Martin and Jorge

UNIT 3. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. – What changes were made during 18th century to achieve the Industrial
Revolution?

- In demography:

The nutrition, the personal and public hygiene, the public health and the epidemics

- In agriculture:

Farming techniques, land ownership and livestock farming

- In mentality:

Extensive markets, a new mentality and abundance of iron and coal.

2.3.4.

3.- How was the secondary sector until 18th century?

Until the 18th century, most products were made by artisans in small workshops using
simple tools.

4.- Table to work 2nd, 3rd and 4th parts (Remember that Taylorism and Fordism
must be explained)

FIRST INDUSTRIAL SECOND INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION REVOLUTION
PERIOD 1760 1870
MOST IMPORTANT The agriculture The Iron and steel industry
INDUSTRIES The mining The chemical industry
The transport The electrical industry

ENERGY SOURCES coal Electricity, Petroleum

TRANSPORT Canals and railways Electric tram and Benz’s


COMMUNICATION First photo taken by
Niépce
Morse’s first telegraph
message
TYPE OF COMPANIES The workshops were
replaced by factories
The textile industry
The Iron industry
automobile
Kodak camera
Meucci’s telephone
Extensive agricultural production
Abundant natural resources
Specialised production
Large domestic market
Innovation

COUNTRIES Britain Belgium, Germany, France,

Japan, Sweden, Russia and
United States of America
PRODUCTION Division of labour Taylorism
SYSTEMS The assembly line

Mass production
Cartel
Holding company
Trust

Taylorism

Frederick W. Taylor invented a production process, which was divided into small tasks that
were timed. Its worker specialised in a certain task and was paid according to the work
they completed.

5.- Define liberal economy.

According to Adam Smith the liberal economy is the freedom to create companies, hire
workers and set the conditions and the prices of products.

6.- What changes did happen in economy and society thanks to the new transports?

The transport was cheaper, faster and safe.

6.

7.- Explain the reasons for the demographic growth of the 19th century. Define:
agricultural exodus, transoceanic migration.

Population growth, dead rate decreased, birth rate continued to be high.

7.

8.- Which are the features of the new society?

There were three social classes: the upper class, the middle class and the lower class
Industrial society was based on judicial equality but not for the woman.

9.- Make a social pyramid (bourgeoisie, proletariat and servants must appear). Define:
expansion of cities.

Expansion of cities:

In the 19th century, cities increased in number and size because of the migration.

8.

10.- When and why did the labour movement start?

In the 19th century, Britain. The labour movement started because the workers hadn’t
universal suffrage, labour rights and they couldn’t vote.

11.- What did ask for the trade unions?

Better salaries, shorter work days and the end to child labour.

12.- Which ideologies were at the beginning of the labour movement? Explain each of
it.

Marxism and anarchism

The founders of the Marxism were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Marx proposed a revolution to destroy the capitalism and give the power to the workers.
There would first be a stage of proletarian dictatorship and then a communist society.

The founders of the anarchism were Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin.
Anarchists opposed any form of state and hoped to replace it with voluntary associations
They favoured trade unions and strikes as revolutionary instruments.