System Protection

Transformer protection

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 Topics
1. Overheating
2. Gas Detection
3. Pressure Indicator and Relief Valve
4. Overcurrent
5. Differential Relaying

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 Topics
 Rating of transformer is based on the
temperature rise above an assumed maximum
ambient temperature; Under this condition no
sustained overload is usually permissible.
 Normal maximum working temp = 95°C;
8-10° rise will halve the life of the transformer
 Protective Instruments
 Liquid Temperature Indicator
 Thermal Relays

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Overheating

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Overheating

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Gas Detection

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Gas Detection

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Pressure Indicator & Relief
Valve

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 Overcurrent
 Fuses for Small Distribution Transformer
 Overcurrent Relaying for Large Power
Transformer
 Characteristics
 Must be below the damage curve
 Must be above cold starting and magnetizing
inrush

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Differential Relaying

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Differential Relaying

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 Differential Relaying
 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY SETTING (GENERAL PROCEDURE)
 1. FLC Primary and Secondary
 2. Select CT Ratios
 3. Determine Currents at the secondary of the CTs
 4. Determine Tap @ primary and secondary
 5. Determine Currents at the relays (given the Tap settings in P & S)
 6. Determine CT Ratio Mismatch
 7. Determine Transformer Tap Changing Mismatch
 8. Determine CT Errors [Example: 10CXXX 10% error]
 9. Add Margin [e.g., 5%]
 10. Add: CT Ratio Mismatch + Transformer Tap Changing Mismatch
+ CT Error + Margin to Determine Differential Relay Slope

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Differential Relaying

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Differential Relaying

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 1: Full Load Current on Primary & Secondary

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 2: Select CT Ratios to be used

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 2: Select CT Ratios to be used

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 3: Determine the Tap at Primary and Secondary

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 4: Determine the CT Ratio Mis-match

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 5: Determine Tap Changing Mis-match

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 5: Determine Tap Changing Mis-match

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 5: Determine Tap Changing Mis-match

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 5: Determine Tap Changing Mis-match

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 5: Determine Tap Changing Mis-match

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 6: Determine the CT error
 Assume the CT error to be 10%
 Common error for protection CTs)

 Step 7: Add margin of Error

 Add margin of error of 5%

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 Differential Relaying
 Step 8: Differential Relay Slope
 Slope=CT Ratio mis-match + Transformer Tap Changing
mis-match + CT error + Margin
Slope = 1.11% + 13.24% + 10% + 5%
Slope = 29.35% ; so set the slope to be at 30%.
 This will serve as the boundary of the restrained and
operation region of the differential relay.
 If the difference measured by the relay exceeds this slope
will cause the relay to operate and trip.

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