No.

of Material Time for ten Time Co-efficient of Co-efficient %age

Obs. of pulley oscillations period kinetic of kinetic error
t(sec) (T) friction(µ) friction(µ)
(Experimental) (Theoritical)
=2π(2)S/gT(2)
t t t(ave)
1 Aluminium 9.04 9.26 9.15 0.915 0.4576 .15 32.77%
2 Cast iron 8.68 8.78 8.73 0.873 0.5 .3 60%
3 Brass 9.19 9.30 9.25 0.925 0.451 .14 31.042%
4 Steel 10.7 10.72 10.755 1.0755 0.3312 .2 60.38%
9
Experiment no.1:- The calculate the co-efficient of kinetic friction of various metallic pulleys

Apparatus:- Stop watch,steel rod,pair of metallic wheels.

Procedure:- Following steps should be taken while performing this experiment.

 Apparatus is placed softly on the table.
 Handle of metallic pulley is rotated in keeping in mind that steel rod should not fall.
 For ten revolutions time is recorded by stop watch.
 Pulleys of different material are tested and respective readings are noted.

Theory:- First we define important definitions regarding this experiment.

Dynamics:- It is that branch of mechanics which deals with the motion of bodies under the action
of forces.Dynamics has two distinct two parts.

1.kinematics:- It is the study of motion without reference to the forces which cause motion.

2.Kinetics:- It relates the action of forces on bodies to their resulting motions.

Friction:- Interlocking property of bodies which resist relative motion.

Types of Friction:-Thjere are basic two types of friction.

1.Static Friction:- It is the friction experienced by a body when it is at rest.

2.Dynamic Friction:- It is the friction experienced by a body when it is in motion.It is also

called kinetic friction.It is always less than static friction.It has following three types.

I. Sliding friction:- It is friction between two bodies which slide over each other.
 II. Rolling Friction:- It is the friction between two bodies which has balls and rollers
interposed between them.
III. Pivot friction:- It is the friction experienced by a body while in rotation as in case of
footstep bearing.

Types Of Friction On The Basis Of Lubrication:- on the basis of lubrication,it has

been classified into two categories.

1.Friction Between Lubricated Surfaces

2. Friction Between Unlubricated Surfaces

Limiting friction:-Maximum value of frictional force which comes into play when abody just
begins to slide over the surface of the body.

Co-efficient Of Friction:-It is the ratio between the frictional force and normal reaction force.

µ=F/R

First we prove the formula.

µ=2π(2)S/gT(2)

Consider the system is in equilibrium.such that

£F=0 , £M=0

There are two pulleys on the rod.two reactions are acting on the pulley.R1 on pulley A and R2 on
pulley B.Weight of the steel rod is W.Distance between the A and B is S.Weight of steel acts at
distance X.

At “A” £M=0

R2S=W(S/2+X) ;F=µR1 eq.1

At “B” £M=0

R1S=W(S/2-X) ;F= µR2 eq.2

R1=W(S/2-X)/S eq.3

Putting eq.3 in eq.1

F1=µW(S/2-X)/S similarly
F2= µW(S/2+X)/S

F=F1+F2

F= µW/S(-2X)

F=-2µWX/S

Frictional force a Displacement ;but has direction opposite to that of motion.

Also, F=ma

a=F/m=Fg/w

a=2µXg/S

Also time period=T=2 π√ displacement /acceleration

T=2 π √ XS /2 µ Xg

T=2 π√ S /2 µ g

T(2)=4π(2) / 2 µ g

µ=2π(2)S/gT(2)

Specimen Calculations:- Now we calculate the experimental co-efficient of kinematic

friction of brass.

Data:-

S=.625ft/sec

T=.925sec ; g=32.2ft/sec(2)

Solution:- The formula we have,

µ=2π(2)S/gT(2)

putting the values,we get

µ=.14

Comments:-
Precautions:- Following precautions should be taken into considerations while performing this
experiment.

I. Books should not be placed on the table while performing experiment.

II. Pulleys should be run at moderate constant speed.
III. Stopwatch should be used properly means it must be on and off at right moment.

Errors:- Following errors have been occurred in the experiment.

I. Pulleys were not rotated at the constant speed which caused error in the reading.
II. Friction between the steel rule and pulley also caused the error in the reading.
III. There was slight error in measuring time.Stopwatch was not made on and off at the right
time.
IV. Pulleys were rusted therefore it also caused error in the reading.
Experiment No.2:- To calculate the mechanical advantage,velocity ratio and efficiency of a
simple gear train

Apparatus:- Gear train mechanism

Procedure:- We did the experiment in following way.

 We placed the apparatus on the table
 We placed the loads of different value in hangers on both sides
 We repeated the experiment for different loads

Theory:- We define the important points

Gear train:- Two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one
shaft to another.

Types of gear train:- Following are the types of gear train

1.Simple gear train

2.Compound gear train

3.Reverted gear train

4.Epicyclic gear train

We are only concerned with simple gear train

Simple Gear Train:- When there is only one gear on each shaft then it is known as simple gear
train.

“Gears that are inserted in one plane are called simple gear train”

In following simple gear mechanism is shown.Gear 1 drives the gear 2 therefore gear 1 is called the
driver and the gear 2 is called the driven or follower.

Driver
Driven
Simple Gear mechanism 1
2

Velocity ratio:-Velocity ratio of gear train is the ratio of the driver to the speed of driver to the
speed of the driven or follower and ratio of any pair of gears in mesh is the inverse of their number of
teeth.
Speed ratio=N1/ N2=T2/T1