15A02303 – CONTROL SYSTEM ENGINEERING BATCH: 2018 – 2022

2 MARKS _QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
1. Define Transfer Function.
It is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of output to Laplace transform of input with
zero initial conditions.

2. Distinguish between open loop and closed loop systems.

Open Loop System: The control system in which the output quantity has no effect upon the input
quantity is called open loop control system.
Closed loop system : The control system in which the output has an effect upon the input quantity
so as to maintain the desired output value is called closed loop control system.
Open loop system Closed loop system

1. Inaccurate Accurate
2. Simple and economical Complex and costlier
3. The changes in output due to The changes in output due to
external disturbance are not external disturbances are
corrected corrected automatically
4. They are generally stable. Great efforts are needed to
design a stable system.

3. a) What are the differences between Synchro Transmitter and Control Transformer?

SL.No. Synchro Transmitter Synchro Control Transformer

1. Rotor is Dump bell Shaped.
2. When the rotor is excited by AC
voltage, the rotor current flows and a
magnetic field is produced.
3.
Rotor is Cylindrical in Shape.
Rotor Magnetic field induces an
emf in the stator coils by
Transformer Action.

4. Write Mason’s Gain Formula.

Mason‟s Gain formula states that the overall gain of the system is
Where,
k--- Forward path in the signal flow graph
Pk--- Forward path gain of kth forward path
Δ = 1-[sum of individual loop gains ] +[sum of gain products of all possible combinations of two
non-touching loops]-[sum of gain products of all possible combinations of three non-
touching loops]+…
Δk = Δ for that part of the graph which is not touching kth forward path.

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5. List the Basic elements used for Mechanical translational system.
i. Mass, M
ii. Dash pot, B
iii. Spring , K

6. What is Block diagram? What are the basic components of block diagram?
A block diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the functions performed by each
Component of the system and shows the flow of signals.
The basic elements of block diagram are Block, Branch point and Summing point.

7. Why is negative feedback is preferred as compared to positive feedback in a closed loop

System?
The negative feedback results in better stability in steady state.
It rejects any disturbance signals.
It has low sensitivity to parameter variations
Hence negative feedback is preferred over positive feedback in closed Loop systems.

8. What are the basic properties of Signal Flow Graph?

i. SFG is applicable to Linear systems only.
ii. It consists of nodes and branches. A node is a point representing a variable or signal .
A branch indicates functional dependence of one signal on another.
iii. A node adds the signals of all incoming branches and transmits this sum to all
outgoing branches.
iv. Signals travel along the branches only in the marked direction. When it travels it gets
multiplied by the Gain of the Branch.

9. What is Signal Flow Graph?

A signal flow graph is a diagram that represents a set of simultaneous linear algebraic
equations.

10. Name the 2 types of Electrical analogous for Mechanical System.

i. Force Voltage Analogy
ii. Force Current Analogy

11. What are the Basic Elements of Mechanical translation, Mechanical Rotational & Electrical
system.
Mechanical Translation System: i. Mass, M ii. Dashpot ,B iii. Spring, K
Mechanical Rotational System : i. Moment of Inertia, J ii. Dashpot, B iii. Spring, K
Electrical System : i. Inductor, L ii Capacitor, C iii. Resistor, R

12. What are the Components of Feedback Control System?

i. Error Detector ii. Controller iii. Plant iv. Feedback Network

13. What is Feedback? What type of feedback is employed in Control Systems?

 A part of the output is sampled and fed back to the Input is called Feedback.
 A negative Feedback is Employed in Control systems.

14. What are the Characteristics of Negative Feedback?

 Accuracy in tracking steady state value
 Rejection of Disturbance signals
 Low sensitivity to parameter variations
 Reduction in gain at the expense of Better stability.
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 UNIT II –TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS

1. What is transient response and steady state response?

The transient response is the response of the system when the system input changes from
one state to another.
The steady state response is the response of the system when time “t” approaches infinity.

2. List the test signals used in control system.

The commonly used test input signals in control system are
Impulse, Step, Ramp, Parabolic and sinusoidal signals.

3. What are the time domain specifications?

The time domain specifications are
i. Delay time, td
ii. Rise time , tr
iii. Peak time , tp
iv. Peak overshoot, MP
v. Settling time, ts.

4. Define damping ratio.

Damping ratio is defined as the ratio of actual damping to critical damping.

5. Define rise time and peak overshoot.

 The time taken for the response to rise from 0% to 100% of the final value for the very
first time is rise time.
 Peak overshoot is defined as the ratio of maximum peak value measured from the
Maximum value to final value.

6. Define Peak time and settling time.

 Peak time,tp:It is the time taken for the response to reach the peak value the very first time.
(Or)
It is the time taken for the response to reach the peak Overshoot, Mp.
 Settling time,ts : It is defined as the time taken by the response to reach and stay within a
specified error.it is usually expressed as % of final value. The usual tolerable error is 2% or
5% of the final value.

7. Define Steady State Error. What are static error constants?

The steady state error is the value of error signal,e(t) when „t‟ tends to infinity.
ess = Lt e(t)
t ∞

8. What is the need for a controller? What are the different types of controllers?
The controller is provided to modify the error signal for better control action.
i. Proportional Controller [P] ii. PI controller iii. PD controller iv. PID controller.
9. Why derivative controller is not used alone in control systems?
The derivative controller produces a control action based on the rate of change of error signal
and it does not produce any corrective action for any constant error.

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9. Sketch the response of a under damped Second order system.

10. How the system is classified based on the value of damping?

11. What are Static errors Constants? Define.

The Kp, Kv & Ka are called Static error constants.

12. Give the relation between Generalized and Static Error Constants.

13. Mention any two advantages of generalized error coefficients over Static error constants.
 Generalized error series gives error signal as a function of time.
 Steady state error can be determined for any type of input.

14. What are Generalized error coefficients?

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 UNIT III – STABILITY
1. What is meant by BIBO stability?
A linear relaxed system is said to have BIBO stability if every bounded (Finite) input
results in a bounded (Finite) output.

2. Using Routh Criterion determine the stability of the system represented by characteristic
equation S4+8S3+18S2+16S+5 = 0.
R0W 1ST 2ND 3RD
column column column
S4 : 1 18 5
S3 : 8 16 0
S3 : 1 2 0
S2 : 16 5 0
S1 : 1.7 0 0
S0 : 5 0 0

 In first column of Routh array all the elements are (+)ve and there is no sign change.
 Hence all the roots are lying on the left half of s-plane and system is Stable.

3. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for stability?

For all the roots to have (-)ve real part is necessary but not sufficient that all of the
coefficients of characteristic equation be (+)ve.

4. What is the effect of adding a pole to G(s) on the root locus?

 Root Locus shifts towards imaginary axis
 System stability relatively decreases
 System becomes more oscillatory in nature
 Range of operating values of “K” for stability of them decreases.

5. What is the effect of adding a Zero to G(s) on the root locus?

 Root Locus shifts to left away from imaginary axis
 Relative stability of the system increases
 System becomes Less Oscillatory
 Range of operating values of “K” for stability of them increases.

6. What are the Advantages of Root Locus?

 Absolute stability of the system can be predicted from the locations of the roots in the s-
plane.
 Limiting range of the values of the system gain ,K can be decided for absolute stability of
the system.
 Using Root locus value of system gain , K for any point on the root locus can be determined
by using magnitude condition.
 For particular damping ratio of the system, Gain K can be determined which helps to design
system more correctly.

7. What are Root loci?

The path taken by the roots of the open loop transfer function when the loop gain is varied
from 0 to ∞ are called root loci.

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8. What are the applications of Root locus method?
i. We can determine stability of the system
ii. We can able to determine the roots for a specified loop gain.
iii. Also determination of the open loop gain is possible for a specified damping of the
dominant roots.
iv. By adjusting the location of Closed loop poles desired system performance can be
achieved by varying one or more system parameters.

9. What are the difficulties in the formulation of the Routh table? Explain how they can be
overcome.

Difficulty-1: The first element of any row of the Routh array is zero.

Solution : If any row of the Routh array contains only the first element as zero and at least one
of the remaining elements have non-zero value, then replace the first element with a small positive
integer, ϵ. And then continue the process of completing the Routh table. Now, find the number of
sign changes in the first column of the Routh table by substituting ϵ tends to zero.

Difficulty-2: All the elements of any row of the Routh array are zero.

Solution : In this case, follow these two steps −

i. Write the auxiliary equation, A(s) of the row, which is just above the row of zeros.
ii. Differentiate the auxiliary equation, A(s) with respect to s.
Then Fill the row of zeros with these coefficients.

8. What is Routh Stability Criterion?

The Routh criterion states that the necessary and sufficient condition for stability is that
 All of the elements in the first column of the Routh array be positive.
 If this condition is not met, the system is unstable
 And the number of sign changes in the elements of the first column of Routh array
corresponds to the number of roots of characteristic equation in the right half of the S-plane.

9. What is the requirement for BIBO Stability?

10. What are the Applications of Routh Criterion?

 Relative Stability Analysis
 Determining range of Value of K.

11. What are the Advantages of Routh stability Criterion?

 We can easily determine the relative stability of the system.
 It is easy to determine the range of K for system Stability.
 For an Unstable system , it gives number of Roots of characteristic equation having positive
real part.

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12. Limitations of Routh criterion.
 It is valid only if the characteristic equation is Algebraic.
 It is Applicable only to Linear systems.
 It is Valid only for Real coefficients of the Characteristic equation.
 If any coefficient of the characteristic equation is Complex Or contains power of “e” this
criterion cannot be applied.
 It is applicable only to characteristic equations that are polynomial functions of S.
 It does not suggest Methods of Stabilizing an Unstable System.
 It gives information about how many roots are lying On the RHS of S-plane. It does not
provide Exact locations of the Closed loop poles in Left or Right half of S-plane.
 It cannot distinguish between Real and Complex roots.

13. What is Limitedly or Marginally Stable ?

For a bounded input signal, if the output has constant amplitude oscillations then the system
may be Stable or Unstable under some limited constraints such a system is called Limitedly stable
[or] Marginally stable systems.

14. What is Dominant Pole?

The dominant pole is a pair of complex conjugate pole which decides transient response of the
system. In higher order systems the dominant poles are very close to origin and all other poles
of the system are widely separated and so they have less effect on transient response of the
system.

15. How will you find root locus on real axis.

Choose a Test point on real axis. If the total number of poles and zeros on the real axis to the
right of this test point is odd number, the test point lies on the Root Locus. If it is even then the test
point does not lie on the root locus.

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