19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT Siblings:
(GROUP 1)  10 siblings – 1 Brother, 9 Sisters (1872-1877)
Spanish Colonial Period 1. Saturnina Mercado (1850 – 1913)
 From 1521 to 1898 (333 years) 2. Paciano Mercado (1851 – 1930)
3. Narcisa Mercado (1852-1939)
Spanish Misrule and Unjust Treatment 4. Olympia Mercado (1855-1887)
1. Instability of Colonial Administration 5. Lucia Mercado (1857-1919)
2. Corrupt Officials 6. Maria Mercado (1859-1945)
3. No representation in the Spanish Cortes 7. JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896)
4. Human Rights of Filipinos were denied 8. Concepcion Mercado (1862-1865)
5. No equality before the law 9. Josefa Mercado (1865-1945)
6. Injustice 10. Trinidad Mercado (1868-1951)
7. Racial Discrimination 11. Soledad Mercado (1870-1929)
8. Frailocracy
9. Forced Labor FRANCISCO’S influence on Rizal
10. Friars owning haciendas  The Pilosopo Tasyo in his Noli
11. Guardia Civil  “Most noble of Filipinos”
 Rizal looked up to Francisco
Dr. Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal  3. Through Education the Country Receives its
Alonzo y Realonda TEODORA’S influence on Rizal
 Doctor- completed his medical course in Spain and  Taught Rizal how to read and pray
was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine  Discovered Rizal’s talent for poetry and
by the Universidad Central de Madrid encouraged him to write
 Jose- was chosen by his mother who was a devotee
of the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph) Works:
 Protacio- from Gervacio P. which come from a “Sa Aking mga Kabata”
Christian calendar - Written when he was 8 years old
 Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the - Nationalist sentiment; talks about his mother
paternal great-greatgrandfather of Jose Rizal) which tongue
the Spanish term mercado means ‘market’ in English
 Rizal- from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish means a field “In Memory of My Town”
where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again - Written when he was 15 years old
 Alonzo- old surname of his mother - Calamba, Laguna
 y- and
 Realonda- it was used by Doña Teodora from the EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
surname of her godmother based on the culture by  Had tutors at home – learned Spanish and Latin
that time under Leon Monroy
 Went to Biñan under Justiniano Cruz
Born: June 19, 1861  Studied painting
Died: December 30, 1896  1870 – he went back to Calamba
Parents:  Before June 1872 – incident involving Dona
 Francisco Mercado Rizal Teodora (She became an easy target and was
 Teodora Alonso Realonda imprisoned for two and a half years, and was
charged of poisoning her brother’s wife.
 Ateneo Municipal – 11 years old – sent to
Manila to study
 The first in the family to use the name Rizal
 Graduated with Summa Cum Laude
 Kept writing poetry and painted
Poems written in Ateneo
 1875
1. Felicitation
2. The Departure: Hymn to Magellan’s Fleet
3. Poem about Elcano
4. The Battle of Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo
 1876
1. In Memory of My Town
2. Intimate Alliance between Religion and
Good Education
light
4. Battle of Lucena
5. The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic
Monarchs into Granada
UST, 1877-1882
 1877 - Studied Philosophy and Letters
 1878-79
o Took up medicine (the preparatory
course and medicine proper)
o 1878 – also studied Surveying at the
Ateneo
o 1879 – A La Juventud Filipino (To the
Filipino Youth) – encouraged the young
people to use their talents to break the
chains that bound the country at that
time
o “Council of the Gods” an allegorical
drama
EDUCATION IN SPAIN, PARIS & BERLIN
 SPAIN, 1882-1885
 1882
◉ Decided to complete his studies in Spain
◉ Mission: to study the life and culture,
 customs of European nations to prepare for
the task of “liberating his people”
◉ Left without informing his parents
◉ Wrote “Amor Patrio” (Love of Country) in
Barcelona – 1882
◉ “They ask me for verses” – 1882
◉ 1883 – went to Paris
◉ 1884 – won a gold medal in a contest in the
Greek language
◉ Got involved in student demonstrations
◉ 1884 – got the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine
◉ 1885 – Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters
 Paris to Berlin, 1885-87
Went to Paris and Germany to specialize in
ophthalmology 1886 – “To the Flowers of
Heidelberg”
- Starts his correspondence with Ferdinand
Blumentritt
- Was welcomed in scientific circles
- Met Dr. Feodor Jagor - German scientist-
traveller and author of Travels in the
Philippines
Reasons for staying in Berlin
1. Ophthalmology
2. Further his studies in sciences and languages
3. Observe the political conditions of the German
nation
4. Associate with German scientists and authors
5. Publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere
NOLI ME TANGERE, 1887
 Inspired by “Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 Published through the aid of Maximo Viola
 Dedicated to the Philippines “To My Fatherland”
FIRST HOMECOMING, 1887 – 88
o Warned not to go home because of the uproar
over the Noli
Reasons for coming back
1. Operate on his mother’s eyes
2. Serve the people
3. Find out the effect of the Noli on the
Filipinos and Spaniards
 Met with Gov.-Gen. Terrero over the Noli
 Noli – merely truth and did not advocate
subversive ideas
 Dominicans: “Noli was heretical, impious,
scandalous, anti-patriotic, subversive…”
 Later advised by Gov.-Gen. Terrero to leave the
country for his own good
RIZAL’S TRAVELS
◉1888 – Hongkong and Macau then to Japan
◉1888 – Visit to the United States
◉1888-89 – Rizal goes to London
◉1889 – goes back to Paris
◉1890 – Belgium
◉1890-91 – Madrid
◉1891 – El Filibusterismo
◉1891-92 – Surgeon in Hongkong
◉1892 – Second Homecoming and La Liga Filipina
◉1892-96 – Exile in Dapitan
◉1896 – Last Trip abroad
◉HongKong – studied Chinese life, language and
customs
◉ Japan – lived at the Spanish Legation ; fell in love with
O-Sei-San
◉US – saw racial discrimination – Whites vis-à-vis the
Blacks
◉London – wanted to improve his English, to study
Antonio de Morgas “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas” and to
continue his fight against Spanish tyranny
◉Became President of the “Solidaridad Association” in
1888
◉Writes about Filipino farmers
◉“Letter to the Young Women of Malolos” – 1889
◉ Los Indios Bravos (Paris, 1889)
◉ Wrote “The Philippines within a Century” and “The
Indolence of the Filipinos”
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
 Rizal – del Pilar rivalry – over leadership of the
Solidaridad
 Finished in Biarritz (French Riviera) – March 29,
1891
 Published in Ghent, Belgium – September 18,
1891 with the help of Valentin Ventura (Don
Honorio Ventura’s son)
 Dedicated to GomBurZa - Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos, Jacinto Gamora
 Fili – has less humor, less idealism and less
romance than the Noli
 It is more revolutionary and more tragic.
 1892 – decided to return to the Philippines
LA LIGA FILIPINA
◉Founded on July 03, 1892
◉Civic League of Filipinos
◉Aims: mutual protection, defense against violence
and injustice; encouragement of education agriculture
and commerce; study and application of reforms
1896
◉ 1896 – volunteered to be a doctor in Cuba
◉ Arrested in Spain and deported back to Manila, he
was imprisoned in Fort Santiago
◉ Dec. 28, 1896 – Camilo de Polavieja signs his death
warrant
◉ Dec. 30, 1896 – Execution of Dr. Jose Rizal at
Bagumbayan (Firing Squad)
◉ “Consummatum Est!” (It is finished!) – Last words
RIZAL’S LIFE (GROUP 2)
HIGHER EDUCATION
Life and Studies in Ateneo
Father Magin Ferrando, who was the school registrar,
refuse to admit him for two reasons:
1. He was late for registration.
2. He was sickly and undersized for his age.
However, upon the intercession of Manuel Xerez Burgos,
Nephew of Father Burgos, he was reluctantly admitted at
the Ateneo which was located at Intramuros, outside the
walls of Manila.
 Ateneo De Municipal established by the Jesuits
 Rizal entered in 1872
 He belonged to the class composed of Spaniards,
mestizos and Filipinos.
 His teacher was Fr. Jose Bech.
 He was considered as an inferior and was placed at
the bottom of the class.
 By the end of the month he became the emperor
and received a prize, a religious picture.
 To improve his Spanish Rizal took private lessons in
Santa Isabel College.
 During his 4th year in Ateneo he received 5 medals
and graduated as sobresaliente.
 He graduated on March 23, 1877(16 years old).
 Received the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS, with
highest honors not a valedictorian
EXTRA-CURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT
 An emperor inside the classroom
 Campus leader
 Active member and became a secretary, the
Marian Congregation Religious Society
 Member of the Academy of Spanish Literature
and the Academy of Natural Sciences
 Poet
 Studied painting under the famous Spanish
Painter, Agustin Saez
 Improved his sculpture talents under the
supervision of Romualdo de Jesus
 Engaged in gymnastics and fencing and
continued the physical training under his sports-
minded Tio Manuel.
MEDICAL STUDIES IN UNIVERSITY OF STO. THOMAS
(1877-1882)
• After graduating, he continued his education at UST.
• He finished a year in Philosophy and Letters.
• He decided to shift to a medical course.
• UST was under the Dominicans , rival of the Jesuits
in education
• Remained loyal to Ateneo participated in
extracurricular activities in Ateneo and completed a
course in surveying.
• As a Thomasian he won more literary laurels
• During his first term in 1877-1878 in UST, he studied
Cosmology, Metaphysics , Theodicy and History of
Philosophy.
• It was during the school term 1878-1879 that Rizal
pursued his studies in medicine.
REASONS WHY RIZAL WANTED TO STUDY
MEDICINE:
 He wanted to be a physician so that he could cure
his mother’s failing eyesight
 Fr. Pablo Ramon, the Father Rector of Ateneo
whom he consulted for a choice of career, finally
answered his letter, and recommended medicine.
 fees
PRE- MED COURSE
 Curso de Ampliacion or Advanced Course in
Physics, Chemistry and Natural History.
 Out of the 28 young men taking Ampliacion only four
including Rizal were granted the privilege of taking
simultaneously the preparatory course and the first
year of medicine
 Rizal also received his four years practical training in
medicine at the Hospital de San Juan de Dios in
Intramuros
 During his last year at the University, Rizal had
obtained the global grade of Notable (Very Good) in
all of his subjects, and he was the second best
student in a decimated class of seven who passed
the medicine course. After which, Rizal decided to
study in Spain.
ACADEMIC JOURNEY TO SPAIN (1882-1885)
 His departure for Spain was kept secret from
Spanish Authorities, friars and even his parents
especially his mother because she would not allow
him to go
 To avoid detection, he used the name Jose
Mercado
 On May 3, 1882 he boarded on Salvadora bound
for Singapore where he was the only Filipino
passenger
 On November 3, 1882, he enrolled in Universidad
Central de Madrid taking up two courses:
Philosophy a Letters and Medicine
 On June 21, 1884, he conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine
 The Following academic year, he studied and
passed all subjects leading to the degree of doctor
of medicine
 Unfortunately, he was not able to submit the thesis
required for graduation nor paid the corresponding
 With that, he was not awarded his Doctor’s Diploma
 Jose Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy
and Letters with higher grades
 He was awarded the Degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central
de Madrid June 19, 1885 with the rating of
excellent.
OPHTHALMOLOGY STUDIES AND TRAVELS IN
EUROPE
 Jose Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to
specialize in OPHTHALMOLOGY. Among all
branches, he chose this specialization because he
wanted to cure his mother’s failing eyesight.
 In 1885, after studying at the Universidad Central
de Madrid, Rizal, who was then 24 years old, went
 to Paris to acquire more knowledge in
ophthalmology
 On February 3, 1886, after gathering some
experience in ophthalmology, he left Paris and went
to Heidelberg, Germany
 He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the
direction of Dr. Otto Becker, a distinguished
German ophthalmologist
 On April 22, 1886, Rizal wrote a poem entitled “A
Las Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of
Heidelberg) because he was fascinated by the
blooming flowers along the Neckar River, which
was the light blue flower called “forget-me-not”.
 On August 14, 1886, Rizal arrived in Leipzig. There,
he attended some lectures at the University of
Leipzig on history and psychology.
 It was in Madrid that he began writing Noli Me
Tangere. He also attended classes in the University
of Paris and, in 1887, he completed his eye
specialization course at the University of
Heidelberg. It was also in that year that Rizal’s first
novel was published in Berlin with the help of
Maximo Viola.
LIFE ABROAD
 Rizal’s First Trip Abroad, 3 May 1882 Rizal left
Philippines for the first time Spain. He boarded the
Salvadora using a passport of Jose Mercado,
which was procured for him by his uncle Antonio
Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera.
ASIDE FROM COMPLETING HIS STUDIES RIZAL HAD
A “SECRET MISSION”
• Observe the life and culture, customs, governments
& laws of European nations in order to prepare
himself in the task of liberating the Filipino people
from Spanish tyranny
• Rizal’s departure was kept secret to avoid detection
from Spain authorities and the friars
RIZAL IN BARCELONA, SPAIN
• 20 August 1882 His article "Amor Patrio" was
published in the Diarong Tagalog, a Manila
newspaper edited by Basilio Teodoro. This was the
First article he wrote abroad.
RIZAL IN MADRID, SPAIN
• September 2 1882 - Rizal matriculated at the
Universidad Central de Madrid. He took the
following subjects: medical clinic, surgical clinic,
legal medicine and obstetrical clinic.
• October 4 1882 - Asked to deliver a poem by the
members of Circulo Hispano-Filipino, there together
in the effort to save the association from
disintegration, Rizal recited "Me piden versus." The
meeting was held at the house of Pablo Ortiga y
Rey.
• November 1882, he wrote the article "Revista de
Madrid" which was in intended for publication in the
Diarong Tagalog in Manila, but was not published
because the newspaper stops its circulation.
• November 7 1882 Rizal wrote an article entitled
"Las Dudas". The article was signed Laong - Laan.
RIZAL IN PARIS, FRANCE
 18 June 1883 - With Felipe Zamora and
Cunanan, He visited the Leannec Hospital to
observe how Dr, Nicaise treated his patients. He
was stunned to see the advanced facilities in the
accommodation in the said hospital.
 19 June 1883 - He again visited Dr. Nicaise who
showed the technique of operation. Later he
went to see Dupytren Museum.
 20 June 1883 - Rizal visited the Lariboisiere
Hospital where Felix Pardo de Tavera was an
extern. Here he observed the examination of the
different diseases of women
.
RIZAL BACK IN MADRID
• 28 September 1883 - in He enrolled at the
central Universidad de Madrid for the second
course in medicine.
• October 1883, he came to know of the
imprisonment, by order of Sr. Vicente Barrantes,
of the 14 rich innocent persons in Manila. The
Prisoners who knew nothing is the cause of their
detention and who became sick later, were kept
in a humid prison cell. Rizal was indignant of his
inhuman act.
• 2 January 1884 - Rizal proposed to the member
of the Circulo assembled in the house of the
Pateros, the publication of a book by
association. This idea became the embryo of
this first novel Noli Me Tangere .
 21 June 1884 - He finished the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine with the grade of
aprobado from the Central Universidad de
Madrid.
 25 June 1884 Rizal won first prize in Greek
contest, after which he delivered a speech in
honor of the two Filipino painters, Juan Luna
and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. The occasion
commemorated the triumph of the two,
especially Luna who won the first prize for his
Spoliarium during the National Exposition of
Fine Arts held in Madrid that year.
 July 1884 Rizal explained the term
"Filibusterismo" in the newspaper of Madrid El
Progreso, calling the attention of the Spanish
authorities over the case of future of the
Filipinos. He asked for freedom of the press and
the right of representation of the Spanish Cortes
 The first half of Noli me Tangere was written in
Madrid, Spain from 1884-1885 while Dr. José P.
Rizal was studying for medicine
RIZAL IN BERLIN, GERMANY
 While in Germany, Rizal wrote the second half
of Noli me Tangere from time-to-time starting
February 21, 1887.
 21 March 1887 Copies of his novel came off the
press. He sent one copy to Prof. Blumentritt. In
a letter of his Austrian friend, he said it was the
first impartial and daring book to be written on
the life of the Tagalogs. He opined that the
Spanish authorities and the friar would attack
the book.
RIZAL IN SWITZERLAND
 Accompanied by his friend Maximo Viola
 They visited Blumentritt
 Rizal decided to return to Barcelona
 Rizal and Viola parted ways in Geneva.
RIZAL IN ITALY
• After a week of staying in Rome, he prepared to
return to the Philippines
• He had already written to his father that he was
coming home.
• 3 February 1888 - Rizal, after staying in the
Philippines for almost six months, left Manila for
Hongkong, bringing with him P5,000 which he
earned from his medical practice
RIZAL IN HONG KONG
• 19 February 1888 -With Jose Maria Basa, Jose
Sainz de Veranda and some Portuguese, Rizal left
Hongkong for Macao on board the Kui Kiang. In
Macao, they lived in the house of Juan Lecaroz.
Rizal went around for observation, especially the
botanical garden.
• 22 February 1888 -After staying in Hong Kong for
almost two weeks, he left for Japan on board the
Oceanic.
RIZAL IN JAPAN
• Among the happiest moments of Rizal in his life
was his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry
Blossoms. He stayed in Japan for one month
and a half from February 28 to April 13, 1888.
He was charmed by the natural beauty of Japan,
the manners of the Japanese people and the
picturesque of shrines.
• Rizal met a pretty Japanese girl. Her name was
Seiko Usui. Rizal fell in love with Seiko. He
affectionately called her O-Sei-San.
RIZAL IN UNITED STATES
• April 28, 1888 - Rizal had a good and bad
impressions of the United States
• May 16, 1888, he left New York for Liverpool on
board the City of Rome. He was onboard in a
steamer which was “the second largest ship in
the world”- The Great Eastern.
RIZAL IN LONDON
• Rizal lived in London from May 1888 to March 1889
• To improve his knowledge of the English language.
• London was a safe place from the attacks of
Spanish tyranny
• Rizal also wrote his first article in La Solidaridad, a
patriotic newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez
Jaena.
• Before leaving London Rizal finish 4 sculptural
works: (The Triumph of Death over life, The triumph
of Science over Death, Prometheus Bond)
RIZAL BACK IN MADRID
• 23 August 1890 - He reported to Juan Luna
what transpired between him and Antonio Luna.
They had a quarrel and they also had a duel.
RIZAL BIARRITZ, FRANCE
• 29 March 1891- He finished writing his book El
Filibusterismo. He planned, however, of revising
some chapters.
RIZAL IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM
• 1 May 1891 - In a letter sent to Basa, Rizal
reiterated [again] his desire to be in Hong Kong,
reminding the former of the amount he was
borrowing for his fare. He also informed Deodato
Arellano of his plan to move from Europe to either
Hongkong, Philippines or Japan, and to renounce
the receiving of pension from the Propaganda.
• 30 May 1891 - Rizal set ready for printing 20
chapters of the manuscript of the El Filibusterismo.
He was waiting for an amount to defray the
publication expense.
RIZAL IN GHENT, BELGIUM
• 9 July 1891 - He was financially hard up. He did
not receive for three months up to this date any
pension from home. He was living in the most
difficult situation, renting a small room and eating
the modest food in order to economize and able to
publish the Fili. He had already pawned all his
jewels.
• September 1891- El Fili was published in Ghent
using the donations from Rizal’s friends (Valentin
Ventura – son of Don Honorio Ventura)
EXILE, TRIAL AND DEATH
RIZAL IN THE PHILIPPINES
 26 June 1892 - Rizal arrived in the Philippines
from Hongkong on board the boat Don Juan. After
having been inspected by the custom men, he
boarded in the Oriente Hotel where he occupied
room No. 22, facing the Binondo church. His
sister, Lucia, accompanied him in his return to the
Philippines. In the evening, he attended the
reunion held in the house of Don Ong-junco, a
Chinese mestizo, who was living in the district of
Tondo. Here he met many Filipinos who were later
arrested and executed as a consequence of the
discovery of the Katipunan.
  3 July 1892 - Rizal had again an interview with
Governor- General Despujol. He thanked
Governor- General Despujol for lifting the order of
exile for his sisters. The Governor told him to
come back the following Wednesday. In the
evening, he attended a meeting at a house on
Calle Ylaya to discuss the proposed Liga Filipina.
EXILED TO DAPITAN
• 6 July 1892 - Rizal held the last interview with the
Governor- General. The governor-general confronted
him for anti-friar bills supposedly found in the
baggages of his sister Lucia. He was ordered
imprisoned in Fort Santiago (from July 6-15).
• 15 July 1892- at 1:00 on the morning, Rizal was
shipped on board the boat S. S. Cebu to Dapitan. He
was given good cabin, but well guard.
• In Daptian, He engaged in agriculture, fishing and
business; he maintained and operated a hospital; he
conducted classes- taught the pupils English and
Spanish languages and the arts
FROM DAPITAN TO FORT SANTIAGO
• When the Philippine Revolution started on August 26,
1896, his enemies lost no time in pressing him down.
They were able to enlist witnesses that linked him with the
revolt and these were never allowed to be confronted by
him. Thus, from November 3, 1986, to the date of his
execution, he was again committed to Fort Santiago.
TRIAL OF RIZAL
The Spanish colonial government accused Rizal of three
crimes:
a) The founding of La Liga Filipina, an “illegal
organization” whose single aim was to
“Perpetrate the crime of rebellion”.
b) Rebellion which he promoted through his
previous activities.
c) Illegal association.
-The penalty for those accusation is life imprisonment to
death and correctional imprisonment and a charge of 325
to 3,250 Pesetas (standard unit of money used in Spain
before)
The prosecution drew information from the dossier on
Rizal which Detailed his “subervise activities” some of
which are the following:
1. The writing and publication of “Noli me Tangere”, the
Annotations to Morga’s History of the Philippines, “El
Filibusterismo”, and the various articles which
criticized the friars and suggested their expulsion in
order to win independence. The El Filibusterismo
was dedicated to the three martyr priests who were
executed as traitors to the Fatherland in 1872
because they were the moving spirit of the uprising
of that year.
2. The establishment of masonic lodges which became
the propaganda and fund-raising center to support
subvervise activities and the establishment of
centers in Madrithe, Hongkong and Manila to propa-
gate his ideas.
-After finishing as much evidence as possible on
November 20, 1896, the preliminary on Rizal began.
During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of
the charges against him before Judge advocate Colonel
Francisco Olive.
TWO KINDS OF EVIDENCES ENDORSED BY
COLONEL OLIVE TO GOVERNOR RAMON BLANCO:
1. Documentary
2. Testimonial
REVIEW TRANSMITTED THE RECORDS TO DON
NICOLAS DE LA PENA
Pena’s recommendations were as follows:
• Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
• He must be held in prison under necessary security
• His properties must be issued with order of
attachment and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one
million pesos instead of a civilian lawyer, only an
army officer is allowed to defend Rizal.
• The lawyer of Rizal is Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade
Brother of Lt. Jose Traviel de Andrade who worked
as Rizal’s personal body guard in Calamba in
1887.In the presence of his Spanish Counsel on
December 11, 1896, charges against Rizal were
read in the presence of his Spanish counsel. When
they asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on
the charges.
RIZAL REPLIED THAT IN HIS DEFENSE.
• He does not question the jurisdiction of the court.
• He has nothing to amend except that during his exile
in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political
matters.
• He has nothing to admit on the charges against him.
• He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the
witnesses, he had not met nor knew, against him.
EXECUTION
• Despite all valid pleadings the military court,
vindictive as it was Unanimous voted for the
sentence of death.
• Camilo de Polavieja affirmed. The decision of the
court martial and ordered to be shot at 7:00 in the
morning of December 30 1896 at Bagumbayan
field.
• Rizal was heavily guarded and was accompanied
by the Jesuits as He walked from Fort Santiago to
Bagumbayan.
• He wore a black woolen suit and a derby hat and
his arms were tied behind him.
• During the walked, he recalled his youth and his
student days At the Ateneo.
• And in Bagumbayan itself, the Spanish troops held
back the crowd while the artillery group stood on
alert to prevent any attempt to rescue Rizal.
• His brother Paciano who had joined the Revolution
forces was said to have discouraged groups who
might want to save Rizal since they would not be
able to match Spanish Firepower.
• The captain in charge of the execution instructed
Rizal were to position himself, to turn his back
against the squad and the face the sea.
 • However, Rizal requested to face the firing squad,
as such position instructed was only taken by
traitors and he was not one of them.
• The captain could not do anything for he was only
following orders.
• Hence, failing to have his request granted, he
asked to be shot at the back instead of the head so
that he may, at the end, turn his head and body
sidewise and fall with his face upward.
• The captain agreed he also asked if he would like
to knee but Rizal refused nor did he agree to be
blindfolded.
• A Jesuit priest now came running and Asked Rizal
to kiss the crucifix that he held. Rizal turned his
back on the crucifix and thus, against the firing
squad. He was ready for the execution.
DR. JOSE RIZAL LAST DAY AND HIS EXECUTION
• Rizal spent his 24 hours in his death cell where he
received members of his family and writes his letter,
the first one to his “second brother” Ferdinand
Blumentritt.
• He gave his sisters, Trinidad and old petroleum
lamp and whispered to her in English that there is
something inside the lamp, thus is Rizal’s famous
Farewell poem. “Ultimo Adios”, (Last Farewell” was
found.
• Rizal was said to have married his Irish girlfriend
according to Catholic rited in the very last hours of
his life, after living with her for sometimes in Dapitan.
They were previously married civilly.
• On the morning of December 30,1896, Rizal set on
his walk from Fort Santiago to the Bagumbayan
square, the same place where the three priest had
been killed in 1872, now Luneta Park, in the center
of Manila at 6:30 O’clock.
• And when the time to march to Bagumbayan. He
was ready to face his ultimate death came, he was
seen as a man of peace and bravery.
• At exactly 7:03 am RIZAL shouted
“CONSUMMATUM EST” before the shot run out.
The hero’s life ended.
• In the background could be heard, “Viva Espna!
Death to traitors!
• Rizal’s Family was not able to take old of his body.
The military had secretly buried the body of Rizal at
the Paco Cemetery
RIZAL'S ANNOTATION OF SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS
FILIPINAS (GROUP 3)
SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
• It is one of the most important works on the early
history of the spanish colonization of the Philippines
published in Mexico in 1609 by Antonio de Morga
•Annotated by Jose Rizal with a prologue by Dr.
Ferdinand Blumentritt.
ANTONIO DE MORGA
 Spanish consquistador, gov,t official, and
historical anthropologist; author of Sucesos De
Las Islas Filipinas (Events of the Philippine
Islands)
 He wrote the first lay format history of the
Philippine conqeust by Spain.
 A doctorate in canon law and civil law.
 His history is valuable in that Morga had access
to the survivors of the earliest days of the colony
and he, himself participated in many of the
accounts that he rendered.
 The book (Sucesos..) narrates the history of
wars, intrigues, diplomacy and evangelization of
the Philippines in a somewhat dis jointed way.
 Modern historians (including Rizal) have noted
that Morga has a definite bias and would often
distort facts or even rely on invention to fit his
defense of the Spanish conquest.
MORGA’S PURPOSE FOR WRITING SUCESOS
Morga wrote that the purpose for writing
Sucesos was so he could chronicle “the deeds acheives
by our Spaniards the discovery, conquest, and
conversation of the Filipinas Islands – as well as varoious
fortunes that they have from time to time in the great
kingdoms and among the pagan peoples surrounding the
islands.”
Taking issues with the scopes of these
claims, Rizal argued that the conversation and
conqeast were not as widespread as portrayed
because the missionaries were only successful
in conqering a portion of the population of
certain Islands.
WHO LEADS JOSE RIZAL TO SUCESOS DE LAS
ISLAS FILIPINAS?
• Rizal was an earnest seeker of truth and this marked his
as a historian.
• He had a burning desire to know exactly the conditions
of the Philippines when the Spaniards came ashore to
the islands.
• His theory was that country was economically self-
sufficient and prosperous. Entertained the idea that it had
a lively and vigorous community.
• He believed the conquest of the Spaniards contributed
in part to the decline of the Philippine’s rich tradition and
culture.
• He then decided to undertake the annotation of Antonio
de Morga’s Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas.
• His personal friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt
provided the inspration for doing a new edition of Morga’s
Sucesos
•Devoting four months research and writing and almost a
year to get his manuscript published in Paris in January
1890.
RIZAL’S ANNOTATION OF MORGA’S SUCESOS
• His extensive annotations of Morga’s work number “no
less than 639 items or almost two annotations for every
page”.
• Rizal also annotated Morga’s typographical errors.
• He commented on every statement that could be
nuanced in Filipino cultural practices. For example, on
page 248 Morga describes the culinary art of the ancient
Filipinos by recording:”.. They prefer to eat salt fish which
begin to decompose and smell.” Rizal’s footnotes: “This
is another preoccupation of the Spaniards who, like any
other nation in that matter of food, loathe that to which
they are not accustomed or is unknown to them… The
fish that Morga mentions does not taste bette when it is
beginning to rot; all on the contary” it is the bagoong, and
all those who have eaten it and tasted it know it is not or
ought not to be rotten.”
RIZAL’S ANNOTATION OF MORGA’S SUCESOS
 1. Rizal commits the error of many historians in
appraising the events of the past in the light of
present standards.
2. Rizal’s attacks on the church were unfair and
unjustified because the abuses of the friars
should not be constued to mean thw Catholicism
is bad.
FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT also wrote a preface
emphasizing some salient points:
• The Spaniards have to correct their erroneous
conception of the Filipinos as children of limited
intelllegence
• That there existed three kinds os Spanish delusions
about the Philippines:
1. Flipinos were an inferior race
2. Filipinos were not ready for parliamentary
representation and other reforms
3. Denial of equal rights can be compensated by
strict despentation of justice
FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT’S PROLOGUE
• Writing in Spanish, instead of his native German
language.
• Praised Rizal’s work as “scholarly and well-thought
out”
• He noted that Morga’s Sucesos was so rare that “the
very few libraries that have it guard it with the same
solicitude as if it were the treasure of the Incas”
• He critizied Rizal’s annotations on two counts:
1. He first observed that Rizal had commited the
mistake of many modern historians who judged
events in the past in the context of
contemporary ideas and mores.
2. He perceived as the overreach of Rizal’s
denunciations of Catholicism that Rizal should
confine his critique to the religious orders in the
Phlipippine who spared no effect to suppress
calls for reform.
RIZAL’S PURPOSE OF THE MORGA’S SUCESOS
In Jose Rizal’s dedication, he explained among other
things, the purpose of the new edition of Morga’s
Sucesos: “If the book succeeds in awakening in you the
consciousness of our past which has been oblirated from
memory and in rectifying what has been falsified and
calumniated. I shall not have labored in vain, and on such
basis, little though it may be, we can all devote ourselves
to studying the future.”
3 MAIN PROPOSITIONS IN RIZAL’S NEW EDITION OF
MORGA’S SUCESOS
1. The people of the Philippines had a culture on
their own, before the coming of the Spaniards.
2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized,
exploited and ruined by the Spanish
colonization.
3. The present state of the Philippines was not
necessarily superior to its past.
RIZAL’S ANNOTATION
In his historical essay, which inludes the narration of
Philippine colonial history, punctuated as it was with
incidences of agony, tensions, tragedies and prolonged
periods of suffering that many of people had been
subjected to. He correctly observed that as a colony of
Spain, “The Philippines was depopulated, improverished
and retarded, astaounded by metaphor sis, with no
confidence in her past, still without faith in her present
and without faltering hope in the futute.”
He went to say:
“… little by little, they (Filipinos) lost their old traditions,
the mementoes of their past; they gave up their writing,
their songs, their poems, their laws, in order to learn
other doctrines which they did not understand, another
morality, another aesthetics, different from those inspired
by their climate and their manner of thinking. They
declined, degrading themselves in their own eyes. They
become ashamed of what was their own; they began to
admire and praise whatever was foreign and
incomprehensible; their sprit was damaged and it
surrendered.”
RIZAL’S ANNOTATION OF MORGA’S SUCESOS
The "SUCESOS" as annotated by Rizal, appeared
for the first time in the Philippines sixty eight years later
when a publisher in Manila, published the new work in
1958, to contribute his bit to the national  dinner, where Ibarra is grossly and wantonly insulted over
effort to honor Rizal. The present work is the sixth volume
of the Series of Writings of Jose Rizal which the Jose
Rizal National Centennial Commission has no published
in commemoration of his birth. 
"To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to open
the books that tell of her past"
- Jose Rizal
NOLI ME TANGERE HISTORY
• Noli Me Tangere is the first novel written by Filipino
patriot and national hero Dr. José P. Rizal in 1887
and published in Germany.
• The story line goes detailed with the society of the
Philippines during Spanish colonial period and
features aristocracy behind poverty and abuse of
colonialists.
• In its publication, the novel caused uproar among
Filipino people that also felt Spanish abuse. 
• Noli me Tangere was followed by its sequel, El
Filibusterismo (1889) before common Filipinos
crossed the borderline and started the infamous
Philippine Revolution in 1896, some months before
Dr. Rizal's execution.
SUMMARY OF NOLI ME TANGERE
Juan Crisostomo Ibarra is a young Filipino who,
after studying for seven years in Europe, returns to his
native land to find that his father, a wealthy landowner,
has died in prison as the result of a quarrel with the
parish curate, a Franciscan friar named Padre Damaso.
Ibarra is engaged to a beautiful and accomplished girl,
Maria Clara, the supposed daughter and only child of the
rich Don Santiago de los Santos, commonly known as
“Capitan Tiago.”
Ibarra resolves to forego all quarrels and to work
for the betterment of his people. To show his good
intentions, he seeks to establish, at his own expense, a
public school in his native town. He meets with ostensible
support from all, especially Padre Damaso’s successor, a
young and gloomy Franciscan named Padre Salvi, for
whom Maria Clara confesses to an instinctive dread.
At the laying of the cornerstone for the new
schoolhouse, a suspicious accident, apparently aimed at
Ibarra’s life, occurs, but the festivities proceed until the
the memory of his father by Fray Damaso. The young
man loses control of himself and is about to kill the friar,
who is saved by the intervention of Maria Clara.
Ibarra is excommunicated, and Capitan Tiago,
through his fear of the friars, is forced to break the
engagement and agree to the marriage of Maria Clara
with a young and inoffensive Spaniard provided by Padre
Damaso. Obedient to her reputed father’s command and
influenced by her mysterious dread of Padre Salvi, Maria
Clara consents to this arrangement, but becomes
seriously ill, only to be saved by medicines sent secretly
by Ibarra and clandestinely administered by a girlfriend.
Ibarra succeeds in having the excommunication
removed, but before he can explain matters, an uprising
against the Civil Guard is secretly brought about through
agents of Padre Salvi, and the leadership is ascribed to
Ibarra to ruin him. He is warned by a mysterious friend,
an outlaw called Elias, whose life he had accidentally
saved; but desiring first to see Maria Clara, he refuses to
make his escape, and when the outbreak page occurs,
he is arrested as the instigator of it and thrown into prison
in Manila.
On the evening when Capitan Tiago gives a ball
in his Manila house to celebrate his supposed daughter’s
engagement, Ibarra makes his escape from prison and
succeeds in seeing Maria Clara alone. He begins to
reproach her because it is a letter written to her before he
went to Europe which forms the basis of the charge
against him, but she clears herself of treachery to him.
The letter had been secured from her by false
representations and in exchange for two others written by
her mother just before her birth, which prove that Padre
Damaso is her real father. These letters had been
accidentally discovered in the convento by Padre Salvi,
who made use of them to intimidate the girl and get
possession of Ibarra’s letter, from which he forged others
to incriminate the young man. She tells him that she will
marry the young Spaniard, sacrificing herself thus to save
her mother’s name and Capitan Tiago’s honor and to
prevent a public scandal, but that she will always remain
true to him.
Ibarra’s escape had been effected by Elias, who
conveys him in a banka up the Pasig to the Lake, where
they are so closely beset by the Civil Guard that Elias
leaps into the water and draws the pursuers away from
the boat, in which Ibarra lies concealed
On Christmas Eve, at the tomb of the Ibarras in
a gloomy wood, Elias appears, wounded and dying, to
find there a boy named Basilio beside the corpse of his
mother, a poor woman who had been driven to insanity
by her husband’s neglect and abuses on the part of the
Civil Guard, her younger son having page disappeared
some time before in the convento, where he was a
sacristan. Basilio, who is ignorant of Elias’s identity, helps
him to build a funeral pyre, on which his corpse and the
madwoman’s are to be burned.
Upon learning of the reported death of Ibarra in
the chase on the Lake, Maria Clara becomes
disconsolate and begs her supposed godfather, Fray
Damaso, to put her in a nunnery. Unconscious of her
knowledge of their true relationship, the friar breaks down
and confesses that all the trouble he has stirred up with
the Ibarras has been to prevent her from marrying a
native, which would condemn her and her children to the
oppressed and enslaved class. He finally yields to her
entreaties and she enters the nunnery of St. Clara, to
which Padre Salvi is soon assigned in a ministerial
capacity.
FACTS ABOUT NOLI ME TANGERE
•Missing Chapter: Chapter 25 of the novel (entitled Elias
and Salome) was discarded by Rizal for being deemed
irrelevant to the story. In it, Elias talks with his Star-
Crossed Love Interest who only appears in that chapter.
The manuscript was later found, and it is now being
included in more recent editions of the novel, like in
Philippine National Artist Virgilio S. Almario's Filipino-
language translation.
• School Study Media: The book and its sequel are
required reading for High School students, and a course
about the Author's life and works is a prerequisite in
College.
• Banned in China: Being labeled as subversive, the book
was banned in the colonial Philippines. The Corrupt
Church at that time did everything in their power to
suppress its publication and distribution. It is no longer
the case in recent times.
• Streisand Effect: Naturally, the ban made more
Filipinos much more interested about the book.
• Write Who You Know: Most major characters in Noli Me
Tangere (as well as El Filibusterismo) are based on
people Rizal knew. Maria Clara was based on his fiancee
Leonor Rivera, and Father Florentino was based on
Father Leoncio Lopez, the parish priest of his hometown.
CHARACTERS
• Crisóstomo Ibarra
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin , commonly called
Ibarra, is Filipino-Spanish and the only descendant of the
wealthy Spaniard Don Rafael Ibarra. He was born and
grew up in the Philippines, but during his adolescence,
spent seven years studying in Europe. Those years
prevented him from knowing what was happening in his
country. When he returned to the Philippines, he found
his father had died and the corpse was (supposedly)
moved to a Chinese cemetery (but the body ended up in
a river). He heard tales of how helpful and kind his father
had been and decided to honor the memory of his father
by doing as his father did.
• María Clara
María Clara de los Santos y Alba, is the most dominant
yet weakest representation of women in the setting.
When thinking of Noli, the name of María Clara can be
seen predominantly as the image of the ideal Filipino
woman. María Clara is the primary female character in
the novel. She is the daughter of Capitán Tiago and Doña
Pía Alba. Doña Pía died while delivering Maria Clara. The
poor child grew under the guidance and supervision of
Tíya Isabél, Capitán Tiago's cousin.
María Clara is known to be Ibarra's lover since childhood.
When Ibarra was away in Europe, Capitán Tiago sent
Maria Clara to the Beaterio de Santa Clara where she
developed into a lovely woman under the strict guidance
of the religious nuns.
Later in the novel, María Clara discovers that her
biological father is not Capitán Tiago, but San Diego's
former curate and her godfather Padre Dámaso. After
hearing about Ibarra's death, she went to Padre Damaso
and persuaded him to accept her into a nunnery. She
found out everything she learned about the nunnery was
a lie. And was later on raped by Padre Damaso.
• Padre Dámaso
PADRE Dámaso Verdolagas (commonly known as Padre
Dámaso/Padre Damaso or Father Damaso), of
Franciscan order, was the former curate of the parish
church of San Diego. He was the curate for almost twenty
years before he was replaced by the much younger
Padre Salvi. Padre Damaso was known to be friendly
with the Ibarra family, so much that Crisóstomo was
surprised by what the former curate had done to Don
Rafaél.
Padre Dámaso is described to be snobbish, ruthless and
judgemental extrovert. He does not control his words
when speaking and does not care if the person he is
talking to feel embarassed or remorseful. He always
berates or criticizes other people around him-- especially
Ibarra. Enraged, Ibarra once almost stabbed the priest
after he embarassed him in front of the people in the
sacristy. This made everyone think of him dead before
Ibarra was being issued for arrest.
There are also issues that he and Donya Pia had a
relationship and also revealed that he is the biological
father of Maria Clara.
• Kapitán Tiago
Don Santíago de los Santos, commonly known as
Kapitán Tiago, is the only son of a wealthy trader
in Malabon. Due to his mother's cruelty, Kapitán Tiago
did not attain any formal education. He became a servant
of a Dominican priest. When the priest and his father
died, Kapitán Tiago decided to assist in the family
business of trading before he met his wife Doña Pía Alba,
who came from another wealthy family. Because of their
consistent devotion to Santa Clara in Obando, they were
blessed with a daughter who shared the same features
as Padre Dámaso, named Maria Clara.
Kapitán Tiago owned numerous properties in Pampanga,
Laguna and especially, in San Diego. He also managed
boarding houses along Daang Anloague and Santo
Cristo (in San Diego too) and had contracts for opening
an opium business.
He is close to the priests because he had given
numerous contributions of money during ecclesiastical
donations and always invited the parish curate to every
formal dinner. He was also entrenched with the
government because he always supported tax increases
whenever the local officials wished. That was the reason
he obtained the title of gobernadorcillo, the highest
government position that a non-Spaniard could have in
the Philippines.
Later in the Noli sequel, El Filibusterismo, Kapitán Tiago
loses all his properties and becomes addicted to opium,
which would eventually lead to his death.
• Pilósopo Tasyo
Don Anastacio, commonly known as Filósofo Tacio
(Philosopher Tasyo) is one of the most important
characters in Noli. On the one hand, he is referred to as a
philosopher/sage (hence, Pilosopo Tasyo) because his
ideas were accurate with the minds of the townspeople.
On the other hand, if his ideas were against the thinking
of the majority, he was considered the Imbecile Tacio (or
Tasyong Sintu-sinto) or Lunatic Tacio (Tasyong Baliw).
Filósofo Tacio was born into a wealthy Filipino family. His
mother let him be formally educated, then abruptly
ordered him to stop. She feared Tasyo would become
"too educated" and lose his faith and devotion to religion.
His mother gave him two choices: either go into the
priesthood or stop his education. Tasyo chose the latter
because he had a girlfriend that time. Soon enough, they
married and after a year, Tasyo widowed while his
mother also died. Most of his time was taken up in
reading and buying books that all his properties were lost
and he became poor.
• Eliás
Eliás came from the family which the Ibarra clan had
oppressed for generations. He grew up in a wealthy
family until he discovered something that changed his life
forever. Despite that Ibarra's family subjugated his family,
he is entirely indebted towards him. Furthermore, Ibarra,
who in turn, saved Elías' life when they tried to kill a
crocodile. Elias helped him again before Ibarra gets
arrested by burning his house. Elias and Ibarra continued
supporting each other until Elias sacrificed himself to help
him one last time. He was shot by the guards (mistakenly
took as Ibarra trying to dive down the river and escape)
and slowly died.
Doña Victorina
Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña is the one who
pretended to be a meztisa (a Spaniard born in the
Philippines) and always dreamed of finding a Spanish
husband, in which she married Don Tiburcio. She was
feared by everyone in the town because of her odd
appearance, her ruthless personality, and her fierce
rivalry against Donya Consolacion.
It actually came to pass but she did not like Don Tiburcio.
She merely forced herself to marry him despite having
fallen in love with Kapitan Tiyago.
• Sisa
Narcisa is married to the man named Pedro and the
mother of Basilio and Crispín. She depicts how Filipino
mothers love their children unquestionably.
After days when Crispin was held captive by Mang
Tasyo, the owner of the sacristy, she was arrested,
locked up in the jail. One day later, she was pardoned by
the town Alferez and was released. However, when she
returned home, Basilio was also gone. When she found
Crispin's clothes soaked with blood, she grew lunatic as
she continues to find her children.
At the end of the novel, Basilio grievously mourns for his
mother as he found her dying under the tree.
• Doña Consolacíon
Doña Consolacíon, la musa de los guardias civiles y
esposa del Alférez once a laundry woman who worked
for the town Alferez. She became wealthy after marrying
a Spanish husband. Despite that they are rivals with
Donya Victorina, they are somewhat common.
Other Characters: worthy to sit. Ibarra and many others talked about going • Chapter IX  - Problems About Town
home while Captain Tiago was stopped because Maria There was a car in front of Captain Tiyago's
• Tiya Isabel - Helped Kapitan Tiyago take care of
Clara did not look at the young man. house. The rider inside of it was Tiya Isabel and was
Maria Clara as she grew up
waiting for her to ride. Padre Damaso suddenly came and
• Idáy, Sinang, Victoria and Neneng - Friends of
•Chapter IV - Erehe and Pilibustero talked to Captain Tiago. Padre Damaso was opposed to
Maria Clara in San Diego. Idáy is beautiful and
Ibarra walks around and he knows the Guevarra Maria Clara's dealings with Ibarra.
plays the harp. Sinang is cheerful and naughty
Lieutenant asks him to talk about his father's life because
and Maria Clara's closest friend, Victoria is
he knows nothing about it. According to him, his father is • Chapter X - San Diego
Sinang's strict elder cousin, Neneng is quiet and
the richest man in his province although he is respected San Diego is a common town in the Philippines
shy.
as envy. He has been accused of killing so he has been on a shore of a lake and my vast fields and paddy
• Andeng - Foster sister of Maria Clara who cooks
accused of heretics and genocide.  fields. From the highest point of the church dome, the
well. She is the caretaker of Kapitan Tiago's
whole city is almost overlooked. 
house in San Diego.
•Chapter V - Dreams in Dark 
• Kapitana Ticâ and Kapitan Basilio - Mother and
-Dawn In the rush, Ibarra arrived at Fonda de • Chapter XI - The Potter
father of Sinang (Kapitan Basilio is not the same
Lala. From the window, he saw a bright house across the  San Diego can be likened to Rome and Italy in
as Basilio)
river. There is a beautiful lady wrapped in thin weave, a rigorous struggle with the power of the people's
• Albino - ex-seminarian who got disillusioned with
wearing diamond and gold. The Spanish, Filipino, priests, leadership. The alperes and Padre Salvi are powerful
the Catholic church. Admirer of Victoria.
chinese, military, and the military all focused on the here.
• Crispin and Basilio - children of Sisa and were
beauty of Maria Clara.
the sacristan and server of San Diego Church
• Chapter XII - Day of the Dead
• Padre Salvi - He replaced Padre Damaso
• Chapter VI - Si Captain Tiago The San Diego cemetery is in the middle of a
• Pedro - Father of Crispin and Basilio and the
The character of the captain of Tiago is vast rice paddy and has an old wall and bamboo
husband of Sisa. He is an irresponsible husband
regarded as the fall of heaven. She is short, whitish and fence. On the other side of the grave, there are two
has a face face.Dark hair, and if not just smelling and people digging fun near the wall as if it had fallen. The
SUMMARY OF NOLI ME TANGERE (PER CHAPTER)
agape, it would be considered a good man. Because he alcoholic man told the farmer that they had moved
is rich, he is an influential person. She is strong in people somewhere else because the carcass was fresh and still
•Chapter I  - A Banana
in the public and her friends are almost all friars. His self- bleeding. He \ she can not stand what they see.
Don Santiago de los Santos was a popular party
esteem is a true Spanish and not a Filipino. 
that was much more popular than the captain of
Tiago. Guests are welcomed by the newborn in the • Chapter XIII - First Storm Threats
• Chapter VII - Suyuan of Asotea Ibarra arrived in the entertainment and searched
Philippines, Padre Damaso, who brought out his insulting
Maria Clara shuddered and throbbed with a for the tomb of Don Rafael. Ibarra and older are seen by
behavior.
sudden collapsed car on their side. When he overheard the church. They said the sign of Don Rafael's grave. The
Ibarra's voice, Maria Clara quickly entered the nodded nodded. But Ibarra was frightened by the
•Chapter II  - Crisostomo Ibarra
room. Isabel helped her to adjust herself before facing confession of the churchman who burned the cross and
Kapitan Tiyago introduced Ibarra by saying that
Ibarra. When Ibarra saw them and their eyes began to threw the body on the lake because of the order of Father
it was the son of his deceased friend and only he had
appear, they both felt delighted. Garrote.
come from seven years of study in Europe. Like the
German custom that Ibarra learned from his studies in
• Chapter VIII - Memories • Chapter XIV - The Pilosopo Tasyo
Europe, he introduced himself to his elaborate guests.
While Ibarra wandered around a place in Manila, Philosopher Tasyo was formerly Don
he remembered many. These include riders and travelers Anastacio. Because of intelligence, she stopped learning
•Chapter III - The Dinner
without stops, people with different types of clothing such from her mother because she wanted her child to
The two priests argue who will sit at one end of
as Europeans, Chinese, Filipino, women with broccoli, become a priest.
the table. Padre Sibyla thinks Padre Damaso should sit
bare weathers, patents and restaurants and also the
there because he is the brother of the Kapitan Tiyago
dragons of lofty buffaloes. Chapter XV - The Sakristan
family. However, Father Sibyla insists on the French
Franciscan.Sibyla is the cobra in that area, so he is Crispin and Basilio are siblings. They work in a
church that bends only 2.00 a month. They were beaten
and charged with being stolen in the church. When Sisa
finds it, it will definitely get mad.
Chapter XVI - Si Remnant
Sisa lives in a small shore outside of
town. There is also a time to reach his home from the
neighborhood. Sisa is dead because she has married a
man irresponsible, no life, gambler, and street
vendor. Only the rest of us were able to care for Basilio
and Crispin. Because of her husband's negligence, she
sold her jewelry of her virginity. Her husband just
returned home and was hurt by her.
Chapter XVII - The Basilio
Sisa was able to survive when Basil was hit by a
head wounded. Abundant blood flows. Sisa asked why
Crispin was left behind. Basilio said that Crispin had
stolen two ounces. He did not tell the brother-in-law's
punishment in the hands of the sacrament mayor.
Chapter XVIII - Suffering Souls
Waste remains in the cages of the convent. Lisa
asked the cook if he could speak to the priest. But, he
said not because it was sick. He asked the cook, Where
is Crispin? The answer to his question was like a bomb
that exploded in his hearing: Crispin also escaped after
stealing two ounces and losing a brother's absence. The
officer told the kura command that the incident happened
in the kwartel. Civil guards may be in the Sisa's
temporary shelter to arrest the siblings, emphasize the
victim.  immerse in the agua bendita. People almost never
Chapter XIX - Problems of a Teacher
Even though the storm had passed, the lake
was not much troubled. It is surrounded by mountains. By
the lake, Ibarra and the young teacher talk. The teacher
taught Ibarra on the spot where Don Rafael's remains
were thrown.
Chapter XX - The Tribunal Meeting
The tribunal is a big hall of gathering and a
meeting place with power people in town. There are only
eleven days left and the holidays. Don Felipo denounced
the lieutenant mayor and captain because the feats were
still under way.
Chapter XXI - Sases of Sisa
It's wise that Sisa runs home. His mind was
deeply troubled by the fact that he had told him of the
spell. He would flee in the mind of how Basilio and
Crispin will be saved in the hands of civilians. Her breasts
intensified as she approached her house and she saw
two civilians leaving. A little while ago she lost her chest.
Chapter XXII - Light and Dilim
Together Mary and her Aunt Isabel came to San
Diego for a holiday. Mary's arrival became remarkable
because she had been unable to go home for a long
time. Mary pleaded with her boyfriend not to include the
tortoise on their way because she had come from the
town to her tossing her fears every time she faced the
tortoise.
Chapter XXIII - The Picnic
Maria Clara is accompanied by her best friends,
Iday, Victorina, Sinang and Neneng. While walking they
were happy to talk and go shopping. Occasionally old
women are being banished by their leader Isabel. But
still, their stories are still.
Chapter XXIV - In The Jungle
After the early stages of Padre Salvi arrived, he
went to the convent to eat breakfast. His letter was
reached with a letter. She read it. Shortly afterwards the
letter was gone and did not eat breakfast. He prepared
his chariot and delivered the favor.  The church is full of people. Each one wants to
Chapter XXV - In Philosopher's  breathe in the church. The sermon was paid P250, a third
House Mang Tasyo and Ibarra continue to have
a conflict of faith. According to Mang Tasyo, the
government is the only instrument of the church. This is
solid because it is located on the wall of the convent and
it will automatically fall down once the church leaves.
Chapter XXVI - The Feast of the Feast
In the house of the penguins, the sweet candied
fruit is arranged, prepared meals, and more expensive
items in Manila that are similar to ham and turkey, beer,
wine and other types of wine imported from
Europe. Foods like this are for foreigners, friends or
enemies, and Filipinos, whether they are poor or wealthy
to enjoy the festival.
Chapter XXVII - On Covering Salim
In all the San Diego festivals, one of Kapitan
Tiyago is the largest. He purposely favors the number of
ready-made people from Maria and Ibarra whom he will
bring. Because Ibarra is still praised by a popular
newspaper in Manila by claiming he is a talented and
wealthy capitalist, Spanish-Filipino and others.
Chapter XXVIII - Write
Published in a wide-spread newspaper in Manila
about the festival. This was done so that foreigners would
be interested in knowing the way the Filipino festivals
were held. The newspaper stated that it would be similar
to the feast of the festivities administered by the French
priests, the presence of Padre Hermando Sybila, Spanish
acquaintances and people and gentlemen of the Cabinet,
Batanggas and Manila.
Chapter XXIX  -The Morning
People have been dressed up and used the
jewels they hid. It was fixed at eight o'clock in the
morning, when the procession began. It was buried under
the tent and the old lady talked to San Francisco's
brotherhood. 
The procession is different than the previous day
because the dazzlers are filling up. Inside the suit will
immediately recognize the rich and the poor.
Chapter XXX - In the Church
part of the comedy that would be performed for three
nights. People believe that even if the cost of comedy is
expensive, the audience here will fall into hell the
soul. Those who listen to the sermon are continually in
heaven.
Chapter XXXI - The Sermon
Padre Damaso proved that he could preach in the
Spanish and Tagalog languages. Pari Sibyla admires
Padre Damaso's utterance and Padre Martin is
swallowed by the saliva because he knows that
introduction is better in his own sermon.
Chapter XXXII -The Abuser
The illuminated person showed Nor how he
could mobilize the battalion he built. It says there is no
meter height, the four pillars are buried in the ground. In
the column hung big rope so it seems very strongly
fabricated and very large. The top has different colors.
Chapter XXXIII - Free Thoughts
Ibarra's guest is Elias. Elijah asked the young
man to secretly give her a warning. Moreover, Elijah pays
only his debt. He also explained that Ibarra should still be
careful because everywhere it has an enemy.
CHAPTER XXXIV - Lunch
The lunch was over after Padre Damaso
arrived. Everyone greeted him, except Ibarra. The mayor
noted that Pari Damaso's suggestion was to Ibarra. It
tried to divert the conversation, but the priest continued to
refine.Ibarra is no longer a victim. However, when Pari
Damaso expressed his concern for the death of
Ibarrang's father's death with a riot. The blood of Ibarra
has pushed. She suddenly fell on her head and pulled
her out of the chest. However, Mary prevented her.
Chapter XXXV - Talks
The events between Ibarra and Padre Damaso
were easily spread throughout San Diego. In the talks, no
one can determine who is reasoned in the two. The
young man is ready to defile his hand to anyone who
disguises his father.
CHAPTER XXXVI - The First Problem
A big mess is happening in Tiyago's house
because of the unexpected arrival of Captain-
General. Mary is crying bitterly and does not listen to the
advice of her ale and Andeng. How then, her father was
banned from talking to Ibarra while still not removing the
young man's scout.
Chapter XXXVII - The Captain-General
When Captain-General arrived, he immediately
sought Ibarra. In the meantime, he talked to the young
man in Manila who was mistaken to go out while Padre
Damaso was preaching in mass. The release of the
young man in the church was irritated by Damaso. The
young man was pale and trembling when he entered the
General Talk. But, as he emerged, he smiled. This is a
sign of the good attitude of Captain-General. He has time
for justice.
CHAPTER XXXVIII - The Prussian
The fun firecrackers and gong-gong shake-ups
are rumored to have released the procession. Young
men mostly bear parole. Captain General accompanied
the members, Kapitan Tiyago, the mayor, the alperes and
Ibarra and the captain's house.
Chapter XXXIX - Donya Consolacion
Although the procession at Donya Consolacion's
house was unsuccessful. That morning, the wife of the
alperes and the chambers of civil guards did not attend
church. How he was not allowed to leave his wife. The
alperes are ashamed of its ridiculous dress. His smell
was like a lover of civil guards. But, for Donya
Consolacion herself she is more beautiful than Maria
Clara.
Chapter XL - The Right and Strength
It will take about a tenth of night to light up the
fireworks. The final illusion is like a volcano while the
road is illuminated by the 'luces de Bengala' which serves
as a light to people walking towards the public
square. The first part of the game was finished when
Ibarra entered. The blaze was bleeding, but Ibarra
ignored it. He greeted the boyfriend and his companions.
Chapter XLI - Two Two
Due to the fact that Ibarra did not visit the
drowning, he decided to work in his
laboratory. Afterwards his servant entered and said he
had a farmer. He continues it without even looking
around. His guest was Elijah.Elijah's purpose was three
when he went to Ibarra. First, is to let Mary Clara be
feverish or sick. Secondly, he is going to inform Ibarra
because he is scheduled to go to Batangas and third, he
will ask the young man if he does not give him
permission. Ibarra sought the glorious journey of Elijah.
Chapter XLII - The Married De Espadaña
Come to Kapitan Tiago's house. Tiburcio de
Espadana, born of relatives of Pari Damaso and only
secretary of all ministers in Spain and his wife, Donya
Victorina, who suddenly saw an Orofea.
Chapter XLIII - Plans or Measures
Donya Victorina introduced Linares. Linares said
he was the son of Damaso's brother Carlicos. Linares
gave the letter to the priest he read. Linares appeared to
need a trabho and a spouse. According to Damaso, she
can easily find a young man's job because it was
accepted as a lawyer at Universidad Central. As for
marriage, Damaso said that they would take Tiyago
away.
Chapter XLIV - Conscience Testing
Mary was short-lived after confession. With her
infamous name, but the name of her mother who does
not even know. She is well-regarded by her virgin
girls. Tiyago also organized and pledged to give a golden
stork to the Virgin of Antipolo. Mary's fever gradually
dropped. 
Don Tiburcio was surprised at the effects of the medicine
he had prescribed. In the fun of Donya Victorina she did
not get rid of the denture.
Chapter XLV -The Persecuted
Elias told Old Paul that he was fortunate to
recognize and assist a rich, honest, educated and single
child of a noble man who was also despised by a priest,
many friends in Madrid including Captain- General. To
emphasize, Elijah assured the old man that this young
man would be able to help them in their pursuit of
generosity to the people's grievances.
Chapter XLVI - The Sabungan
Similarly to other Philippine cities, there is also a
sanctuary in San Diego. Kapitan Pablo, Kapitan Basilio
and Lucas were inside the cockpit. While their cocktails
did not dance at the cocktails, two young brothers Tarsilo
and Bruno envied them.
Chapter XLVII - The Two Senyora
While Captain Tiyago's battlefield battle, Donya
Victorina and Don Tiburcio will travel to see the Indio
home. As the World passed over the alperes home they
had their eyesighted. Both sharp. The alperes look at the
World from head to toe, pout and spit on the other. The
World started the alperes and there was a drastic
argument ... The World mentioned the aerial
bombardment of the alphabet while the latter predicted
the lame and pretentious Wife of the World. Desperate,
While the whips of the alperes have fallen Donya
Consolacion, to dazzle Donia Victorina. However, before
the two of them arrived, the alperes arrived. Don Tiburcio
escaped.
Chapter XLVIII - The Parable
Ibarra told his girlfriend the reason for his
unexpected visit. Mary only looked at her as if she
understood every word on her lips. Mary was so sad, so
Ibarra knew that tomorrow she knew she was going to
visit. The girl was upset. Ibarra left with the heart being
overcome with extreme hesitation, his mind was
disturbed.
Chapter XLIX - The Voice of the Persecuted
When Ibarra entered Elijah's boat, it seemed
unhappy. So, Elijah immediately apologized for
interrupting the young man. Elijah did not waste time. He
told Ibarra immediately that he was the messenger of the
wretched.He explains the deal with the chief of robbers
(Captain Paul) who have never mentioned doubts and
prognosis.
Chapter L - The Elijah's Cousins
Elijah recounted his history to Ibarra to find out
that he was also among the wretched. She has been 60
years old, her grandfather was a salesperson in a
Spanish home. With her husband and a son, she lived in
Manila. One night her office was burned. His leader is
accused of guilty arson. Feeling poor and unable to pay
the lawyer, he is convicted. It was dipped in the street
tied to the horse and beat in every corner of the
road. The husband was pregnant, however, attempted to
earn a living even in a bad way for a child and a sick
wife. When the wounds of his grandfather were healed,
their family had been gathered. The woman was born,
but soon died. Her grandfather was unable to cope with
the strains of suffering they had received. It binds. The
woman did not couse her. The corpse smelled and the
authorities learned of the death of the spouse. He also
condemned the beat. But it was not resumed and
postponed because he was two months
pregnant. However, when he arrived, the sentence was
made.
Chapter Two - Changes
Linares was not silent because he received a letter from
Donya Victorina. Linares knew that the World was not
joking. He had to challenge the alperes but who would
otherwise have been his puppet, the puppeteer or
Kapitan Tiyago. He regrets his boasting and lying only in
the quest to exploit. He cares for the whim of the World
.  conversation, Captain Paul appears to have been
Chapter LII - The Mortal Card and the Shadows
Dark and dark and the breeze of the wind
rustles the dried leaves and the dust of the road leading
to the grave.There were three shadows who were talking
at the bottom of the door of the tomb. One asked if he
had been with Elijah. It's not really, but it's definitely worth
it, because Ibarra once saved her life. The first one
responded that it was agreed to come together because
Ibarra would send his wife to Manila for treatment. He will
attack the convent to retire from the pastor.
Chapter LIII - The Good Day is Known in the Morning
The next morning, news about the lights seen at
the tomb last night. In the belief of San Franciscans'
brothers, there were 20 of them seen candles lit
up. Lamentations and cries Ermana had heard kicks even
though her home was in the grave. In the pulpit, the
picnic emphasized his sermon about the soul of
purgatory.
Chapter LIV - All Secret is Disclosed and Without Penalty
Elijah helped Ibarra to choose the scriptures. In
the scriptures, he read about Don Pedro Eibarramendia
and asked Ibarra what his relationship with him
was. Elijah's whole person shook his head when Ibarra
told him that his grandfather had just clothed the
aphrodisiac. Also, it is a Baskongado. The pilot has
already found the cause to create a tragedy in their lives.
Chapter LV - The Chaotic
Dinner time but Mary excused her from
eating. Ibarra is due to arrive on eighth evening. Eighteen
nights are scheduled for an invasion of the convent and
the village. When the eighth came, the priest sat in a
corner while the friends did not know what to do. When
the bell was playing, they all stood up to pray.
Chapter LVI - The Says and Teachings
Until tomorrow the whole town of San Diego is still in
fear. No one could see no one walking in the middle of
the road. Quiet surroundings. Shortly after, a child dares
to open the window and look around. Because of the
child's behavior, others follow that they open the
window. The neighbors are talking about. It was very
horrible last night just like the skin of the skin. In their
attacking.
Chapter LVII - Vae Victus! In Abusive Conflicts
Tarsilo is the true name of Tarsilo. He was
fiercely asked whether Ibarra had been in such a
siege. But he also insisted that Ibarra was unaware
because the action was to avenge their father killed by
civilians. Consequently, the alperes ordered to bring
Tarsilo to five corpses, it was tough. He saw his brother
Bruno fall into a stab, Peter's wife Sisa and Luke with a
Rope neck. Because it continues to be immaculate, even
in the aftermath of asking him questions. The alperes
have fallen into wrath. It was ordered that Tarsilo beat the
rattan until the whole body blew it.
Chapter LVIII - The Cursed
The inmates' families were disheartened and
upset. The sun shines, but the women do not want to
leave. In the afternoon, a wagon arrived with a cow. The
survivors of the prisoners attempted to destroy and
release the cartrels. But Kapitana Maria was banned from
them and said that when they did so, it would be difficult
for them to walk in prison. When Ibarra saw the people,
the story suddenly broke out that anyone who was guilty
was still naive. Ibarra then instructed the soldiers to
tackle the toe.
Chapter LIX - Love in Town
The vilification of the oppressed or the wretched
has arrived and is published in newspapers in
Manila. The news comes from the convent. The style of
news spread varies. In other conventions there is another
question.Students attending the Ateneo jesus are
becoming increasingly popular. On the other hand at a
gathering in Intramuros attended by young women, wives
and children of the staff the theme of their conversation
was also about the uprising. Ibarra's general said that a
man was so angry that he was so good for the young
man. One lady said that the indians were totally
indifferent, so they should not be regarded as real
people.
CHAPTER LX - Married Mary Clara
Linares and his wife, Espadaña, came to the
house of the Angel. Donya Virtorina devotes the
conversation. It was said that if Ibarra was to be shot, that
was the right one because he was a fugitive. Although
Mary was pale and weak, she addressed the guests. The
talks about Mary and Linares married. Tiyago also wants
to be a member. He told Isiya Isabel that what Mary was
in about her impotent breast cancer. Apparently, Tiyago
is determined to marry Maria because he sees her
coming out of the palace once Linares is his son-in-
law. Linares was the counselor of the Kapitan General,
so Tiyago thought that he was jealous of the people.
Chapter LXI - The Shooter in the Lake
As Elijah was rushing, he told Ibarra to keep him
in a friend's house in Mandaluyong. Ibarra's money,
which he had hidden in the head of the herald's grave,
would bring him back so Ibarra could use it to travel
abroad.Ibarra is home to the rest of the world and is
unsuitable to live in the Philippines, because his life is not
meant for poverty. Ibarra offered to bring Elijah together
with them, both of them as fateful and as a
siblings.However, Elijah refused.
Chapter LXII - The Padre Damaso's Confession  -the lessons we can get from it is learn how to
Mary did not notice the many gifts that were
stacked above the table. Her eyes were stuck in a
newspaper announcing the death or drowning of
Ibarra. However, Mary did not read the
newspaper. Shortly thereafter, Pari Damaso came to
Mary's request for her husband to break the marriage
agreement with Linares and protect the welfare of the
father. Mary said that now Ibarra was dead without any
man marrying her. There is only two things that matter to
him, the death or the convent. Pari Damaso admits that
Maria stands for what he says, so he apologizes to him. It
still smirks loudly as he emphasizes the unparalleled view
of Mary.
LXIII Chapter -Noche Buena
Noche is buena, but the San Diego people are
shaking with heat from the breeze that comes from the
north.Unlike the past that people are very happy. But now
the whole town is sad. No lanterns are attached to the
windows of the house. Even in the home of Kapitan
Basilio there is nothing to worry about. The captain
contacted Don Filipo, who had been abandoned by the
stars against him when they found out that Sisa was one
of the fugitives but did not hurt others. Basilio was in their
home. However, her mother was absent. He paused the
path to the opposite of the alperes house. The mother
was guided, singing no sense. The woman at the window
ordered the civil surrender of Sisa. But when Sisa saw
the bodyguard, it took its course. Fear.
Chapter LXIV - Conclusion
Since Maria entered the convent, Padre
Damaso lived in Manila. Padre Damaso died in
displeasure. On the other hand, Father Salvi as he waits
for bishops to serve temporarily in the convent of
Sta. Clara joined Maria Clara. Subsequently, he left San
Diego and settled in Manila. Within a few weeks before
Mary became a perfect monk, Kapitan Tiyago had
undergone a breeze-tormented, emotionally
disheartened, thoughtful and disheartened of food. When
he arrived in the abbey, he told him that Isabel had come
home to Malabon or San Diego because he wanted to
live alone.
MORAL LESSON
fight in a peaceful manner, fighting doesn’t need a bolos,
a sumpit or lantakas but it can also be possible using
your pen, your wisdom.
-As a Filipino we should learn to be united in
deeds avoiding the et empera policy that the spanish
brought to us.