2012 - International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science, Engineering and Technology

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Photovoltaic Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer with

Energy Conservation Capability using Fuzzy Logic
Controller
M. Ramasamy S. Thangavel
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
K.S.R. College of Engineering K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology
Tiruchengode, India Tiruchengode, India
ramasamyksrce@gmail.com golds71@yahoo.com

Abstract— In this paper, a Photovoltaic based Dynamic IEEE 519-1992 and IEEE 1159-1195 standards, a typical
Voltage Restorer (PV-DVR) is proposed to handle deep voltage duration of voltage sag and swell is 10 ms to 1 minute [1]. The
sags, swells and outages on a low voltage single phase residential outage refers to an interruption of power for long duration.
distribution system. It can recover sags up to 10%, swells up to Many research works have been carried out in focusing the
190% of its nominal value. Otherwise, it will operate as an
design of voltage sag/swell detection and control strategies of
Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) when the utility grid fails
to supply. It is also designed to reduce the usage of utility power, DVR [2] – [5]. Fig. 1 shows the voltage variation events at
which is generated from nuclear and thermal power stations. A Mettur Thermal Power Station (MTPS) in 230kV bus. The
series injection transformer is connected in series with the load voltage variation event in 230kV bus is reflecting on 230V
when restoring voltage sag and swell and it is reconfigured into residential distribution system in the same way.
parallel connection using semiconductor switches when it is
operating in UPS and power saver mode. The use of high step up
dc-dc converter with high-voltage gain reduces the size and
required power rating of the series injection transformer. It also
improves the stability of the system. The Fuzzy Logic (FL)
controller with two inputs maintains the load voltage by detecting
the voltage variations through d-q transformation technique.
Simulation results have proved the ability of the proposed DVR
in mitigating the voltage sag, swell and outage in a low voltage
single phase residential distribution system.

Index Terms— Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Photovoltaic,

Voltage Sag, Voltage Swell, Outages, High Step up dc-dc
Converter, Fuzzy Logic Controller.

I. INTRODUCTION
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) can provide the most
cost effective solution to mitigate voltage sags, swells and
outages by establishing the proper voltage quality level that is
required by sensitive loads. Problems facing industries and
residences regarding the power qualities are mainly due to
voltage sag, short duration voltage swells and long duration
power interruptions. Particularly Tamilnadu, India, has more
than three hours of power interruption in a day. This may
occur in developing countries, where the generated electrical
power is less than their demand. The above-mentioned power
quality problems may disturb the process of production in
industries and residences, resulting in equipment damage and
loss of revenue. Voltage sag is a sudden reduction of utility
supply voltage from 90% to 10% of its nominal value. On the
other hand, voltage swell is a sudden rise of supply voltage
from 110% to 180% of its nominal value. According to the
Fig. 1. Voltage variations in 230 kV bus at MTPS.
From the Fig. 1, it is observed that there is voltage sag
during summer season (April 2010) and voltage swell during
winter season (Dec 2010). The voltage sags and swells often
caused by starting of large induction motors, energizing a
large capacitor bank and faults such as single line to ground
fault, three phase to ground fault, double line to ground fault
on the power distribution system. Voltage sag and swell in
power system produces considerable effect on the behavior of
sensitive loads. The effects of voltage variation events are
shown in Table I.

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TABLE I. EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VARIATION EVENTS Tables II and III show the control signals of the
semiconductor switches S1, S2, S3 and R1, R2 respectively. The
Disturbance Effect power semiconductor switches are controlled by the voltage
Unbalance voltage Produces excessive heat in motor sensor and logical components.
and control equipment.
Interruption Complete shutdown. TABLE II. CONTROL SIGNALS FOR S1, S2 AND S3
Voltage sag Trips out the adjustable speed drive
Supply Control Signals
& computer. Mode of
Voltage in
Voltage swell Overstress to insulation. S1 S2 S3 Operation
%
Fluctuations in voltage Light Flicker. 100% 1 0 1 Ideal
Harmonics Produce more noise and <100% 1 0 0 DVR
overheating. >100% 1 0 0 DVR
0% 0 1 0 UPS
This paper presents a simulation model of a PV based
DVR with low and high step up dc-dc converter capable of TABLE III. BATTERY CHARGING CONTROL
handling 10% of voltage sags, 190% of voltage swells and PV Voltage in Control Signals Battery Charging
outages on a low voltage single phase residential distribution Volts R1 R2 Unit
system using FLC. It is also designed to reduce the power >10 V 0 1 PV Array
consumption from the utility grid in the daytime. In the <10 V 1 0 Rectifier
daytime, DVR will act as online UPS to feed the generated
power in the PV system to battery and load through low and An injecting transformer is connected in series with the
high step up dc-dc converters and PWM inverter [6]. The use load for restoring sag and swell, and is reconfigured into
of high step up dc-dc converter with a coupled inductor parallel connection using switches S1, S2 and S3 when handling
reduces the size and required power rating of the series outage and in power saver mode [7].
injection transformer. It also improves the stability of the DC
source. A. In-Phase voltage injection method
II. PROPOSED DVR A DVR can compensate the voltage drop across a load by
The Fig.2 shows the structural block diagram of the injecting a voltage through a series injection transformer is in
proposed DVR comprises of a photovoltaic array, low and in-phase with the source voltage [8]. The injected voltage
high step-up DC-DC converters, battery, single-phase PWM across the secondary of the series injection transformer is in-
inverter, series injection transformer and semiconductor phase with supply voltage, as shown in Fig. 3.
switches S1, S2, S3, R1 and R2.

Fig. 3. In-phase compensation to pre-sag voltage

In normal condition, the supply voltage (Vpresag) is equal to

Fig. 2. Structural block diagram of the proposed system.
the load voltage with zero phase angle. During the sag, the
supply voltage decreases to a value less than its nominal value.
The DVR reacts to the sag event and injects the compensating
voltage Vinj in in-phase with the supply voltage to restore the
voltage at nominal value. This method is very simple to
implement and very fast especially in calculating the DVR

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compensating voltage. The injected voltage of a DVR (Vinj)

can be expressed as

(1)
(2)
(3)
The magnitude of the injected voltage can be calculated as
follows:
Fig. 4. Simulink diagram of voltage sag/swell detection using d-q
(4) transformation

The required phase angle can be calculated as follows:

(5)

(6)

B. Voltage Sag Detection using d-q transformation Fig. 5. Supply voltage

In the proposed sag/swell detection method, the supply

voltage Va is transformed into d-q values of positive sequence.
The value of is obtained by using the single-phase d-q
transformation theory [9]. The d component of the d-q
transformation is equal to a DC value equivalent to the AC
source voltage peak. Considering the line voltage as an ideal
sinusoidal waveform, the d-q theory assumes the generation of
real and imaginary signal as follows Fig. 6. Simulation results of the sag/swell detection

(7)
III. PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY MODELING
PV array is a system which consists of two or more solar
(8)
panels to convert sunlight into electricity. The development of
Where, new efficient solar cells has increased the use of solar panels
Vreal (t), is the real and imaginary part of Vs as an alternative source of renewable energy conversion. In
(t). is the AC source voltage peak value. the proposed DVR, a PV array with a boost converter is
incorporated to function as a DC voltage source for the
The d-q transformation can be expressed as
inverter of the DVR. The electrical system powered by the PV
(9) array requires dc-dc converter due to the varying nature of the
generated solar power, resulting from sudden changes in
weather conditions which change the solar irradiation level as
The result of the above transformation gives the value of
well as cell operating temperature. The PV array is designed
and as Vd = Vsmax and Vq= 0. In a natural way the
and modelled with a low step-up dc-dc converter to charge the
result will have a delay, however this delay is minimum, batteries or to handle the load. An equivalent circuit model of
compared with the system response under sag/swell and photovoltaic cell with low step-up dc-dc converter is shown in
outage conditions. Monitoring of Vd, returns the voltage drop Fig.7.
and rise and the manipulation of Vq will return the initial phase
jump information.
(10)

The simulink block diagram of voltage sag/swell detection

using d-q transformation is shown in Fig. 4. Fig.5 and Fig.6
show the supply voltage and comparison of conventional and
d-q transformation technique. From the comparison, it is Fig. 7. PV Modeling with low step-up boost converter
observed that the proposed method detects the sag and swell
as faster than the conventional detection method like RMS The PV array is developed by the basic equations of
method, peak voltage detection and RMS averaging method. photovoltaic cells including the effects of temperature changes

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and solar irradiation level [10-12]. The PV cell output voltage (20)
is shown in equation (11).
The average output voltage of the converter is depicted in
equation (21).
(11)
(21)
where,
e - Electron charge (1.602 . (22)
A- Fitting factor.
Vo – Output voltage of PV cell in volts. where,
- Photo current in A. D – Duty Cycle. Ton – On time. Toff – Off time.
I0 – Reverse saturation current of diode.
k – Boltzmann constant (1.38 /0k). IV. DC/DC CONVERTER
Ic – Cell output current in A. A DC-DC converter is an electronic circuit to convert a
Rs – Cell internal resistance. source of DC voltage from one level to another level.
Tc - Operating temperature of the reference cell (40 0c). Additionally, the battery voltage declines, as its stored power
A change in solar irradiation level and operating is drained. Switched DC to DC converters offer a method to
temperature affects the output voltage of the cell. The increase voltage from a partially lowered battery voltage
operating temperature of solar cell varies as a function of solar thereby saving space instead of using multiple batteries to
irradiation level and ambient temperature. The effect of accomplish the same thing and it regulates the DC voltage.
change in ambient temperature and solar irradiation levels are
represented in the model by the temperature coefficients CV A. High Power DC-DC Boost Converter.
and CI. The output voltage level of the low power DC-DC
(12) converter and batteries are low. Hence, it is not sufficient to
inject the required amount of voltage to load, to mitigate
(13) voltage sags, swells and outages. For that, a high step up DC-
DC converter is used to step-up the low voltage dc to high
where, voltage dc. It reduces the number of batteries required to
= 0.005 and = 0.07. obtain the required dc voltage level thereby saving the cost
Ta - is the ambient temperature of the cell (200c). and space instead of using multiple batteries.
Tx - is ambient temperature of atmosphere. In general, the boost converter can provides high step-up
The change in the photocurrent and operating temperature voltage gain with extremely high duty cycle. The step-up
due to variation in the solar irradiation level can be expressed voltage gain is limited by the effect on power semiconductor
as follows: switches, inductors and capacitors. To improve the conversion
(14) efficiency and to achieve high-step up voltage gain a coupled
(15) inductor with switched capacitor technique is proposed. This
converter is connected in between the battery and voltage
where, source PWM inverter. The high step up dc-dc converter with a
Sr - reference solar irradiation level (100 W/m3). coupled inductor is shown in Fig. 8 [14-17].
Sx – new level of solar irradiation.
- Slope of the change in the solar irradiation level.
The new value of cell output voltage and photo current can
be expressed as follows:
VOX = CV CSV Vo (16)
Ipx = CI CSI Ip (17)
The change in temperature ( Tc) can be expressed as,
Tc = (18)
The low step-up dc-dc converter is designed to boost the
power that is generated from the PV and send it to battery and
load [13]. The voltage across the inductor (L) during T on is Fig. 8. Circuit configuration of high step up dc-dc boost converter
shown in equation (19).
(19)

The output voltage Vo during Toff can be expressed as,

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The secondary side (Ns) of the coupled inductor is used as n - Coupled inductor turns ratio ( ).
a flyback converter. It can increase the voltage gain. The
energy stored in the leakage inductor (Lk) is recycled to the D – Duty Cycle ( ).
load directly. The voltage gain is obtained by
The advantages of this converter are: (27)
It provides high step up voltage gain.
Voltage Stress across the main switch is low. V. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER DESIGN
It has low conduction loss.
In the conventional controllers like P, PI and PID, the
Coupled inductor coil is smaller than other coupled
control parameters are fixed at the time of design. So the
inductor converters.
conventional controllers offer good performance only for the
High efficiency.
linear system. When the operating point of the system is
It limits voltage spike on the main switch. changed, the parameters of the conventional controllers should
High step-up ratio. be designed again, and some trials and prior information of the
The secondary of the coupled inductor can charge systems are needed to design the parameters. The FLC is used
capacitors in parallel and discharge them in series to the load. to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional controllers
This converter combines the concept of the coupled inductor [18]. The control structure of the proposed DVR with FLC is
and switched capacitor techniques. The secondary of the shown in Fig.9.
coupled inductor, charges the capacitors C2 and C3 when the
switch (S) is turned off and are discharged in series by the
secondary side of the coupled inductor when the switch is
turned on. It operates in two modes of operation.
1) Mode 1: When the switch (S) is turned on, the secondary
of the coupled inductor induces voltage and magnetizing
inductance (Lm) is charged by Vin. The induced voltage in the
secondary of the coupled inductor makes Vin, VC1, VC2 and VC3
discharged in series with the load.
V0 = Vin + VC1 + VC2 + VL2 + VC3 (23) Fig. 9. Control structure of the proposed DVR

VL2 =kVin (24) In the proposed method, discrete single phase PLL is used
where, to track the phase angle of the source voltage and generates a
Np, Ns - No. of turns in primary and secondary reference signal with a magnitude of unity, locked to supply
of the coupled inductor. frequency. The supply voltage is converted into p.u. The p.u
S - Main switch. value of supply voltage is converted into |Vs| through d-q
C1, D1 - Clamp capacitor and diode. transformation, and error is obtained from the difference of
Lm - Magnetizing inductance. |Vs| and reference value (Vref (pu)). Error and change in error are
Lk - Leakage inductor. the inputs of FLC. The output of FLC is used to generate the
C1, C2 - Storage capacitors. Vref. The Vref in p.u. is fed to the Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Vin - Input DC voltage. Modulation (SPWM) generator to produce switching pulses
VC1,VC2 - Voltage across the capacitor C1 and C2. for VSI. The basic idea of SPWM is to compare a sinusoidal
VL2 - Voltage across the secondary of the control signal (Vref) of normal frequency 50 Hz with a
coupled inductor. triangular carrier waveform (Vcarrier) with 1080 Hz signal to
n - Turns ratio (Np : Ns) produce the PWM pulses. When the control signal is greater
2) Mode 2: When the switch is turned off, the energy stored in than the carrier signal, the switches turned on, and their
the magnetic inductor (Lm) is released via secondary side of counter switches are turned off. The output voltage of the
the coupled inductor to charge the capacitor C2 and C3 in inverter mitigates the sag, swell and outage.
parallel. The FLC for the proposed PV based DVR has two inputs,
(25) named error and change in error and one output. The error and
change in error are defined as
(26)
(28)
where,
(29)
k - Coupling coefficient (k = ).

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The membership functions of the error and change in error VI. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
inputs and output variables are shown in Figs.10, 11 and 12. To illustrate the capability of the proposed DVR for
The membership functions are triangular shaped with 50% voltage sag, voltage swell and outage mitigation, a low voltage
overlap for a precise control. single phase distribution system is considered. A 1 KVA,
230/230V (1:1) transformer is used for connecting the DVR to
the system. The proposed DVR model is simulated by
MATLAB simulink to reduce the energy consumption and to
compensate voltage sag, voltage swell and outages at the
source side.
The simulation parameters are shown in Table V.
Fig. 10. Membership function used for input variable “error”
TABLE V SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameters Values
Load Resistance (RL) 73.525 Ω
Load Inductance 10 mH
Source Voltage 230 V
Fig. 11. Membership function used for input variable “change in error” Load Voltage 230V
Rated Load Current 5A

The total simulation period is 1 sec. Using the facilities

available in MATLAB the DVR is simulated to be in
operation, only when the supply voltage differs from its
nominal value or the generated power in the PV array is
greater than or equal to the load demand. Whenever the
generated power in the PV array is greater or equal to the load
Fig. 12. Membership function used for output variable “output” demand, the proposed control algorithm disconnects the utility
grid from the load and it connects the DVR in parallel to the
where, the inputs and output linguistic variables called fuzzy
load. It reduces the energy consumption from the utility grid.
sets are labeled as follows: LN- Large Negative, MN- Medium
When the PV array generates more power than the load
Negative, SN- Small Negative, S- Small, SP – Small Positive,
demand, the excess power is stored in the battery. Therefore,
MP- Medium Positive, LP- Large Positive, NB- Negative Big,
during the no injection period, the generated power in the PV
NM- Negative Medium, NS- Negative Small, Z- Zero, PS –
array charges the batteries. During the night time, the output
Positive Small, PM- Positive Medium and PB- Positive Big.
voltage of the PV array is too low. At that time, the batteries
The input signals are fuzzified and represented in fuzzy set are charged by the supply.
notations by membership functions. The defined ‘if and then’ A programmable three phase voltage source is used to
rules produce the linguistic variables and these variables are provide the single phase variable voltage at the source end.
defuzzified into control signals to generate PWM gating The first simulation contains no DVR, a reduced voltage (0.8
pulses for VSI. There are 49 rules are utilized to produce the p.u) is applied, during the period 0.1 sec to 0.2 sec, a raised
optimum control signal. The fuzzy rules used for simulation voltage (1.8 p.u) is applied, during the period 0.7 sec to 0.8
are shown in Table IV. sec and zero voltage (0V) is applied, during the period 0.3 sec
to 0.6 sec, as presented in Fig. 13 (a). The voltage sag and
TABLE IV. FUZZY RULES
swell at the source point is 20% and 20% with respect to the
e// NB NM NS Z PS PM PB reference voltage. The injected voltage, load voltage, load
NB PB PB PB PM PM PS Z current, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) value of load
NM PB PB PM PM PS Z NS voltage with FL controller are shown in Fig. 13 (b), Fig. 13
NS PB PM PM PS Z NS NM (c), Fig. 13 (d) and Fig. 13 (e). The load voltage of the
proposed DVR with PI controller is shown in Fig. 14.
Z PM PM PS Z NS NM NM
PS PM PS Z NS NM NM NB
PM PS Z NS NM NM NB NB
PB Z NS NM NM NB NB NB

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TABLE VI. AMPLITUDE AND THD VALUE

Controller Voltage Supply Injected Load
Fuzzy Logic THD in % 0 2.42 0.58
Controller Amplitude in V 184.8 58.1 229.3
(a) Supply Voltage THD in % 0 3.01 0.84
PI
Controller Amplitude in V 184.8 53.06 223.1
From the above table it is observed that, the proposed DVR
with FL controller maintains the load voltage in closer to the
nominal value then PI controller based DVR and also, the load
voltage THD value is less.
(b) Injected Voltage The PV array consists of (36/4) x 9 PV cells, all connected
in series/parallel to have a desired voltage and power rating.
The number of parallel array can be increased to 7 or more
[19-20]. Usually the PV array with boost converter provides
increased output voltage with more ripples. However in the
proposed method, the presence of LC filter and batteries in the
output of the low step-up dc-dc converter reduces the ripple
(c) Load Voltage and increases the stability of the DC source. Fig.15 (a) and Fig
15 (b) show PV array voltage without and with boost
converter, respectively.

(d) Load Current

(a) PV array output voltage without low power boost converter

(e) Load voltage THD

Fig. 13. Supply voltage, Injected voltage, Load voltage, Load Current and
(b) PV array output voltage with low power boost converter
Load voltage harmonics of the proposed DVR with FLC
Fig. 15. PV array output voltage without and with boost converter

The high power boost converter specifications are:

Fig. 14. Load Voltage with PI controller
From the Fig. 13 (c) and Fig. 14, it is observed that the
transient performance of the FL controller is better than the PI.
The amplitude and THD value of source, injected and load
voltage of the proposed DVR with FL and PI controller are
shown in Table – VI for the duration of 0.1 to 0.2 sec.
Input DC voltage Vin = 24 V.
Output DC voltage Vo = 230 V.
Maximum output power = 700 W.
Switching frequency = 25 kHz.
Lm = 48 μH, Lk = 0.25 μH.
C1 = 3.151 μF / 100V, C2 = C3 =1.062 μF / 200 V and C0 =
500 μF /450V.
Fig. 16 shows the output voltage of the high power boost
converter. The converter is operated in continuous conduction
mode (CCM). The steady state analysis of the high step up
DC-DC converter is presented in [14]. Under the full load
operating condition Vin=24 V, V0=230 V and Po=700 KW. A

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 2012 - International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science, Engineering and Technology
control circuit is incorporated with the proposed converter to
regulate the output voltage at 230V.
Fig. 16. Output voltage of the high step up DC-DC converter
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper proposed a new PV based DVR to reduce the
energy consumption from the utility grid. The design of a
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which incorporates a PV
array module with low and high power boost converters as a
DC voltage source to mitigate voltage sags, swells and
outages in low voltage single phase distribution systems
using FL controller has been presented. The modeling and
simulation of the proposed PV based DVR using MATLAB
simulink has been presented. The FL controller utilizes the
error signal from the comparator to trigger the switches of an
inverter using a sinusoidal PWM scheme. The proposed DVR
utilizes the energy drawn from the PV array and the utility
source to charge the battries during normal operation. The
stored energies in battery are converted to an adjustable
single phase ac voltage for mitigation of voltage sag, swell
and outage. The simulation result shows that the PV based
DVR with FL controller gives better dynamic performance in
mitigating the voltage variations. The proposed DVR is
operated in:
Standby Mode: when the PV array voltage is zero and
the inverter is not active in the circuit to keep the voltage
to its nominal value.
Active Mode: when the DVR senses the sag, swell and
outage. DVR reacts fast to inject the required single
phase compensation voltages.
Bypass Mode: when DVR is disconnected and bypassed
in case of maintenance and repair.
Power Saver mode: when the PV array with low step-up
dc-dc converter output power is enough to handle the
load.
Further work will include a comparison with laboratory
experiments on a low voltage DVR in order to compare
simulation and experimental results. The multiple functions of
DVR require further investigation.
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