1 The Celts were a large group of Caucasian tribes in Europe.

They first appeared in the early Iron Age, around 1200

B.C. in Austria. And then came to ireland The name 'Celt' comes from the Greeks. The Romans called them "Gauls".
The Celts spoke Celtic languages. oday, the Celtic languages that remain are the irish , Cornish, Welsh and Scottish
Gaelic . Celtic society and technology, although not as advanced as the Romans, was far from being primitive for its
time. The Celts lived a way of life based on ethical codes and honor codes and had developed a culture of their own,
full of unique drawings, sculptures, jewellery, folklore, and building designs and techniques. When the Roman
Republic started expanding, the Gauls and the Romans became very hostile towards each other and clashed on many
occasions; however, the Romans were eventually able to defeat them and ended up conquering most of the Celtic
tribes in Europe and ruled them until the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Celtic tribes also fought among each
other. After winning a battle, the Celts would cut off the heads of their enemies and take them home. [1] During the
fall of the Roman Empire most of the old Celtic land ended up being ruled by migrating Germanic tribes and they
merged with Romano-Celtic stock (people with both Roman and Celtic ancestry) to eventually form several European
nations of today e.g. Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg as well as Southern and
Western Germany.  polytheistic religion.[125] Many Celtic gods are known from texts and inscriptions from the Roman
period. Rites and sacrifices were carried out by priests known as druids. Between 700 and 400 BC, the Celts came to
Britain

2 The Romans, Angles, Saxons, Vikings, French Invasions In 43 AD, Britain became part of the Roman Empire. This
wasn't the first Roman invasion. Julius Caesar had brought his army to Britain a hundred years before, but they
hadn't stayed long. When the Romans came in 43 AD they built roads, towns and castles. The Romans stayed in
Britain for over 300 years, but in 410 AD, the last of the Roman soldiers left. Tribes from Germany had started to
attack the empire and the army was needed to defend Rome.
After the Romans had left, the Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain. The Anglo-Saxons were from tribes in the Netherlands,
Germany, and Denmark. They pushed the Celts into Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The Anglo-Saxons gave the country
its modern name. The Romans and Celts had called the country 'Britannia', but the Anglo-Saxons named it 'Angle-
land' or England. They changed the culture and the language.
Four hundred years after the Anglo-Saxons had settled in England, the Vikings from Denmark and Norway attacked
the country. The English kings gave the Vikings the north-eastern part of England. The Vikings also attacked other
parts of Europe. The king of France gave them land, too. It was called 'the land of Northmen' or Normandy.
In 1066 William, the Duke of Normandy, invaded England. At the Battle of Hastings, the Normans defeated the
Anglo-Saxons. King Harold of England was killed, William became the new king. The Norman Conquest was an
important turning point for English history, and it created the English language. The Anglo-Saxons had previously
spoken a language similar to German. The Normans spoke French. Therefore, modern English has developed as a
mixture of German and French.

3 The Wars of the Roses were a series of bloody civil wars for the throne of England between two competing royal
families: the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both members of the age-old royal Plantagenet family. W the
Wars of the Roses earned its flowery name because the white rose was the badge of the Yorks, and the red rose was
the badge of the Lancastrians.
Henry VI became King of England—at just nine months old.Thanks to his father’s military conquests, Henry VI also
became the disputed King of France. Нe had little interest in politics and was a weak ruler.Richard of York—as great-
grandson of King Edward III—had a strong competing claim on the English throne.This rivalry set the stage for 30
years of battles for power involving three generations of Yorks and Lancasters.Overall, the wars of the Roses had lead
to the crown being weakened and nobles to be more powerful than ever. Serious disorder and rebellion were taking
place and certain individuals were over powerful. The reign of the Tudors would build England to be one of the most
powerful countries in the world.
4 Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 until his death.He famously married a series of six wives in his search for
political alliance, marital bliss and a healthy male heir.His desire to annul his first marriage without papal approval
led to the creation of a separate Church of England.His children Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I would each take
their turn as England’s monarch.Mary I spent her five-year reign steering England back into the Catholic fold, but
Elizabeth I, the longest-reigning of the Tudor monarchs, re-entrenched her father’s religious reforms.
Henry achieved many military successes one of the greatest being the biggest invasion of France. Henry is also
behind the establishing of the Royal Naval Dockyards at Woolwich and Deptford; all of which lead to him being
regarded as being the ‘Father of the British Navy’.

5 The Commonwealth the historical form of government in England from 1649 to 1660, introduced after the
execution of King Charles I and the abolition of the monarchy. English historians also refer to this period as the
“Interregnum” (English Interregnum), since in 1660 the monarchy in England was restored.The execution of the king
caused outrage among the European monarchs, political and trade relations with the new regime were curtailed or
reduced to a minimum. France, Spain and Austria sent an official protest and tried to organize armed intervention,
but could not agree among themselves. Russia drove out all the English merchants.
the English Civil War saw King Charles I battle Parliament for control of the English government. The war began as a
result of a conflict over the power of the monarchy and the rights of Parliament.
Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the
Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the 'divine right of kings'.The
Protectorate was the period during the Commonwealth (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum) when England and
Wales, Ireland and Scotland were governed by a Lord Protector as a republic.The Protectorate might have continued
if Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his
father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the New Model
Army.

6 The Restoration а restoration in 1660 in the territory of England, Scotland and Ireland of the monarchy, previously
abolished by the decree of the English parliament of March 17, 1649. Charles II Stewart, the son of King Charles I,
who was executed during the English Revolution, became the new king of all three states.With his sympathy for
Catholicism, Charles II turned Anglican members of parliament against himself, and negotiations with the French king
caused a new wave of indignation.Charles's English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed
to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even
though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second
Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his first cousin King Louis XIV of
France. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised
to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for
Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced
him to withdraw it. Gunpowder Plot unsuccessful attempt by a group of English Catholics to blow up the parliament
building with the aim of destroying sympathizing with the Protestants and undertaking a series of repressions against
Catholics of King James I. Parliament and the supreme representatives of the judicial power of the country.
James And The Last British Catholic King; overthrown as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. jacobites
supporters of the English king James II and supporters of the restoration of the house of the Stuarts on the English
throne.

7 German Kings, The Georges (Personality, foreign and domestic policy, achievements and failures, kings' relations
with the Parliament, personal life)

8 The Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and
handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. The technological changes included
the following: (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel,in the period 1760 to 1830 the Industrial
Revolution was largely confined to Britain. There were also many new developments in nonindustrial spheres,
including the following: (1) agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of food for a larger
nonagricultural population, (2) economic changes that resulted in a wider distribution of wealth, the decline of land
as a source of wealth in the face of rising industrial production, and increased international trade, (3) political
changes reflecting the shift in economic power, as well as new state policies corresponding to the needs of an
industrialized society, (4) sweeping social changes, including the growth of cities, the development of working-class
movements, and the emergence of new patterns of authority, and (5) cultural transformations of a broad order.
Workers acquired new and distinctive skills, and their relation to their tasks shifted; instead of being craftsmen
working with hand tools, they became machine operators, subject to factory discipline. Finally, there was a
psychological change: confidence in the ability to use resources and to master nature was heightened.Along with
Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool and London, Manchester were the centres
The Second Industrial Revolution
In terms of basic materials, modern industry began to exploit many natural and synthetic resources not hitherto
utilized: lighter metals, new alloys, and synthetic products such as plastics, as well as new energy sources. Combined
with these were developments in machines, tools, and computers that gave rise to the automatic factory.
9 Queen Victoria She inherited the throne at the age of 18, since all three older brothers of her father died, leaving
no legitimate children. By this time, the United Kingdom represented the established constitutional monarchy, where
the king had virtually no political power. Victoria tried to influence government policies and ministerial
appointments. For the people, it became a national symbol and was considered a man of strict morality.In 1840,
Victoria married Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The marriages of their nine children with representatives of royal and
noble families strengthened the ties between the dynasties of Europe and brought Victoria the nickname
“Grandmother of Europe”.After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much
of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally
incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned
atrocities on both sides.In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship
Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.
[149] She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian
Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England.[150] Disraeli also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through
Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876.William Lamb Prime Minister (1834
and 1835–1841). He is best known for his intense and successful mentoring of Queen Victoria in the ways of politics,
when she was between the ages of 18 and 21.Victorian Architecture The neo-Gothic style was dominant in the British
Empire during this period.

10 The Two World Wars

Prime Minister of Great Britain at the beginning of the war Herbert Henry Asquith at the end of the war David Lloyd
George
On August 4, 1914, using Belgium’s appeal for help as the main reason for entering the war, Great Britain declared
war on Germany.
The First World War destroyed empires,The British Army during World War I fought the largest and most costly war
in its long history.[1] Unlike the French and German Armies, the British Army was made up exclusively of volunteers
—as opposed to conscripts—at the beginning of the conflict.

Britain during the Second World War was not occupied by Germany, but it did not save the country from destruction,
loss of population and resources. The air force and the fleet of the Third Reich regularly attacked the cities of the
British Isles, sank ships and submarines, land military equipment.Before entering the war, the UK plunged into a
protracted crisis that paralyzed the economy, foreign markets, trade, and enterprises.
11 Politics (three branches and their main institutions, constitution, Queen's duties, main parties, police, army,
Welfare state, NHS, immigration policy)

12 Economics (historically popular industries and nowadays situation, service sector, industry, agriculture,
successful British companies in different fields)

13 Religion (the history and the present structure of Anglican Church, statistics on religion in Britain now, Church
of Scotland, Catholics in GB, British Muslims, other religions)

14 Education (Three stages of education, different types of schools, Sixth Form, public schools, types of
universities, tuition, degrees and post-grad education)

15 Culture (Festivals, music (classic and modern), art (history and modern), architecture, theatre and cinema,
traditions)

16 The Press (Broadsheets, Berliners, tabloids, examples, the history of the press in Britain, Fleet Street, British
press in the Internet)

17 Television (The history of TV in Britain, main channels and their content, most famous TV series, soap operas,
documentaries, TV shows originated from Britain)