DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY AND RELATIVITY

MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS AND

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

Editors:

M. FLA TO, Universite de Dijon, Dijon, France

R. R.~CZKA, Institute of Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland

with the collaboration of:

M. GUENIN, Institut de Physique Theorique, Geneva, Switzerland

D. STERNHEIMER, College de France, Paris, France

VOLUME 3
ANDRE LlCHNEROWICZ
DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY
AND RELATIVITY
A Volume in Honour of Andre Lichnerowicz
on His 60th Birthday

Edited by

M. CAHEN AND M. FLATO

D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY

DORDRECHT-HOLLAND I BOSTON-U.S.A.
 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:

Differential geometry and relativity.

(Mathematical physics and applied mathematics; v. 3)

'Collected works of A. Lichnerowicz': p.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Geometry, Differential-Addresses, essays,
lectures. 2. Mathematical physics-Addresses, essays,
lectures. 3. Relativity (physics)-Addresses, essays,
lectures. 4. Lichnerowicz, Andre, 1915- I. Cahen,
Michel. II. FIato, Moshe. III. Lichnerowicz, Andre, 1915-
IV. Series.
QC20.7.D52D54 516'.34 76-48299
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1510-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1508-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-1508-0

Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,

P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland

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All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 1976 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1976

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or

utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
 CONTENTS

PREFACE IX

R. COUTY and A. REVUZ I Thirty Years of Activity in the

Renovation of Mathematical Education 1

P ART I - DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY

T. AUBIN I The Scalar Curvature 5
G. AVEROUS and s. KOBAYASHI I On Automorphisms of
Spaces of Nonpositive Curvature with Finite Volume 19
A. A VEZ I Harmonic Functions on Groups 27
M. BERGER I Some Relations Between Volume, Injectivity
Radius, and Convexity Radius in Riemannian Manifolds 33
R. S. CAHN, P. B. GILKEY, and J. A. WOLF I Heat Equation,
Proportionality Principle, and Volume of Fundamental
Domains 43
E. COMBET and c. MORENO I Some Remarks on the Funda-
mental Kernels of a Pseudo-Riemannian Manifold 55
P. B. GILKEY (see R. S. CAHN, P. B. GILKEY, and J. A. WOLF)
A. GRAY I Geodesic Balls in Riemannian Product Manifolds 63
s. HALPERIN and D. LEHMANN I Twisted Exotism 67
s. KOBAYASHI (see G. AVEROUS and s. KOBAYASHI)
Y. KOSMANN I On Lie Transformation Groups and the
Covariance of Differential Operators 75
D. LEHMANN (see s. HALPERIN and D. LEHMANN)

J. LELONG-FERRAND I Geometrical Interpretations of Scalar

Curvature and Regularity of Conformal Homeomorphisms 91
P. LIBERMANN I Pfaffian Systems and Transverse Differential
Geometry 107
C. MORENO (see E. COMBET and c. MORENO)
VIII CONTENTS

P. MOLINO I The Curvature Class of an Almost-Complex

Manifold 127
PHAM MAU QUAN I Pseudogroups and Linear Connections
on a Banach Fibre Bundle 135
s. A. ROBERTSON I Mobility in Categories and Metric Spaces 147
T. J. WILLMORE I The Tension Field of Maps of Riemannian
Manifolds 159
J. A. WOLF (see R. S. CAHN, P. B. GILKEY, and J. A. WOLF)

PART II-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

F. BA YEN I Conformal Invariance in Physics 171

L. BEL I Quantum Mechanics of Predictive Poincare Invariant
Systems 197
R. BUDIC and R. K. SACHS I Scalar Time Functions:
Differentiability 215
Y. CHOQUET-BRUHAT I The Problem of Constraints in
General Relativity: Solution of the Lichnerowicz
Equation 225
PH. DROZ-VINCENT I Hamiltonian Construction of
Predictive Systems 237
G.-M. MARLE I Symplectic Manifolds, Dynamical Groups, and
Hamiltonian Mechanics 249
R. PENROSE I Any Space-Time Has a Plane Wave as a
Limit 271
R. K. SACHS (see R. BUDIC and R. K. SACHS)

A. H. TAUB I Curvature Invariants, Characteristic Classes,

and the Petrov Classification of Space-Times 277

COLLECTED WORKS OF A. LICHNEROWICZ 291

INDEX OF NAMES 301
 PREFACE

On the occasion of the sixtieth birthday of Andre Lichnerowicz a

number of his friends, many of whom have been his students or
coworkers, decided to celebrate this event by preparing a jubilee
volume of contributed articles in the two main fields of research
marked by Lichnerowicz's work, namely differential geometry and
mathematical physics. Limitations of space and time did not enable us
to include papers from all Lichnerowicz's friends nor from all his
former students. It was equally impossible to reflect in a single book
the great variety of subjects tackled by Lichnerowicz. In spite of
these limitations, we hope that this book reflects some of the present
trends of fields in which he worked, and some of the subjects to
which he contributed in his long - and not yet finished - career.
This career was very much marked by the influence of his masters,
Elie Cartan who introduced him to research in mathematics, mainly in
geometry and its relations with mathematical physics, and Georges
Darmois who developed his interest for mechanics and physics,
especially the theory of relativity and electromagnetism. This par-
ticular combination, and his personal talent, made of him a natural
scientific heir and continuator of the French mathematical physics
school in the tradition of Henri Poincare. Some of his works would
even be best qualified by a new field name, that of physical ma-
thematics: branches of pure mathematics entirely motivated by
physics.
In differential geometry he continued the fundamental works of
Elie Cartan, and greatly contributed to their formulation in a more
pr~cise and intrinsic manner. His books, "Theorie globale des con-
nections et des groupes d'holonomie" and "Geometrie des groupes de
transformations", are not only very clearly written in good French (a
rarity nowadays): they have been basic textbooks for a whole
generation of differential geometers, and they truly reflect the impact
of Lichnerowicz on the field.
In contradistinction with the present tendency to over-algebrize
everything, he succeeded in being precise, concise but clear, abstract
x PREFACE

and yet still concrete; he was always motivated by physics. In

addition, Lichnerowicz is the author of numerous important con-
tributions on Riemannian manifolds, Kaehlerian manifolds, and
symplectic manifolds.
In general relativity the influence of Lichnerowicz was perhaps
even greater, an influence which started from his Thesis in 1939. Here
one must also mention his famous book, "Theories relativistes de la
gravitation et de l'electromagnetisme". Through his many works and
students he developed in France a school of rigorous relativistic
theories which is still very much alive and meets yearly, together with
other specialists, in the Journees Relativistes which he created. In
general relativity one has to deal both with geometrical questions
(space-time manifolds) and with difficult problems of mathematical
analysis, problems of partial differential equations. In this field also he
distinguished himself through works now classical such as solutions
of the Einstein-Maxwell equations, study of the Cauchy problem for
Einstein equations, and characterization of gravitational radiation
through algebraic properties of the curvature tensor. He also dealt
with problems of mechanics, in particular in relativistic magneto-
hydrodynamics or more recently shock waves.
All his works show a permanent interconnection between mathema-
tics and mathematical physics, and are often a perfect illustration of
what should be called physical mathematics. This is only one example of
interdisciplinary research, in which Andre Lichnerowicz got interested
long before it became fashionable. Among other fields he showed a
strong interest for mathematical economics, a field in which his deeply
mourned elder son Marc was about to make himself a leading name
when he prematurely disappeared.
The content of this book will therefore be divided into two parts,
differential geometry and mathematical physics. In each part the
contributions will be ordered according to the name of the first
mentioned contributor. The first part deals mainly with various
problems of Riemannian manifolds. Other works in this part deal with
symmetric spaces, almost-complex manifolds, Banach manifolds, and
vector bundles. The second one deals with various problems of
general relativistic systems, problems around invariance or covari-
ance in classical or quantum special relativistic theories, or ap-
plications of symplectic geometry to mechanics. More details on the
great variety of subjects treated can be found from the titles in the
Contents.
 PREFACE XI

Finally one cannot avoid mentioning the very important activity of

Lichnerowicz in the reform of mathematics teaching. This will be
explained in more detail in the paper following this preface, by R.
Couty and A. Revuz.
This book is dedicated to Andre Lichnerowicz on the occasion of
his sixtieth birthday with admiration and affection.

THE EDITORS