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Fig. 1: Isaac Newton‟s experiment of splitting Fig. 2: Use of Optilume TrueShade – which
light by a prism into the colours of the spectrum - consists of LED lighting to provide a colour
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet corrected light output of 5500K
Fig. 3: The Munsell color system, showing: a Fig. 4: VITA classical shade guide
circle of hues, and levels of value and chroma
Fig. 5: Vita System 3D-Master shade guide Fig. 6: EasyShade Compact spectrophotometer
which depends on three entities: itself variable with light appearing blue at noon
1. Light source (illuminant); when the sun has less atmosphere to penetrate,
2. Object; and and red/orange during the morning and evening.
3. Detector (ocular or instrumental). Incandescent lighting is predominantly red/yellow
The visual system of the eye is only capable of and lacking in blue while fluorescent lighting is
detecting wavelengths from 380 (violet) to 780nm high in blue tones and low in red. There are
(red). Isaac Newton showed that light had no special lights (Fig. 2) that are colour corrected to
colour, as it is only when it interacts with an emit light with a more uniform distribution of
object that colour is produced (Fig. 1).[23] colour that can be utilised. Initial shade selection
ILLUMINANT should be initially made with these lights then the
The colour of an object can change depending on shade should be matched under different lights to
the illuminant, e.g. tungsten light may cast a avoid metamerism (the phenomenon that occurs
yellow colour compared to daylight. The property when shades appear to match under one lighting
of light source to influence colour of objects is condition.
called “colour rendition”. There are three main OBJECT
illuminants within any dental practice: natural, Colour possess three dimensions: value, hue and
incandescent and fluorescent. Natural sunlight is chroma. A high value object often reflects most
Table 1
the light falling on its surface and appears bright. lustre often complicate colour evaluation of the
The converse is true with a dark object absorbing underlying dentine.[23]
most of the light and appearing dull or of low PROTOCOLS FOR SHADE SELECTION[1]
value. Hue is wavelength of light, and dependent Remove bright color from the working field.
on the spectral reflectance from an object. If the patient is wearing bright clothing, it is
Chroma is the concentration of colour or colour prudent to cover the patient with neutral color
intensity (Fig. 3). bib (grey). Any dark color lipstick should be
DETECTOR (SENSATION) removed, because it could affect shade
The third part of stimulus for colour is the matching.
spectral response of the detector, or eye. The Always clean the tooth by using prophylaxis
difficulty of shade selection is that clinicians must paste prior to shade selection.
be able to interpret a multi-layered structure of Its important not to view the shade
varying thickness, opacities and optical surface comparison for more than 7 s to avoid eye
characteristics. This can affect the way that the fatigues.
eye perceives colour. The basic hue of the tooth is Clinician should be at a distance of 28‑33 cm
determined by the colour of the underlying from the patient during shade selection.
dentine, while value is a quality of the enamel Always determine shade when the teeth are
overlay. Muia in 1993 stated, “The dentine most hydrated, because enamel dehydration
imparts all the colour. Enamel is like a fiberoptic reduces its translucency by 82%, misleading
structure conducting light through its rods”. the clinician.
Chroma is the saturation of colour in the dentine, Shade comparison should always be done in
but is influenced by the value and thickness of the between 10 am and 2 pm, because at this time
enamel. Teeth are often termed “polychromatic” color temperature is around 5500 K and then
and have the variation in hue, value and chroma under color corrected light to ensure the
within the teeth and give three dimensional depth accuracy of the match.
and characteristics. A young dentition is During the shade comparison always place
characterised by opaque, high value enamel, shade tabs either above or below the tooth to
which blocks underlying dentine. As teeth age, be match, never place shade tab adjacent to
the enamel becomes more translucent and dull the tooth to avoid binocular effect.
(low value) revealing the underlying dentine. This Always, value is analyzed first, followed by
layering can make reading of tooth colour chroma and then hue.
difficult since the value of enamel and surface Shade selection should not be done
immediately after bleaching, patient should be The first number indicates the value group (1-5),
recalled after 2‑3 weeks for shade letter is the hue (L, M, R) and the chroma (1-3).
comparison. E.g. 3M2 is the 3rd value group, M hue sub-
Always during shade selection teeth should be group, and 2 chroma levels. The shades of the
divided in 3 regions. Gingival area (gives lightness level 3 cover 50% of the natural tooth
accurate determination of dentinal chroma), shades. The shades of the lightness levels 2 and 4
Body area and Incisal area (enamel is thickest cover an additional 46%. VITA has also created a
here and varies from translucent to bleached tab, labeled the “0” (zero) group, to
transparent). allow dentists to create bleached restoration
SHADE GUIDES (CONVENTIONAL) shades. One of the other advantages of the Vita
Tooth shade matching is most frequently System 3D-Master is the repeatability of shade
performed visually using dental shade guide. The selections with the system (Table 1). It was
first shade guide was introduced in 1956 by Vita concluded that use of this system compared to the
Zahnfabrik. The most popular shade guide are ‑ classic guide improved intrarater repeatability
VITA Classical, Chroma scope, Vitapan 3D ‑ among general practitioners. A number of related
factors in selecting shades must also be
Master shade guide. VITA classical shade guide ‑
understood to achieve a successful result. These
It consist of 16 tabs, arranged into four groups
factors include, translucency, contour, surface
based on the hue and within the group according
texture, and lustre. Selecting the basic shade or
to increasing Chroma. Hue is categorized by letter
color is only the first step.[23]
i.e., A = Orange, B = Yellow, C = Yellow/Gray
Types of Technology Shade System
and D = Orange/Gray. Chroma and Value are
(Contemporary Devices)
categorized by numbers i.e., 1 = least chromatic
RGB DEVICES
and highest value, = most chromatic and lowest
Devices that acquired red, green and blue image
value (Fig. 4).[1] Another popular shade guide is
information to create a color image, such as most
the chromascope. It uses only numbering system
consumer video or digital still cameras, are
to identify the shade. Chromascope is arranged in
commonly referred to as RGB devices. Digital
groups based on the hue (100 = white, 200 =
cameras and other RGB devices represent the
yellow, 300 = orange, 400 = gray, 500 = brown)
most basic approach to electronic shade taking
and within the groups according to increasing
and still require a certain degree of subjective
chroma from 10 to 40.[1] Another choice of shade
verification by the human eye. Various
guide is the Vita System 3D-Master (Fig. 5). It
approaches have been used to translate this data
consists of 11 fired porcelain tooth shaped
into useful dental information. The information
samples built up with cervical, dentinal and
accuracy of RGB devices is questionable sine
incisal powders and composed of feldspar
they are not measurement instrument; rather they
nepheline and high temperature ceramic
infer the color properties of a captured image.
pigments. The 11 sets consist of 26 samples
These systems are useful for providing lab
ranging from lightest to darkest value, from
technicians with a referential starting point, but
lowest to highest intensity and from yellow to red.
should not be relied upon solely to determine the
Vita Value, Chroma and Hue correspond
shade of a tooth. The shade scan system from
similarly to Munsell value, hue and chroma
Cynovad is an example of an RGB device.[24]
representing the three dimensions of color. The
DIGITAL CAMERAS AND IMAGING
tabs are grouped into 5 categories, sequentially
SYSTEMS
numbered with increasing value (1-5). All tabs
Digital Cameras: Most consumer video or digital
within the value group have the same brightness.
still cameras acquire red, green and blue image
In each of the groups the chroma increases from
information that is utilized to create a color
top to bottom. All the groups except 1 and 5 have
image. The RGB color model is an additive
3 letters: L, M, R, which allows the hue to be
model in which red, green and blue light are
chosen. L (light) is yellow, M (medium) is
added together in various ways to reproduce a
yellow-red, and R is a red hue. Documenting of
broad array of colors. Digital cameras represent
this shade is with a number/letter/number system.
the most basic approach to electronic shade
taking, still requiring a certain degree of inside the oral cavity and consequently is devoid
subjective shade selection with the human eye.[25] of the external light that can cause discrepancies.
Various approaches have been used to translate Vita Easyshade Compact (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad
this data into useful dental color information. Sackingen, Germany) is cordless, small, portable,
ClearMatch (Smart Technology, Hood River, cost efficient, battery operated, contact-type
OR) is a software system that uses high-resolution spectrophotometer that provides enough shade
digital images and compares shades over the information to help aid in the color analysis
entire tooth with known reference shades.[26-30] process. Different measurement modes are
Similar to the software associated with color possible with Easyshade Compact: tooth single
measuring devices, ClearMatch contains the color mode, tooth area mode (Fig. 6), (cervical, middle
database of industry-standard shade guides.[26] and incisal shades), restoration color verification
SPECTROPHOTOMETERS (includes lightness, chroma and hue comparison)
Spectrophotometers are amongst the most and shade tab mode (practice/training mode).[30]
accurate, useful and flexible instruments for Shade-X (X-Rite, Grandville, MI) is also compact
overall color matching and color matching in and cordless „„spot‟‟ measurement‟‟
dentistry.[24] They measure the amount of light spectrophotometer with 3-mm probe diameter,
energy reflected from an object at 1–25 nm and keyed to the majority of popular shade
intervals along the visible spectrum.[27,28] A guides. Shade-X has two databases to match the
spectrophotometer contains a source of optical color of the dentin (more opaque) and the incisal
radiation, a means of dispersing light, an optical tooth regions (more translucent).[31]
system for measuring, a detector and a means of SpectroShade Micro (MHT Optic Research,
converting light obtained to a signal that can be Niederhasli, Switzerland) is an imaging
analyzed. The data obtained from spectrophotometer. It uses a digital camera/LED
spectrophotometers must be manipulated and spectrophotometer combination. It has an internal
translated into a form useful for dental computer with the analytical software. The tooth
professionals. The measurements obtained by the positioning guidance system, shown on the LCD
instruments are frequently keyed to dental shade touch screen, is used during color measurement.
guides and converted to shade tab equivivalent.[29] Images and spectral data can be saved on the
Compared with observations by the human eye, internal memory and transferred to a computer. [32]
or conventional techniques, it was found that COLORIMETERS
spectrophotometers offered a 33% increase in Colorimeters measure tristimulus values and filter
accuracy and a more objective match in 93.3% of light in red, green and blue areas of the visible
cases.[24] spectrum. Colorimeters are not registering
Crystaleye (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) combines spectral reflectance and can be less accurate than
the benefits of a traditional spectrophotometer spectrophotometers (aging of the filters can
with digital photography. Through the additionally affect accuracy).[33]
development of optical and image processing ShadeVision (X-Rite, Grandville, MI) is an
technology, this product allows the practitioner to imaging colorimeter. Complete tooth image is
match tooth shade and color more accurately and provided through the use of three separate
simply compared with the traditional databases: for gingival, middle and incisal third.
spectrophotometer.[27] The significant benefit of Virtual try-in feature enables virtual testing of
this system is that „virtual shade tabs‟ in the color reproduction during fabrication.[34]
computers database can be cross-referenced and According to Kuzmanović and Lyons Study
superimposed visually onto the natural tooth found no significant difference in the accuracy of
image to be matched giving the technician the shade selection when using either a conventional
ability to visualize the correct shade tabs. The visual assessment technique or a colorimetric
digital image produced by the Crystaleye uses a instrument. There was, however, some
7-band LED light source, which results in a more discrepancy when the two shade selection
precise depiction of color than the conventional techniques were compared for shade selection of
systems used with digital cameras. Moreover, the the same tooth.[35] Colorimeters are significantly
image produced by the Crystaleye is taken from less reliable than spectrophotometers and digital
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24. Paul S, Peter A, Pietrobon N, Hammerle
CH. Visual and spectrophotometric shade
analysis of human teeth. J Dent Res
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25. Blaes J. Today‟s technology improves the
shade-matching problems of yesterday.
Journal of Indiana Dental Association 2002-
2003;81:17-9.
26. http://www.clearmatch.com/index.htm
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27. Khurana R, Tredwin CJ, Weisbloom M,
Moles DR. A clonical evaluation of the
individual repeatability of three
commercially available color measuring
devices. British Dental Journal
2007;203:675-80.
28. Kielbassa AM, Beheim-Schwarzbach NJ,
Neumann K, Zantner C. In vitro comparison
of visual and computeraided pre-and post-
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29. Lagouvardos PE, Fougia AG,
Diamantopoulou SA, Polyzois GL.
Repeatability and interdevice reliability of
two portable color selection devices in
matching and measuring tooth color. Journal
of Prosthetic Dentistry 2009;101:40-5.
30. http://www.vita-
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en_3055212.pdf [accessed 06.04.10].
31. http://www.xrite.com/product_overview.asp
x?ID=812 [accessed 06.06.10].
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33. Kim-Pusateri S, Brewer J, Davis EL, Wee
AG. Reliability and accuracy of four dental