 Assignment I:-

Define the terms “ turn down ratio”and “ rangeability” in case of a

flowmeter.

TURN DOWN RATIO  Turndown ratio refers to the width of the

operational range of a device, and is defined as the ratio of the
maximum capacity to minimum capacity. For example, a device with
a maximum output of 10 units and a minimum output of 2 units has a
turndown ratio of 5.
RANGEABILITY  In flow measurement, the turndown ratio
indicates the range of flow that a flow meter is able to measure with
acceptable accuracy. It is also known as rangeability. ... For example,
orifice meters create a pressure drop in the measured fluid
proportional to the square of the velocity.

What are the advantages Venturi over Orifice?

Less chances of getting clogged with sediments.co-efficient of

discharge is high . Its behaviour can be predicted perfectly . Can be
installed vertically, horizontally , inclined .They are more accurate and
can be used for a wide range of flows . Around 90% of pressure drop
can be recovered.

Define vena contracta, Beta Ratio, Cd.

VENA CONTRACTA  Vena contracta is the point in a fluid

stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and fluid velocity
is at its maximum, such as in the case of a stream issuing out of a
nozzle, (orifice). (Evangelista Torricelli, 1643). It is a place where the
cross section area is minimum.
BETA RATIO  Beta Ratio refers to the efficiency in which a given
filter element removes particles of a given size. The Beta Ratio is
calculated using the ISO multi-pass test standard 16889:1999. ... The
Beta Ratio itself is calculated by taking dividing the number of
upstream particles by downstream particles.
What are the different types of ultrasonic flowmeter? Show that ultrasonic
flow measurement system by measuring frequency shift is independent of
sonic velocity.
There are three different types of ultrasonic flow
meters. Transmission (or contrapropagating transit-time) flow meters
can be distinguished into in-line (intrusive, wetted) and clamp-on
(non-intrusive) varieties. Ultrasonic flow meters that use the Doppler
shift are called reflection or Doppler flow meters.

Differentiate between mass flowmeter. and volume flowmeter. Relate

Laminar flow & Turbulent flow with Reynolds Number.

Volumetric flow is the measure of a substance moving

through a device over time. Common units of measure for volumetric flow rate
are meters3 /second, milliliters/second or feet3/hour. When heating gas, the
molecules bounce off each other, the gas will expand and the same amount of
gas will now have a different space (i.e., Assuming the volume is not fixed). If
the volume is fixed, the pressure will increase when temperature is raised.
Additionally, when increasing pressure the volume measurement will be
reduced.For this reason, when measuring gas using a volumetric flow meter,
temperature and pressure is required, along with the gas density to convert
volumetric flow to mass flow.Mass flow rate is the amount of a mass moving
through an instrument over time, so the unit of measure is mass (or weight) per
unit of time. It can be expressed as pounds /hour or kilograms/second or in
some similar way. The advantageous thing about mass flow is that mass or
weight does not vary depending on the temperature or pressure. However,
weight does change with gravity, but as long as we’re dealing with applications
on Earth, mass flow is not influenced since the gravity is the same.

Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers,

where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant
fluid motion; turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is
dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and
other flow instabilities.

What sensors are usually used in vortex flowmeter ?

There are different types of sensors used to measure

vortices:
i)Thermal sensing.
ii)Mechanical sensor.
iii)Capacitive sensor.
iv)Piezoelectric sensor.

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 v)Strain gauge sensor.
vi)Ultrasonic sensor.

What is the coriolis principle ? Prove that the torque experienced by the
tube is directly proportional to mass flow rate of the fluid.

The Coriolis force is an inertial or fictitious force[1] that

acts on objects that are in motion within a frame of reference that
rotates with respect to an inertial frame. In a reference frame with
clockwise rotation, the force acts to the left of the motion of the object.
In one with anticlockwise (or counterclockwise) rotation, the force
acts to the right. Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis force is
called the Coriolis effect. This principle is known as Coriolis
Principle.
A particle (dm) travels at a velocity (V) inside a tube (T). The
tube is rotating about a fixed point (P), and the particle is at a distance
of one radius (R) from the fixed point. The particle moves with
angular velocity (w) under two components of acceleration, a
centripetal acceleration directed toward P and a Coriolis acceleration
acting at right angles to a r:

ar(centripetal)=w2r
at(Coriolis)=2wv

In order to impart the Coriolis acceleration (at) to the fluid particle, a

force of at (dm) has to generated by the tube. The fluid particle reacts
to this force with an equal and opposite Coriolis force:

Fc=at(dm)=2wv(dm)

Then, if the process fluid has density D and is flowing at constant

speed inside a rotating tube of cross-sectional area A, a segment of the
tube of length x will experience a Coriolis force of magnitude:

Fc=2wvDAx

Because the mass flowrate is dm = DvA,

the Coriolis force Fc = 2w(dm)x and, finally:

MassFlow=Fc/(2wx)

This is how measurement of the Coriolis force exerted by the flowing

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 fluid on the rotating tube can provide an indication of mass flowrate.
Naturally, rotating a tube is not practical when building a commercial
flow meter, but oscillating or vibrating the tube can achieve the same
effect. Coriolis flow meters can measure flow through the tube in
either the forward or reverse directions.

Explain the excitation scheme of an electro-magnetic flowmeter.

A technique for exciting the electromagnet of a magnetic

flowmeter in which a fluid to be metered is conducted through a flow
tube having detecting electrodes, the fluid intercepting a magnetic
field established by the electromagnet to induce a signal in the
electrodes indicative of flow in a high flow-rate range as well as in a
low flow-rate range. In this technique, derived from the electrode
signal is a control signal whose frequency is a function of the velocity
of the fluid passing through the tube, the excitation current supplied to
the electromagnet being governed by the control signal so that it has a
frequency which is higher in the high flow-rate range and lower in the
low flow-rate range.

How do the viscosity and fluid density affect the volumetric flow rate
measurement through Rotameter ?

A rotameter consists of a tapered tube, typically made of glass

with a 'float' (a shaped weight, made either of anodized aluminum or a ceramic),
inside that is pushed up by the drag force of the flow and pulled down by
gravity. The drag force for a given fluid and float cross section is a function of
flow speed squared only, see drag equation.

A higher volumetric flow rate through a given area increases flow speed and
drag force, so the float will be pushed upwards. However, as the inside of the
rotameter is cone shaped (widens), the area around the float through which the
medium flows increases, the flow speed and drag force decrease until there is
mechanical equilibrium with the float's weight.

Floats are made in many different shapes, with spheres and ellipsoids being the
most common. The float may be diagonally grooved and partially colored so
that it rotates axially as the fluid passes. This shows if the float is stuck since it
will only rotate if it is free. Readings are usually taken at the top of the widest
part of the float; the center for an ellipsoid, or the top for a cylinder. Some
manufacturers use a different standard.

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The "float" must not float in the fluid: it has to have a higher density than the
fluid, otherwise it will float to the top even if there is no flow.

The mechanical nature of the measuring principle provides a flow measurement

device that does not require any electrical power. If the tube is made of metal,
the float position is transferred to an external indicator via a magnetic coupling.
This capability has considerably expanded the range of applications for the
variable area flowmeter, since the measurement can observed remotely from the
process or used for automatic control.