CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

This study is concerned with finding a suitable retrofitting system that required

for enhancing the behavior of beam column joint under cyclic loading that is pre

damaged by elevated temperature, also it must reach the goal of obtaining the best

configuration of retrofitting system which is CFRP rope by showing that the system

and its layout configuration build ups are better enhancer than other retrofitting

technique systems, CFRP was used as a material for strengthening and repairing

depending on its low weight , high strength and relatively good mechanical

properties.

1.1.1 Background of Beam column connection

The performance of element composing the framing system in reinforced concrete

structure has direct impact in their response to withstand lateral seismic demand, High

inelastic rotation of the beam at the vicinity of the connection to the column, sufficient

shear strength and stiffness of the beam column joint and the predominant elastic

response of the column will allow the dissipation of high amount of energy, if the

stability of the structure to transfer gravity load to its support is assured.

According to the provisions of codes that is oriented to seismic design, achieving

proper detailing of steel reinforcement arrangement shall lead to a ductile and safe

response of RC structure to seismic activity.

1.1.2 Background of Retrofitting System

Retrofitting using around the world in archeological buildings and there is

several Method for Retrofitting; there will be discussed of a historical view of it.

A) Traditional techniques for Retrofitting

In the past different repair techniques have been developed in order to retrofit

a given structure or a part of it so that its serviceability and strength can be

stored .When the repair or strengthening of the structure is done is prudent to

consider the durability aspect. There is classic repair techniques that have been with

some popularity in the past and are still used in the present days, the techniques

include:

A) Cement grout.

B) Ferro cement cover.

C) Section enlargement.

D) External plate bonding.

E) External post tensioning.

B) Confinement by using FRP

Composite material based on FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER is used for

confinement concrete since 1980. Several studies have been done on the confinement of

the concrete columns with FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER and they found that the

confined columns show considerable in the compressive strength compare to the

conventional methods of the confinement.

1.2 Problem statement

This study is concerned with the investigation of retrofitted beam column

connection (BCC), that is severely damaged by fire followed by an earthquake that

will affects structural stability, were using CFRP ropes as a material for retrofitting is

crucial as well as obtaining the best configuration for retrofitting for various failure

mode is essential.

1.3 Research Objectives

This study is concerned with providing experimental and numerical data on the

effect of CFRP ropes used for retrofitting a beam column connection for both fire and

cyclic loading, where an unrestrained body is subjected to temperature, it will expand

as it heated, where cyclic loading will induce stresses.

This study will focus on three sub division objectives:

1) Investigate different failure modes: joint shear failure, beam plastic hinge

failure and beam plastic hinge with joint shear failure.

2) Investigate the significance of the configuration of CFRP ropes

3) Studying the behavior of the retrofitted beam column connection

numerically by constructing an macro model using ABAQUS software to simulate

both temperature and cyclic loading, in order to predict the overall behavior and

compared with the experimental results.

4
1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the level of efficiency of CFRP rope retrofitting technique in BCC?

2. Which is the best configuration for CFRP rope to use for retrofitting different

Modes of failure?

1.5 Scope and Limitations

This thesis intended to study 14 specimens of beam column connections, where

900 C temperature is applied to the specimens, where ASTM E119-9 were selected to

be followed in the test, CFRP ropes where applied for 12 heat damaged specimens

with different configurations, where the remaining two specimens are left without

retrofitting to be used as control specimens, cyclic loading was applied to the all

specimens and the overall behavior was obtained,

A numerical models were established for simulating the seismic behavior of the

heat damaged BCC and finally experimental and numerical data is gathered and

compared.

1.6 Research significant

A beam column joint is very critical zone in reinforced concrete framed structures,

where the elements intersects in all direction.

Joints insures continuity of the structure and transfer forces that are present at the

end of the member.

During the past four decades, significant amount of research have been conducted

to investigate the behavior of RC beam column joint, these joints are studied due to its

5
critical influence on the overall behavior of RCC subjected for both heat and cyclic

loading.

However, there is a lack of data and test results on such connections when they are

totally retrofitted with FRP reinforcement.

Nevertheless, none of the available FRP codes or guidelines provides any

recommendations on retrofitting of BCC with FRP ropes for both heat and cyclic

loading combined damage.

1.7 Research Layout

This chapter was introduced to the research, next chapter will include the

range of theories used to analyze materials or data and previous studies in the same

scale, also chapter three describe the specific methods of data collection, in chapter

four calculation and discussion was done, in chapter five a description of the finite

element model parameters, material definition and results are provided and chapter

six show the conclusion and gives recommendations of the paper.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERITURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Reinforced concrete beam-column joints have an important function in the structural

concept of many structures. Often these joints are vulnerable to loads due to impact,

explosion or seismic loads. These joints are also sensitive to corrosion of steel reinforcement.

On the other hand, confinement has proven to be very efficient in increasing concrete

strength and ductility of members. Wrapping by means of FRP reinforcement enhances the

structural behavior of concrete beam-column joints considerably. This chapter presents most

of the available literature on the usage of FRP composites in the retrofitting of reinforced

concrete beam-column connections.

2.2 Case of study on FRB system

2.2.1 General

Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) reinforcement plays a very important role in the

retrofitting and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements as an external

reinforcements. Recent developments in these fields are widespread. Several investigators

carried out experimental and theoretical investigations on concrete beams and columns
retrofitted with carbon and glass fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP, GFRP, and HYBRID)

composites in order to study their effectiveness. Many practical applications worldwide now

confirm that the technique of bonding FRP laminates or plates to external surfaces is a

technically sound and practically efficient method of strengthening and upgrading of

reinforced concrete load-bearing members that are structurally inadequate, damaged or

deteriorated.

2.2.2 Characterization

A unified set of composite micromechanics equations of simple form to predict

unidirectional composite (ply) mechanical properties using constituent material (fiber/matrix)

properties. Using those set of micromechanics equations, it is possible to generate all the ply

material properties needed for inputs to the structural analysis of composite structures

(Christos, 1993).

The effects of water immersion on mechanical properties such as flexural strength; Inter-

laminar shear strength band impact energy of aluminum tri-hydrate and polyethylene filled

and unfilled quasi-isotropic glass fiber reinforced epoxy vinylester resin composites (GFRP).

Inter-laminar shear strength and flexural strength were obtained with the variation of

immersion time (0, 98, 158, 190 and 240 days) and weight percent of filler content (0, 5, 10

and 15). The flexural strength, Inter-laminar shear strength and impact energy increased with

increasing filler content in GFRP composites. Immersion in water resulted in a significant

increase of flexural strength, Inter-laminar shear strength and impact energy, increasing with

immersion time. Aluminum tri-hydrate containing GFRP composites have shown higher

values of flexural strength, Inter-laminar strength and impact energy shearthan those of

polyethylene filled and unfilled GFRP composites (Srivastava, 1999).

2.2.3 FRP types/beam column connection retrofitted by those types

A) Carbon Fiber Reinforced polymer (CFRP)

RCC joint seismic retrofitted by CFRP wrapping showed a brittle response, as

the response was dominated by the elastic behavior, a higher increase of strength was

observed compared to concrete jacketing techniques, where the last technique

requires an increase in size which is not practical as well as a significant change in

stiffness which led to brittle response (Sharma and Genesio, 2010).

A retrofitted beam column connection using CFRP and steel plates were tested

until failure providing 1.75% drift, it found that the overall performance of the beam

is increased in comparison with the non-retrofitted one. The ductility and the shear

strength were also increased as a result of retrofitting (Hamid N.H, 2013).

A study have been made on retrofitted beam column connection using flange

bonded CFRP composites, a numerical modeling approach has been conducted to

predict to seismic performance of beam column connection, the results shows an

accurate prediction of the failure mechanism and the location of the plastic hinge

which could be used as a validation for the experimental results (Eslamil and

Ronagh, 2015).

A finite element model were conducted to simulate the CFRP laminate

retrofitted beam column joint under cyclic loading. The results shows an increase in

deflection due to decrease in flexural strength of beam by 52.4% because of there is

no attached laminate to the bottom side only to the sides (Deshpande and Ladhane,

2015).

Repairing with CFRP wrapping of 300mm thickness shows an improvement in load

carrying capacity by 30% of the non-retrofitted specimens. The load deformation

characteristic also improves alongside that the failure mechanism shifted from the shear of

joint at the column portion to the beam portion (Naveeena and Ranjitham, 2016).

An numerical simulation have been submitted for external retrofitting for seismic

damage BCC using CFRP wrapping of layer thicknesses (2, 5 and 8 mm ), Significant

increase in strength was observed with increase in thickness of the FRP sheets, also the

Ultimate load carrying capacity is increased up to 15% after the utilization of the FRP

wrapping (Premalatha and Lakshmipriya, 2018).

Increasing in the ultimate displacement capacity was found significantly increased by

using ductile schemes and externally bonded CFRP of 1mm thickness laminate in retrofitting

BCC (Tripathi and Bohara, 2019).

B) Glass Fiber reinforced Polymer (GFRP)

GFRP laminate can increase both flexural and shear strength, while there is no

design standards regarding the thickness of FRP material and orientation reqired for

retrofitting it (Vinodkumar and Muthukannan, 2014).

 Various thicknesses of GFRP and CFRP laminates were used to retrofit beam

column joint, the results shows that retrofitting using GFRP gives 50% increase in

strength comparing when retrofitting using GFRP, also increasing the thickness of

the laminates does not provide much increment in strength (Ali and Gayathri, 2017).

In NSM retrofitted beam column joints, the narrow GFRP strips maximize the

surface area to sectional area ratio for the given volume and thus minimize the risk of

deboning, where the rate of degradation in stiffness increased (Akash and Jayasree,

2018).

A) Hybrid Fiber Reinforced polymer (HFRP):

The increase of stiffness is more evident for beams reinforced with FRP rebars placed

near the outer surface of the tensile zone and steel rebars placed at the inner

level of the tensile zone (Maria Antoinette Aiello, 2002).

The presence of Hybrid FRP / ductile anchorage in the externally bonded CFRP

system prevented early peel off of the CFRP sheet, which enhanced the T-beam strength and

ductility. The ultimate load of the T- beam strengthened with externally bonded CFRP along

with hybrid FRP/ ductile anchorage was about 27% higher than that the control T-beam,

whereas the mid span deflection at ultimate load was 19 % lower than that of the control

(Khaled Galal and Amir Mofidi, 2009).

A high performance fiber reinforced concrete jacketing (40 mm) thickness were used
to retrofit a beam column connection specimen as it incased to the columns, an increase in

the bearing capacity as well as the ductility of the column and overall performance of BCC

were observed after placing the test specimen to static load followed by cyclic loading

(Consuelo and alberto, 2012).

2.3 Case study on the effect of fire on beam column connection

The continuity of the structure were less compatible when subjecting the connecting

beam column steel joint to high elevated temperature reaching 760 C, where the joint showed

signs for being subjected to high tensile forces at in the flexible end plate, were it eventually

fractured and the bolts were shredded during cooling, were high rotation occurs which

resulted an extensive deflection (Jabri and Davison, 2008).

An investigation were carried out to study the behavior on beam column connection

specimens under fire, it was observed that during fire exposure the initial stiffness of joint

decreases when the linear stiffness ration is greater than 0.45, while joint stiffness also

decreases as the time increase until 150min. At the time of 60min the stiffness of the joint

with beam column linear ratios of 0.45, 0.9 and 1.36 decreases to 37.3%, 47.6% and 53.0%

respectively at ambient temperature 510 c. The joint fails if the column has concentrated

axially by 0.01mm of its height and rate of concentration has reached 0.03 mm/min of its

height (Han and Zheng, 2009).

The properties of steel degrade rapidly in fire due to the reduction in both stiffness and

strength of the material. Under fire all structural members heat up, but the rate of temperature
rise in each member is different. Joints in a steel framed building, tend to heat up slower than

the material within the span of the beam because of the presence of additional materials, their

shielded location and the smaller surface area to volume ratio of the joint compared with the

higher surface area ratio of the beam. Beam-to-column joints have been found to be) of great

significance in influencing structural behavior at ambient and elevated temperatures (Al-Jabri

S. Khalifa, 2011).

New technique by using geosynthetics laminates have been conducted to retrofit beam

column joint that is heat damaged at a temperature of 600 0c for 6 hour, were the specimens

were wrapped with the geosynthetics (3- wrapped with Geogrid, and 3-wrapped with glass

fibre) and remaining 3 specimens were tested directly without any wrappings. Studies were

performed on the control specimens and the wrapped/ retrofitted specimens for engineering

properties. From the result, it has been observed that geogrid wrapped fired specimen and

glass geocomposite wrapped fire specimen showed more deflection than control specimen

and had higher load carrying capacity than the fired specimen without wrapping (Abrahm

and Murthy, 2019).

2.4 Material

A) Fiber reinforced polymer

Fiber Reinforced polymer also known as Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) is a

composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers. A composite material is

a combination of two or more materials to form a third material. The purpose of using the
composite material is to exploit the best properties of its components. The fibers that are

commonly used are glass, carbon, aramid and basalt. FRP are generally used in construction

industry and are increasingly acceptable to an alternative to steel reinforcement in Reinforced

concrete structures. Resilience to corrosion is the advantage of FRP over steel reinforcement.

External reinforcing of structures by steel plates is now-a-days is replaced by strengthening

FRP materials due to the advantage of superior strength-to- weight ratio of FRP materials.

Failure of concrete columns may result from crushing of the concrete due to either a lack of

reinforcement or the fracture of the transverse hoop reinforcement and buckling of the

longitudinal reinforcement. For columns the maximum moment and strains occur at the ends

of the column. The damage is generally limited to plastic zone. The use of FRP for

strengthening of columns is an alternative to the conventional concrete. Now a day the use of

FRP is gaining momentum worldwide.

B) Epoxy

Chemical material is considered one of the types of solid plastics heat. With mounted:

The basis (resin) solider (hardener) which are the suction cup, rheostats friction and chemical

materials whether acid or rules or solvents, where formed a buffer layer when drained. Use

like paint or adhesive tape (CMP group, 2014).

CMP group(2014) stated the epoxy features as follows:

A) High Hardness and chemical resistance.

B) Possesses the compensability of adhesion high because of the chemical

composition of it which is Ethers and Hydroxyl and polar.

C) Possesses High Durability because of the score link entanglement and

 presence of chains integrated Alalvanah. One of the uses of epoxy mortar is

the restoration of the columns and corridors and ceilings.

The bond of FRP reinforcement to the concrete very important for the success

of the strength and repair techniques. De-bonding problems stand as a critical

obstacle which can restrict the use of FRP composites in structural strengthening and

repairing. Adequate bonding is necessary to develop composite action through the

stress transfer between the concrete and FRP. Failure of this bond led to brittle failure

of the strengthened element. The bonding failure between the FRP and concrete

interface is mainly due to absence of the bonding agent, fatigue loading and existence

of wide flexural or shear cracks in concrete. Generally, the bond strength between

FRP and concrete interface is greatly affected by quality of the epoxy, surface

preparation, concrete interface quality, implementation techniques, stiffness and

strength of FRP and epoxy, and development length of FRP (Lorenzis and Teng,

2007).

2.5 Codes

2.5.1 ASTM code

ASTM International is an international standards organization that develops and

publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products,

systems, and services. Some 12,575 ASTM voluntary consensus standards operate globally.
The organization's headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 mi (8.0

km) northwest of Philadelphia.

ASTM, founded in 1898 as the American Society of the International Association for

Testing and Materials, predates other standards organizations such as the BSI (1901),

IEC (1906), DIN (1917), ANSI (1918), AFNOR (1926),and ISO (1947).

A group of scientists and engineers, led by Charles Benjamin Dudley formed

ASTM in 1898 to address the frequent rail breaks affecting the fast-growing railroad

industry. The group developed a standard for the steel used to fabricate rails.

Originally called the "American Society for Testing Materials", it became the

"American Society for Testing and Materials" before <ASTM.org website, accessed

7FEB16>it changed its name to “ASTM International” in 2001. Now, ASTM

International has offices in Belgium, Canada, China, Mexico and Washington, D.C.

ASTM International has no role in requiring or enforcing compliance with its

standards. The standards, however, may become mandatory when referenced by an

external contract, corporation, or government.

- In the United States, ASTM standards have been adopted, by incorporation or by

reference, in many federal, state, and municipal government regulations. The

National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, passed in 1995, require the

federal government to use privately developed consensus standards whenever

possible. The Act reflects what had long been recommended as best practice within

the federal government.

- Other governments (local and worldwide) also have referenced ASTM

 standards.

- Corporations doing international business may choose to reference an ASTM

standard