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Iin Iout
+ +
DC−DC Buck
Vin Converter Vout
− −
Vout I in
Vin I out
DC−DC Converter: Non-Efficient Way!
R1 The load
+ +
Vin R2 Vout
− −
R2
Vout Vin Voltage Divider
R1 R2
R2 Vout
R1 R2 Vin
Closed, 39 V T
Open, 0 V
6
Buck (Step Down) Converter in Brief
L
Try adding an L to prevent the huge current
spike. But now, if the L has current when the
+
switch attempts to open, the inductor’s current
40V C RLoad momentum and resulting Ldi/dt burns out the
– switch.
lossless
L
By adding a “free wheeling” diode, the switch
+ can open and the inductor current can continue
40V C RLoad to flow. With high-frequency switching, the load
– voltage ripple can be reduced to a small value.
Since the capacitor is in periodic steady state, then the voltage at time to is
the same as the voltage one period T later, so
1 o T
t
C
v( to T ) v( to ), or v ( to T ) v ( to ) 0 i ( t )dt
to
to T
The conclusion is that i ( t )dt 0
to
Examine the voltage across an inductor that is operating in periodic steady
state. The governing equation is
1 o t
t
di ( t )
v(t ) L
dt
which leads to i ( t ) i ( to )
L v ( t )dt
to
Since the inductor is in periodic steady state, then the voltage at time to is
the same as the voltage one period T later, so
1 o T
t
L
i ( to T ) i ( to ), or i ( to T ) i ( to ) 0 v ( t )dt
to
to T
The conclusion is that v ( t )dt 0
to
Buck (step Down) Converter
• Assume large C so that
+ vL – Vout has very low ripple
iL Iout
iin
+ • Since Vout has very low
L ripple, then assume Iout
Vin C Vout
iC has very low ripple
–
L +
Vin C Vout
0A
–
Examining Inductor Voltages
+ (Vin – Vout) –
iin iL Iout
diL diL
vL L , vL Vin Vout , Vin Vout L ,
dt dt
for DT seconds
– Vout +
iL Iout
diL +Vout
L
dt L
Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout)
–
Vout DVin
di di I in
vL L L , vL Vout , Vout L L , I out
dt dt D
for (1−D)T seconds
16
The Inductor Current
diL Vout
Switch open vL Vout ,
dt L
DT (1 − D)T
T
17
Designing the Inductance
Vout
A / sec
iL L
2Iout
Iavg = Iout
0
(1 − D)T
Vout 1 D
1 D T
Vout
2 I out
Lonset Lonset f
Vout 1 D
Lonset
2 I out f
Then, considering the worst case (i.e., D → 0),
use max
Vout
L guarantees continuous conduction
2 I out f
use min
Designing the Capacitance
iC = (iL – Iout)
Iout C charging
0
T/2
−Iout
1 T
Q 2 2 I out T I out I out
V
C C 4C 4Cf
During the charging period, the C voltage moves from the min
to the max. The area of the triangle shown above gives the
peak-to-peak ripple voltage.
19
Impedance Matching
Iin Iout = Iin / D
+ +
V
DC−DC Buck Rload out
Source Vin Vout = DVin I out
Converter
Requiv
− −
Iin
+
Equivalent from source
Vin
perspective
−
• Buck Regulators
• Boost Regulators
• Buck-Boost Regulators
• Cuk Regulators
Designing a Buck Converter
• Design Criteria
– Calculate the required inductor
– Calculate the output capacitor
– Select the input capacitor
– Select the diode
– Choose the MOSFET
– Calculate the converter Efficiency
• For a Buck DC-DC converter we first calculate the
required inductor and output capacitor
specifications. Then determine the input capacitor,
diode, and MOSFET characteristics. With the selected
components, we will calculate the system efficiency.
Designing a Buck Converter
• Calculate
• Second Quadrant Converter: Load current flows out of the load. Load
voltage is positive, but the load current is negative.
• Third and Fourth Quadrant Converter: The load voltage is always negative.
The load current is either positive or negative.
• Full-Quadrant Operation
• T1 and T2 ON: + Output voltage
• T3 and T4 ON: - Output voltage
• DC current and torque: + and –
• DC voltage and speed: + and –
• All quantities can be positive or negative
Summary of DC Choppers
• One Quadrant
• Half Bridge
• Full Bridge