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AFTER CALVING
A process called uterine involution
begins immediately after calving. The
uterus shrinks in size considerably and
layers of tissue must be renewed.
Figure 3: Calf delivery Although ovarian activity may lead to
breakage of the "water bag" may delay the ovulation as early as 15 days after calving,
normal dilation of the cervix. this is usually not accompanied by heat
(silent heat), and the first few cycles may
Stage 2: Delivery of the calf be of short duration. However, more
The second stage is characterized by the than 90% of cows should have been
progression of the calf through the birth observed in heat at least once within 60
canal and its expulsion. At this stage, the days of calving.
calf may still be enclosed in the second
"water bag" (amniotic fluid). After the POST-CALVING COMPLICATIONS
head has passed through the birth canal, Retained placenta
the rest of the body usually demands little
Retained placenta occurs in about 5 to
extra effort to be expelled. This stage may
10% of otherwise normal calvings. The
last from two to 10 hours. A common
frequency of retained placenta increases
mistake is to attempt to assist by pulling
with premature or difficult calvings, and
on the forelegs of the calf unnecessarily or
also in the case of bacterial infections.
too early.
The placenta should NOT be removed
Stage 3: Expulsion of the placenta manually because of possible injury to the
During the third stage, the placenta or uterus and risk of permanent sterility.
afterbirth is expelled from the uterus. Efforts should focus on trying to avoid
After the delivery of the calf, uterine infections and stimulate uterine
contractions continue for a period of time. contractions (treatment with estrogen is
These contractions help to break down sometimes successful). Prevention of
the cotyledons by separating the placenta retained placenta should be an active part
from the uterine caruncles (Figure 1). of reproductive management because it is
Normally, the afterbirth should be often followed by other complications.
expelled within 12 hours of birth. Prevention includes proper sanitation
during calving and proper nutrition
DEALING WITH A DIFFICULT during the dry period.
CALVING
Experience and judgment are needed to Metritis
decide when to assist a calving. After one Metritis is an inflammation of the
or two hours of intense pushing, the uterus most often due to an invasion of
forefeet of the calf should appear. If there microorganisms. Metritis can frequently
are signs of distress, assistance should be be diagnosed by a purulent vaginal
provided. It is very important to wash discharge. A difficult calving or retained
and disinfect hands, arms, the cow's
University of Wisconsin-Madison 39
Dairy Essentials - Reproduction and Genetic Selection
placenta increase the risk of metritis. • Use a maternity pen: A maternity pen
Unless metritis is severe, cows usually should be reserved for about every
recover without any treatment in several eight cows in a herd. Thus a 40- to 50-
weeks. In severe cases, the veterinarian cow herd should have six or seven
may evacuate fluids from the uterus by individual maternity pens in which
rectal palpation followed by an infusion cows can move freely during calving.
of the uterus with an antibiotic solution. The pen should be dry, well ventilated
When antibiotics are used, the milk has and thoroughly cleaned after each
to be discarded, usually for a period of calving.
three or four days. An alternative • Be patient but ready to call for
treatment is to induce a heat using the veterinary assistance when trouble
hormone prostaglandin. During heat, occurs: Look for the early signs of
uterine contractions help to clear the calving and observe the progression of
infection and minimize the need for the calving. Give the cow adequate
antibiotics. time to prepare herself for delivery;
after one to two hours of intense
Pyometra pushing, the forefeet of the calf should
As in metritis, this problem involves an appear. If there are no signs of
infection of the uterus. However, in the progress and the cow begins to show
case of pyometra, the cervix is closed, signs of distress, check the position of
preventing drainage of the infectious the calf. If you are unable to deter-
material from the uterus. The uterus fills mine the position of the calf or you are
up with pus and the cow does not come not sure of how to correct the problem,
in heat. The damage caused by pyometra call for veterinary assistance
may lead to permanent sterility. immediately.
• If the decision to assist the calving is
made, use strict sanitary conditions:
CALVING GUIDELINES
When examining a cow, use strict
Good management practices are very sanitary procedures to minimize the
effective at minimizing the stress at risk of infection.
calving and calf mortality. Managing a • Provide good care to the newborn calf:
dairy herd with an aim to minimize Clear the nostrils of mucus and make
difficult calving is essential to a successful sure the calf is breathing. Tickling the
operation and requires the control of inside of the nostril with a finger is
many factors: usually sufficient to initiate breathing.
• Proper feeding: Proper feeding of If the lungs are obstructed by a large
heifers is important because they amount of mucus, the fluids may be
should not be inseminated until they cleared by holding the calf by the hind
have reached proper body weight. legs for a short period of time. Use a
Cows should not be overfed during disinfectant to prevent infection of the
the last part of lactation or the dry umbilical region. Feed colostrum
period because overconditioning within a few hours after birth to help
(obesity) increases the risk of difficult the calf gain immunity against
calving. infectious diseases.