standard of economic process
from the depletive ‘produce-consume-dispose’ led linear economy to a ‘reduce-recover-reuse-recycle-
redesign-remanufacture’ led circular economy which is more regenerative and restorative in nature. The
environmental and social gains are truly remarkable. For example, one ton of recycled paper saves
approximately 17 trees, 2.5 barrels of oil, 4100 kWh of electricity, 4 cum of landfill and 31,780 liters of
water over production of virgin paper from wood. Recycling of 1 ton of steel scrap saves 1.2 tons of ore,
0.7 tons of coal, 0.5 tons of limestone, 287 liters of heating oil, 2.3 cubic meters of landfill, and is
achieved through 40 per cent less water and with 58 per cent avoided CO2 emissions. Bigger benefits
arise as recycling value chain is typically more labor intensive it can potentially generate 6 times more
jobs than by landfilling or incineration activities of wastes.

Ans 4) Human activities are putting increasing pressure on both natural landscapes and our immediate
living environment. Governments, area managers and personal developers are checking out innovative
solutions which will allow, for instance , housing, agriculture, water extraction and recreation without
inflicting damage which will improve the standard of degraded ecosystems which can help them to
develop ‘green’ business models, sustainable production chains and responsible management. the stress
is on innovative solutions that use the facility of nature. The growing world population is additionally
resulting in increasing pressure ashore use. As a result, important raw materials are being depleted and
there are negative effects on water and soil. Integral and innovative solutions are often wont to reduce
the burden generated by agriculture. together with the world, government authorities and nature
organizations, look for mitigation pathways for those solutions (what, where and when), which include
buffer zones or innovative drainage approaches. an honest balance between the economy and therefore
the responsible use of natural resources is that the guideline behind the sustainable policy. Explores the
opportunities and threats in a neighborhood, and therefore the possible consequences of human
activities. That generates different scenarios for governments and administrators that began the pros
and cons of specific measures, allowing more informed decisions. Measurements and leads to one area
also can help decision-making elsewhere. therein way, knowledge from are often wont to establish
stakeholder support. Water, soil and subsurface are important to stay our cities live able and our
industry profitable. We use our knowledge about water and therefore the soil to collaborate with
municipal authorities, developers and industry to spot integrated solutions and sustainable planning
methods. therein way, we work on improving the water quality within the city and on the event of green
remediation methods for soil and groundwater. Ecological restoration is that the process of reclaiming
habitat and ecosystem functions by restoring the lands and waters on which plants and animals depend.
Restoration may be a corrective step that involves eliminating or modifying causes of ecological
degradation and re-establishing the natural processes — like natural fires, floods, or predator-prey
relationships — that sustain and renew ecosystems over time. The ecological restoration includes a
good scope of projects including erosion control, reforestation, removal of non-native species and
weeds, revegetation of disturbed areas, daylighting streams, reintroduction of native species. Schooling
for sustainability can engage students in efforts to recover ecosystems that are degraded, damaged, or
destroyed. Restoration may help to regulate erosion, improve water quality, repair habitat, or provide
other benefits to people and therefore the environment. Restoration activities may be designed to
replicate a pre-disturbance ecosystem or to create a new ecosystem where it had not previously
occurred. Restoration ecology is the scientific study of repairing disturbed ecosystems through human
intervention. Here are some steps that we can take to restore the ecosystem to increase the quality of
lifestyle such as -

• Repairing and replanting wetlands, creek beds, forestland, and other habitats
• Eradicating invasive species
• Replacing turf grass with native species
• Planting rain gardens to absorb rainwater running off roofs or asphalt
• Monitoring pond and lake habitats and preparing reports on findings to government authorities

Restoration projects differ in their objectives and their methods of achieving those goals. Many
restoration projects aim to determine ecosystems composed of a native species; other projects plan to
restore, improve, or create ecosystem functions, like pollination or erosion control. Some samples of
different sorts of restoration include the following:

• Revegetation- the establishment of vegetation on sites where it has been previously lost, often
with erosion control as the primary goal. For example, vegetated buffers are strips of vegetation
that protect water quality in riparian ecosystems from urban or agricultural runoff.
• Habitat enhancement- the process of increasing the suitability of a site as habitat for some
desired species.
• Remediation: improving an existing ecosystem or creating a new one with the aim of replacing
another that has deteriorated or been destroyed.
• Mitigation: legally mandated remediation for loss of protected species or ecosystems.

The government should also take steps in order to improve the quality of life by restoring ecosystems,
reforestation programs such as Joint forest management and such other programmes to restore the
ecological communities which increase the quality of lifestyle as every person should has a constutional
right to live a quality and to live in clean environment and should try to increase the public participation
in the way of protection of environment.