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Argentine tango
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the modern international dance form that evolved from the Argentine tango. For other
uses, see Argentine tango (disambiguation).
Para la danza moderna internacional que evolucionó del tango argentino, vea el tango.
Para otros usos, vea Tango argentino (desambiguación).
4
4 or
4 rhythmic time signature, and two or three parts repeating in patterns such as ABAB or
ABCAC. Its lyrics are marked by nostalgia, sadness, and laments for lost love. The typical
orchestra has several melodic instruments and is given a distinctive air by the small
button accordion called the bandoneon. It has continued to grow in popularity and spread
internationally, adding modern elements without replacing the older ones. Among its leading
figures are the singer and songwriter Carlos Gardel and composers/performers Francisco
Canaro, Juan D'Arienzo, Carlos Di Sarli, Osvaldo Pugliese, and Ástor Piazzolla.
History of tango[edit]
Main article: History of the tango
The origins of tango are unclear because little historical documentation from that era exists.
However, in recent years, a few tango aficionados have undertaken a thorough research of
that history and so it is less mysterious today than before. It is generally thought that the
[1]
dance developed in the late 19th century in working-class neighborhoods of Buenos Aires,
Argentina and Montevideo, Uruguay and was practiced by Uruguayan and Argentine dancers,
musicians, and immigrant laborers. [2][3]
Music[edit]
Main article: Tango music
Argentine tango music is much more varied than ballroom tango music. A large amount of
tango music has been composed by a variety of different orchestras over the last century. Not
only is there a large volume of music, there is a breadth of stylistic differences between these
orchestras as well, which makes it easier for Argentine tango dancers to spend the whole night
dancing only Argentine tango. The four representative schools of the Argentine tango music
are Di Sarli, d'Arienzo, Troilo and Pugliese, all four descendent from Italian immigrant families.
They are dance orchestras, playing music for dancing. When the spirit of the music is
characterized by counterpoint marking, clarity in the articulation is needed. It has a clear,
repetitive pulse or beat, a strong tango-rhythm which is based on the 2x4, 2 strong beats on 4
[4]
(dos por cuatro). Ástor Piazzolla stretched the classical harmony and counterpoint and moved
the tango from the dance floor to the concert stage. His compositions tell us something of our
contemporary life and dancing it relates much to modern dance. [5]
Música de tango La música argentina de tango es mucho más variada que la música de
tango de salón de baile. Una gran cantidad de música de tango ha sido compuesta por
una variedad de diferentes orquestas en el último siglo. No solo hay un gran volumen de
música, también hay una gran variedad de diferencias estilísticas entre estas orquestas, lo
que hace que sea más fácil para los bailarines de tango argentinos pasar toda la noche
bailando solo tango argentino. Las cuatro escuelas representativas de la música argentina
de tango son Di Sarli, d'Arienzo, Troilo y Pugliese, las cuatro descendientes de familias
inmigrantes italianas. Son orquestas de baile que tocan música para bailar. Cuando el
espíritu de la música se caracteriza por el marcado de contrapunto, se necesita claridad
en la articulación. Tiene un pulso o ritmo claro y repetitivo, un fuerte ritmo de tango
basado en el 2x4, [4] 2 tiempos fuertes en 4 (dos por cuatro). Ástor Piazzolla extendió la
armonía clásica y el contrapunto y movió el tango de la pista de baile al escenario del
concierto. Sus composiciones nos dicen algo de nuestra vida contemporánea y el baile se
relaciona mucho con la danza moderna. [5]
While Argentine tango dancing has historically been danced to tango music, such as
that produced by such orchestra leaders as Osvaldo Pugliese, Carlos Di Sarli, Juan
d'Arienzo, in the '90s a younger generation of tango dancers began dancing tango steps
to alternatives to tango music; music from other genres like, "world music", "electro-
tango", "experimental rock", "trip hop", and "blues", to name a few. Tango nuevo dance
is often associated with alternative music, see nuevo tango, but it can be danced to
tango as well.
Carlos Gardel
History
Opened 1930
Services
Preceding station Following station
Subte
Medrano Pueyrredón
toward Juan Manuel de Line B toward Leandro N.
Rosas Alem
Carlos Gardel station runs under the Abasto de Buenos Aires, one of Buenos Aires' most
prominent landmarks. There is an underground connection that makes it possible to access the
shopping centre from the subway station without going outside to street level.
Although initially when this station was first opened in 1930 it was named Agüero after the road
it crosses, it was later renamed Carlos Gardel, after the famous tango singer.
La estación Carlos Gardel corre bajo el Abasto de Buenos Aires, uno de los lugares más
destacados de Buenos Aires. Existe una conexión subterránea que permite acceder al
centro comercial desde la estación de metro sin tener que salir al nivel de la calle.
Aunque inicialmente cuando esta estación se abrió por primera vez en 1930 se llamaba
Agüero después de la carretera que cruza, más tarde fue rebautizada como Carlos
Gardel, en honor al famoso cantante de tango.
Pre-Columbian era
Main article: Indigenous peoples in Argentina
The Cave of the Hands in Santa Cruz province, with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago
The earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are dated from the Paleolithic period,
with further traces in the Mesolithic and Neolithic.[12] Until the period of European colonization, Argentina was
relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations,
[34]
which can be divided into three main groups.[35] The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers
without development of pottery, such as the Selknam and Yaghan in the extreme south. The second group are
advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the Puelche, Querandí and Serranos in the center-east;
and the Tehuelche in the south—all of them conquered by the Mapuche spreading from Chile[36]—and
the Kom and Wichi in the north. The last group are farmers with pottery, like
the Charrúa, Minuane and Guaraní in the northeast, with slash and burn semisedentary existence;[34] the
advanced Diaguita sedentary trading culture in the northwest, which was conquered by the Inca
Empire around 1480; the Toconoté and Hênîa and Kâmîare in the country's center, and the Huarpe in the
center-west, a culture that raised llamacattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas.[34]
La Cueva de las manos en la provincia de Santa Cruz, con obras de arte indígenas que
datan de hace 13,000-9,000 años
Los primeros vestigios de la vida humana en la zona ahora conocida como Argentina
datan del período Paleolítico, con más huellas en el Mesolítico y el Neolítico. [12] Hasta
el período de la colonización europea, Argentina estaba relativamente escasamente
poblada por un gran número de culturas diversas con diferentes organizaciones
sociales, [34] que se pueden dividir en tres grupos principales. [35] El primer grupo son
cazadores básicos y recolectores de alimentos sin desarrollo de cerámica, como el
Selknam y el Yaghan en el extremo sur. El segundo grupo son cazadores avanzados y
recolectores de alimentos que incluyen a los Puelche, Querandí y Serranos en el
centro-este; y los Tehuelche en el sur -todos ellos conquistados por los mapuches que
se extendían desde Chile [36] - y los Kom y Wichi en el norte. El último grupo son
agricultores con alfarería, como Charrúa, Minuane y Guaraní en el noreste, con
existencia semisedentaria de tala y quema [34], la avanzada cultura comercial
Diaguita sedentaria en el noroeste, que fue conquistada por el Imperio Inca alrededor
de 1480; el Toconoté y Hênîa y Kâmîare en el centro del país, y el Huarpe en el centro-
oeste, una cultura que criaba llamacattle y estaba fuertemente influenciada por los
Incas. [34]
Colonial era
Main article: Colonial Argentina
The surrender of Beresford to Santiago de Liniers during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata
Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. The Spanish navigators Juan
Díaz de Solís and Sebastian Cabot visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.
[13]
In 1536 Pedro de Mendoza founded the small settlement of Buenos Aires, which was abandoned in 1541.[37]
Further colonization efforts came from Paraguay—establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata—
Peru and Chile.[38] Francisco de Aguirre founded Santiago del Estero in 1553. Londres was founded in
1558; Mendoza, in 1561; San Juan, in 1562; San Miguel de Tucumán, in 1565.[39] Juan de
Garay founded Santa Fe in 1573 and the same year Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera set up Córdoba.[40] Garay went
further south to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580.[41] San Luis was established in 1596.[39]
The Spanish Empire subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of
the silver and gold mines in Bolivia and Peru, and as such it became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until the
creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital.[42]
Buenos Aires repelled two ill-fated British invasions in 1806 and 1807.[43] The ideas of the Age of
Enlightenment and the example of the first Atlantic Revolutions generated criticism of the absolutist
monarchy that ruled the country. As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of Ferdinand VII during
the Peninsular War created great concern.[44]
Retrato del General José de San Martín, Libertador de Argentina, Chile y Perú
Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty,[14] the
1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new
government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.[44] In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta
crushed a royalist counter-revolution in Córdoba,[45] but failed to overcome those of the Banda Oriental, Upper
Peruand Paraguay, which later became independent states.[46]
Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the Centralists and the Federalists—a move that would define
Argentina's first decades of independence.[47] The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de
Posadas as Argentina's first Supreme Director.[47]
Comenzando un proceso del cual Argentina emergería como estado sucesor del
Virreinato, [14] la Revolución de Mayo de 1810 reemplazó al virrey Baltasar Hidalgo de
Cisneros con la Primera Junta, un nuevo gobierno en Buenos Aires compuesto por
locales. [44] En los primeros enfrentamientos de la Guerra de la Independencia, la
Junta aplastó una contrarrevolución realista en Córdoba, [45] pero no logró superar los
de la Banda Oriental, Alto Perúa y Paraguay, que más tarde se convirtieron en estados
independientes. [46]
Los revolucionarios se dividieron en dos grupos antagónicos: los centralistas y los
federalistas, una decisión que definiría las primeras décadas de independencia de
Argentina. [47] La Asamblea del Año XIII nombró a Gervasio Antonio de Posadas como
el primer Director Supremo de Argentina. [47]
The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the end of the
Supreme Director rule. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another centralist constitution, with Bernardino
Rivadavia being appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose
against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.[52] Centralists and Federalists resumed the
civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas.
[53]
During his regime he faced a French blockade (1838–1840), the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), and
a combined Anglo-French blockade (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of
national territory.[54] His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 Justo
José de Urquiza, another powerful caudillo, beat him out of power. As new president of the Confederation,
Urquiza enacted the liberal and federal 1853 Constitution. Buenos Aires seceded but was forced back into the
Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda.[55]
La Batalla de Cepeda de 1820, librada entre los centralistas y los federalistas, dio como
resultado el final de la regla del Director Supremo. En 1826, Buenos Aires promulgó
otra constitución centralista, con Bernardino Rivadavia siendo designado como el
primer presidente del país. Sin embargo, las provincias del interior pronto se alzaron
contra él, forzaron su renuncia y descartaron la constitución. [52] Centralistas y
federalistas reanudaron la guerra civil; este último prevaleció y formó la Confederación
Argentina en 1831, dirigida por Juan Manuel de Rosas. [53] Durante su régimen se
enfrentó a un bloqueo francés (1838-1840), la Guerra de la Confederación (1836-1839)
y un bloqueo anglo-francés combinado (1845-1850), pero permaneció invicto y evitó la
pérdida adicional del territorio nacional. [ 54] Sin embargo, sus políticas de restricción
comercial enfurecieron a las provincias del interior y en 1852, Justo José de Urquiza,
otro caudillo poderoso, lo derrotó del poder. Como nuevo presidente de la
Confederación, Urquiza promulgó la Constitución liberal y federal de 1853. Buenos
Aires se separó pero fue forzado a regresar a la Confederación luego de ser derrotado
en la Batalla de Cepeda en 1859. [55]
See also: Argentine–Chilean naval arms race and South American dreadnought race
Starting with Julio Argentino Roca in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized liberal economic
policies. The massive wave of European immigration they promoted—second only to the United States'—led to
a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh
wealthiest[15]
In 1930, Yrigoyen was ousted from power by the military led by José Félix Uriburu. Although Argentina
remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century,[15] this coup d'état marks the start of the steady
economic and social decline that pushed the country back into underdevelopment.[17]
Official presidential portrait of Juan Domingo Perón and his wife Eva Perón, 1948
Uriburu ruled for two years; then Agustín Pedro Justo was elected in a fraudulent election, and signed a
controversial treaty with the United Kingdom. Argentina stayed neutral during World War II, a decision that had
full British support but was rejected by the United States after the attack on Pearl Harbor. A new military coup
toppled the government, and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the end of World War
II in Europe. The minister of welfare, Juan Domingo Perón, was fired and jailed because of his high popularity
among workers. His liberation was forced by a massive popular demonstration, and he went on to win the 1946
election.[64]
En 1930, Yrigoyen fue derrocado del poder por los militares dirigidos por José
Félix Uriburu. Si bien Argentina permaneció entre los quince países más ricos
hasta mediados de siglo, [15] este golpe de Estado marca el comienzo del
constante declive económico y social que empujó al país nuevamente al
subdesarrollo. [17] Retrato presidencial oficial de Juan Domingo Perón y su
esposa Eva Perón, 1948 Uriburu gobernó por dos años; luego Agustín Pedro Justo
fue elegido en una elección fraudulenta y firmó un controvertido tratado con el
Reino Unido. Argentina se mantuvo neutral durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial,
una decisión que contó con el apoyo total de los británicos, pero fue rechazada por
los Estados Unidos después del ataque a Pearl Harbor. Un nuevo golpe militar
derrocó al gobierno, y Argentina declaró la guerra a las Potencias del Eje un mes
antes del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Europa. El ministro de Bienestar,
Juan Domingo Perón, fue despedido y encarcelado por su gran popularidad entre
los trabajadores. Su liberación fue forzada por una masiva manifestación popular,
y luego ganó las elecciones de 1946. [64]
Peronist years
Main article: Peronism
Perón created a political movement known as Peronism. He nationalized strategic industries and services,
improved wages and working conditions, paid the full external debt and achieved nearly full employment. The
economy, however, began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure. His highly popular wife, Eva Perón,
played a central political role. She pushed Congress to enact women's suffrage in 1947,[65] and developed an
unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors of society.[66] However, her declining health did
not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951, and she died of cancer the following year. Perón was
reelected in 1951, surpassing even his 1946 performance. In 1955 the Navy bombed the Plaza de Mayo in an
ill-fated attempt to kill the President. A few months later, during the self-called Liberating Revolution coup, he
resigned and went into exile in Spain.[67]
The "Dirty War" (Spanish: Guerra Sucia) was part of Operation Condor, originally planned
by the CIA,[71][72] and for which the United States government provided technical
support and supplied military aid to during the Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter,
and Reagan administrations. The Dirty War involved state terrorism in Argentina and
elsewhere in the Southern Cone against political dissidents, with military and security
forces employing urban and rural violence against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents,
and anyone believed to be associated with socialism or somehow contrary to
the neoliberal economic policies of the regime.[73][74][75] Victims of the state
terrorism included an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 victims, included left-wing activists and
militants, trade unionists, students, journalists, Marxists, Peronist guerrillas[76] and alleged
sympathizers. The guerrillas, whose number of victims are nearly 500–540 between
military and police officials[77] and up to 230 civilians[78] were already unactive in 1976,
so instead of a war the actual situation was a genocide practiced by the Junta over the
civilian population.
La "Guerra Sucia" (en español: Guerra Sucia) fue parte de la Operación Cóndor,
originalmente planificada por la CIA, [71] [72] y para la cual el gobierno de los
Estados Unidos brindó asistencia técnica y proporcionó ayuda militar durante
Johnson, Nixon, Las administraciones de Ford, Carter y Reagan. La Guerra Sucia
involucró terrorismo de Estado en Argentina y en otras partes del Cono Sur contra
disidentes políticos, con fuerzas militares y de seguridad que emplean violencia
urbana y rural contra guerrillas izquierdistas, disidentes políticos y cualquier
persona que se considere asociada con el socialismo o de alguna manera
contraria al políticas económicas neoliberales del régimen. [73] [74] [75] Las
víctimas del terrorismo de Estado incluyeron entre 15,000 y 30,000 víctimas,
incluidos activistas y militantes de izquierda, sindicalistas, estudiantes, periodistas,
marxistas, guerrilleros peronistas [76] y presuntos simpatizantes. Las guerrillas,
cuyo número de víctimas son casi 500-540 entre militares y oficiales de policía [77]
y hasta 230 civiles [78], ya no estaban activas en 1976, así que en lugar de una
guerra la situación real era un genocidio practicado por la Junta la población civil.
Declassified documents of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the Batallón de Inteligencia
601 of 22,000 killed or "disappeared" between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, in which it was later
revealed 8,625 "disappeared" in the form of PEN (Poder Ejecutivo Nacional, anglicized as "National Executive
Power") detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually
being freed under diplomatic pressure.[79] The number of people believed to have been killed or "disappeared",
depending on the source, range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983, when the military was
forced from power following Argentina's defeat in the Falklands War.[80][81] The National Commission on the
Disappearance of Persons estimates that around 13,000 were disappeared.[82]
The exact chronology of the repression is still debated, however, as in some senses the long political war
started in 1969. Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and Marxist paramilitaries as
early as 1969, and individual cases of state-sponsored terrorism against Peronism and the left can be traced
back to the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo in 1955. The Trelew massacre of 1972, the actions of the Argentine
Anticommunist Alliance since 1973, and Isabel Martínez de Perón's "annihilation decrees" against left-wing
guerrillas during Operativo Independencia (translates to Operation of Independence) in 1975, have also been
suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty War.
Sin embargo, aún se debate la cronología exacta de la represión, ya que en algunos
sentidos la larga guerra política comenzó en 1969. Los sindicalistas peronistas y
marxistas ya habían asesinado a sindicalistas ya en 1969, y casos individuales de
terrorismo patrocinado por el Estado contra El peronismo y la izquierda se remontan al
bombardeo de Plaza de Mayo en 1955. La masacre de Trelew de 1972, las acciones de
la Alianza Anticomunista Argentina desde 1973, y los "decretos de aniquilación" de
Isabel Martínez de Perón contra las guerrillas izquierdistas durante Operativo
Independencia (se traduce a la Operación de la Independencia) en 1975, también se
han sugerido como fechas para el comienzo de la Guerra Sucia.
Onganía shut down Congress, banned all political parties and dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969,
popular discontent led to two massive protests: the Cordobazo and the Rosariazo. The terrorist guerrilla
organization Montoneros kidnapped and executed Aramburu.[84] The newly chosen head of
government, Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, seeking to ease the growing political pressure, let Héctor José
Cámpora be the Peronist candidate instead of Perón. Cámpora won the March 1973 election, issued
a pardon for condemned guerrilla members and then secured Perón's return from his exile in Spain.[85]
Onganía clausuró el Congreso, prohibió todos los partidos políticos y desmanteló los
sindicatos de estudiantes y trabajadores. En 1969, el descontento popular provocó dos
protestas masivas: el Cordobazo y el Rosariazo. La organización guerrillera terrorista
Montoneros secuestró y ejecutó a Aramburu [84]. El recién elegido jefe de gobierno,
Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, buscando aliviar la creciente presión política, dejó que
Héctor José Cámpora fuera el candidato peronista en lugar de Perón. Cámpora ganó las
elecciones de marzo de 1973, emitió un perdón para los miembros de la guerrilla
condenados y luego aseguró el regreso de Perón de su exilio en España. [85]
On the day Perón returned to Argentina, the clash between Peronist internal factions—right-wing union leaders
and left-wing youth from Montoneros—resulted in the Ezeiza Massacre. Cámpora resigned, overwhelmed by
political violence, and Perón won the September 1973 election with his third wife Isabel as vice-president.
He expelled Montoneros from the party[86] and they became once again a clandestine organization. José López
Rega organized the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA) to fight against them and the People's
Revolutionary Army(ERP). Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret
decree empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" the left-wing subversion,[87] stopping ERP's
attempt to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province.[88] Isabel Perón was ousted one year later by a junta of
the three armed forces, led by army general Jorge Rafael Videla. They initiated the National Reorganization
Process, often shortened to Proceso.[89]
The Proceso shut down Congress, removed the judges of the Supreme Court, banned political parties and
unions, and resorted to the forced disappearance of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone believed to
be associated with the left-wing. By the end of 1976 Montoneros had lost near 2,000 members; by 1977, the
ERP was completely defeated. A severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which
was quickly annihilated, ending the guerrilla threat. Nevertheless, the junta stayed in power. Then head of
state General Leopoldo Galtierilaunched Operation Rosario, which escalated into the Falklands
War (Spanish: Guerra de Malvinas); within two months Argentina was defeated by the United
Kingdom. Reynaldo Bignone replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic rule.[90]
2007 to 2015.
Raúl Alfonsín won the 1983 elections campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for human
rightsviolations during the Proceso: the Trial of the Juntas and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's
leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,[91][92] which halted
prosecutions further down the chain of command. The worsening economic crisis and hyperinflationreduced
his popular support and the Peronist Carlos Menem won the 1989 election. Soon after, riots forced Alfonsín to
an early resignation.[93]
De la Rúa kept Menem's economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent.
[95]
A massive capital flight was responded to with a freezing of bank accounts, generating further turmoil.
The December 2001 riots forced him to resign.[97] Congress appointed Eduardo Duhalde as acting president,
who abrogated the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,[98] causing many Argentinians to lose a
significant portion of their savings. By the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination
of two piqueteros by the police caused political commotion, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward.
[99]
Néstor Kirchner was elected as the new president.[100]
Boosting the neo-Keynesian economic policies[99] laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining
significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and steep GDP growth.[101] Under his administration
Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off
debts with the International Monetary Fund,[102] purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights
records,[103] nullified and voidedthe Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,[104][F] ruled them as unconstitutional, and
resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas' crimes. He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy
of his wife, senator Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who was elected in 2007[106] and reelected in 2011.
Fernández de Kirchner's administration oversaw a positive foreign policy with good relations with other South
American nations; however, relations between the United States and United Kingdom remained heavily
strained. Jorge Rafael Videla, who had led the repression during the Dirty War, was sentenced to life in a
civilian prison in 2010 under de Kirchner's administration; he later died in prison in 2013.
La rama judicial incluye la Corte Suprema y los tribunales federales inferiores interpretan
las leyes y anulan aquellas que consideran inconstitucionales. [139] El Judicial es
independiente del Ejecutivo y el Legislativo. El Tribunal Supremo tiene siete miembros
designados por el presidente -sujeto a la aprobación del Senado- que sirven de por vida.
Los jueces de los tribunales inferiores son propuestos por el Consejo de la Magistratura
(una secretaría integrada por representantes de jueces, abogados, investigadores, el
Ejecutivo y el Legislativo), y nombrados por el Presidente a la aprobación del Senado.
[140]
The Palace of the Argentine National Congress, seat of the National Congress composed of the Senate and the Chamber of
Deputies[141].
El Palacio del Congreso Nacional Argentino, sede del Congreso Nacional integrado por el
Senado y la Cámara de Diputados [141].
3. Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Argentina
Tourism in Argentina is characterized by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets. The
country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the top
destination in South America, and second in Latin America after Mexico.[225]Revenues from international tourists
reached US$4.41 billion in 2013, down from US$4.89 billion in 2012.[225] The country's capital city, Buenos
Aires, is the most visited city in South America.[226] There are 30 National Parks of Argentina including
many World Heritage Sites in Argentina.
Las Cataratas del Iguazú, en la provincia de Misiones, es una de las Nuevas7 Maravillas
de la Naturaleza. [227]
4. Religion in Argentina
Francis, the first pope from the New World, was born and raised in Argentina.
5 Literature
Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: Julio Cortázar, Victoria Ocampo, Jorge Luis
Borges and Ernesto Sabato.
Argentine literature, i.e. the set of literary works produced by writers who originated from Argentina, is one of
the most prolific, relevant and influential in the whole Spanish speaking world, with renowned writers such
as Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, Leopoldo Lugones and Ernesto Sabato.
La literatura argentina, es decir, el conjunto de obras literarias producidas por
escritores originarios de Argentina, es una de las más prolíficas, relevantes e
influyentes en todo el mundo de habla hispana, con escritores de renombre como Jorge
Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, Leopoldo Lugones y Ernesto. Sabato.
Borges in 1921
24 August 1899
Language Spanish
Nationality Argentine
Ficciones (1944)
El Aleph (1949)
Norah Borges (sister)
Signature
Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo KBE (/ bɔːrhɛs /; [1] español: [xorxe lwis
borxes] audio (ayuda · info), 24 de agosto de 1899 - 14 de junio de 1986) fue un
cuentista, ensayista, poeta y traductor argentino y una figura clave en la literatura en
español. Sus libros más conocidos, Ficciones (Ficciones) y El Aleph (El Aleph),
publicados en la década de 1940, son compilaciones de historias cortas
interconectadas por temas comunes, incluidos sueños, laberintos, bibliotecas, espejos,
escritores de ficción, filosofía y religión. [2]
magical realist. His late poems dialogue with such cultural figures as Spinoza, Camões,
and Virgil.
In 1961, he came to international attention when he received the first Formentor prize (Prix
International), which he shared with Samuel Beckett. In 1971, he won the Jerusalem Prize. His
work was translated and published widely in the United States and Europe. Borges himself
was fluent in several languages. He dedicated his final work, The Conspirators, to the city
of Geneva, Switzerland.[5]
His international reputation was consolidated in the 1960s, aided by his works being available
in English, by the Latin American Boom and by the success of García Márquez's One Hundred
Years of Solitude. Writer and essayist J. M. Coetzee said of him: "He, more than anyone,
[6]
renovated the language of fiction and thus opened the way to a remarkable generation of
Spanish American novelists." [7]
The name Patagonia comes from the word patagón,[3] which was used by Magellan in 1520 to describe the
Indians of the region, whom his expedition thought to be giants. It is now believed that the people he called the
Patagons were Tehuelches, who tended to be taller than Europeans of the time.[4][5]
The Argentine researcher Miguel Doura observed that the name Patagonia possibly derives from the ancient
Greek region of modern Turkey called Paflagonia, possible home of the patagon personage in the chivalric
romances Primaleon printed in 1512, ten years before Magellan arrived in these southern lands. The
hypothesis was accepted and published in a 2011 New Review of Spanish Philology report.[6]
El nombre de Patagonia proviene de la palabra patagón, [3] que fue utilizada por
Magallanes en 1520 para describir a los indios de la región, a quienes su expedición
pensaba que eran gigantes. Ahora se cree que las personas que él llamó Patagons eran
tehuelches, que tendían a ser más altos que los europeos de la época. [4] [5]
El investigador argentino Miguel Doura observó que el nombre de Patagonia
posiblemente deriva de la antigua región griega de la Turquía moderna llamada
Paflagonia, posible hogar del personaje patagón en los romances caballerescos
impresos en Primaleon en 1512, diez años antes de que Magallanes llegara a estas
tierras del sur. La hipótesis fue aceptada y publicada en un informe de 2011 Nueva
revisión de la filología española. [6]
Patagonia
Regions
Eastern Patagonia
Western Patagonia
Ecoregions
Valdivian forests
Magellanic forests
Patagonian steppe
National parks
Administrative division
Chile
Palena Province
Aysén Region
Magallanes Region
Argentina
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Area Density
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