Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 11 (2017) 380-394

doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2017.04.007
D DAVID PUBLISHING

Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of

Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt

Riham A. Ragheb
Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pharos University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt

Abstract: Sustainable waterfront development is about creating a vision for an area and then deploying the skills and resources to
realize it after involving a dialogue with the customer within an area. Also, it draws together many strands of place making such as
environmental responsibility, social equity and economic viability, planning and transportation policy, architectural design into the
creation of places of beauty and distinct identity. The development of waterfronts shapes communities around the water bodies and
reflects the ability of cities to adapt to altered economic and social circumstances. The aim of this paper is to identify some
approaches for applying sustainable waterfront development. By respecting the quality of life and defining sustainability in a broader
context, a case will be made for enhancing the waterfront development, through the place making criteria, analyzing the Bahary
waterfront in Alexandria, Egypt. The paper concludes some recommendations to develop Bahary waterfront based on the principles
that are collected from the theoretical study in order to well design a waterfront responded to the wishes of the community.

Key words: Place making, quality of life, Bahary, sustainable waterfront development.

1. Introduction potentials by the application of the sustainable

waterfront development approaches are analyzed.
The waterfront is a unique and irreplaceable
Then the paper concludes the important
resource, also, its boundaries are difficult to determine
recommendations to improve this area in order to
because they are contained mixed use development,
achieve sustainable waterfront development.
which is relatively homogeneous. Thus, it can be
characterized as a place integrating land with water 2. Waterfront Development
and having a natural attraction to people [1]. The
There are several meanings of waterfront
waterfronts can be regarded in terms of property that
development which vary according to the
has a strong visual or physical connection to water [2].
characteristics of sites and cities. Waterfront
Also, waterfront properties may not necessarily need
development has a number of expressions such as
to be directly fronting water but are tied to it visually
“waterfront regeneration” [4], “waterfront
or are linked to it as a part of a larger scheme [3].
revitalization” [5], and “waterfront redevelopment”
This paper is based on three approaches: theoretical,
[6]. Waterfront development is a process that begins
applied and analytical study. The theoretical study
due to the desires of a community to improve its
tends to cover the concept of waterfront development,
waterfront which contains mixed use development
and then identify the sustainable waterfront
that is relatively consistent.
development such as the sustainable development
While, the scale and type of the waterfront
principles, the quality of life indicators and place
redevelopment varies from city to city, the basic
making criteria. This is followed by an applied study
concept of development is similar. There are three
of Bahary, Alexandria in Egypt, and its context and
categories of waterfront development on different
levels which help to elucidate the meaning of
Corresponding author: Riham A. Ragheb, lecturer;
research field: architecture. E-mail: riham.ragheb@pua.edu.eg. waterfront development [1]:
 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
 Waterside development is local and
environmental planning which puts emphasis on the
water-human relationship design and the waterfront
remedy, and its objective is to create an accessible and
enjoyable water environment;
 Waterfront development is urban planning which
puts emphasis on the feasibility study of the
development projects and the spatial design, and its
objective is renewal and development of the urban
areas;
 Coastal development is national planning which
puts emphasis on the development strategies and the
implementation of planning, and its objective is to
prescribe the character of the city and the development
scheme.
2.1 Importance of Waterfront Development
Waterfronts are a special class of national resource
due to their unique potential in affording society
diversified opportunities for economic development,
public enjoyment, and civic identity. They have
become the focus of many issues created by the
changing technologies and the pressures of population
and commerce. The nature and uses of waterfronts
have changed and left large sections of waterfront
land unused or under used. Therefore, the
development of waterfront areas has become a
challenge to affect the identity and environmental
quality of cities. Waterfronts have been called
romantic and used as places for dreaming and
recreation, also waterfronts left the feelings of
openness and freedom that tend to be everybody’s
place. The presence of water in cities is an element of
Fig. 1 The three categories of waterfront development [1].
381
attraction and holds out the hope of a better life.
2.2 Types of Waterfront Development
A city must first and foremost determine what it
intends its waterfront to be. These issues must be
sorted out before a city can plan for the redevelopment
of its waterfront. In a trend of transforming the
waterfronts to vibrant zones of leisure, commerce and
housing by waterfront development [3], there are a
number of conventional types:
2.2.1 Major Waterfront Transformations
Major waterfront transformations are unique that
meet the needs and aspirations of cities that are unlike
in geography, history and character. They share many
factors such as housing, shopping, offices and
recreation. There are complex negotiations, dedicated
leadership and huge sums of public and private money
are involved to accomplish the transformations.
2.2.2 The Commercial Waterfront
There are a variety of project typifies the dynamism
of the commercial waterfront to encourage public
enjoyment of the waterfront. These projects include
“festival marketplace” which is widespread and
longstanding tradition of eating, shopping and
socializing along water bodies, likewise is a public
focal point, drawing people to attend many events.
2.2.3 The Cultural, Educational and Environmental
Waterfront
The cultural, educational and environmental
waterfront emphasizes the vital connections between
people and water and can have a real effect on the
way they think about this basic resource which man
and natural are inseparable parts of the unified whole.
382 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
Waterfronts have been providing beautiful setting for
religious architecture, memorials, public art and grand
cultural institutions and educational sites for
generations.
2.2.4 The Historic Waterfront
Instead of condemning old waterfront structures to
non-use, decay and ultimate abandonment, some cities
are working toward the preservation and adaptive
reuse of historic buildings that maintains a tangible
sense of the past and favoring a restorative approach
that makes for a richer community and captures the
allure that comes from being in touch with the past in
modern daily life.
2.2.5 The Recreational Waterfront
Spending a leisure time on the water, whether for
fishing, swimming or quiet contemplation is the recent
theme of the urban waterfront development around the
globe. Also, creating public spaces such as parks,
marinas, walkways and promenades with shade
pavilions, distinctive paving and lighted fountains
constitute the biggest change along today’s urban
waterfront, add a pleasant atmosphere and provide
relaxation and enjoyment with being on the
waterfront.
2.2.6 The Residential Waterfront
People throughout history have been living along
the water for reasons both practical and poetic which
housing styles varied according to the culture. Water,
rivers, lakes, coasts and canals are public resources;
the space along the water’s edge is welcoming
balanced to visitors as well as to residential population.
This means that walkways and facilities are visible,
attractive and accessible and comfortable for the
residents.
2.3 Waterfront Development Process
The opportunity for the urban waterfront
development exists when the difference in an existing
property’s value and its value in a changed state
exceeds the cost of the conversion. Waterfront
development process goes through different phases
which are [7]:
2.3.1 The Pre-development Phase
The pre-development phase includes project
initiation, project analysis, prepares the preliminary
design and project packaging toward identifying
opportunities for the development. During this phase,
it is important to reevaluate the development concept
and refine the program in light of changing
circumstances and new information, research,
comprehensive analysis, and calculations of time
range and cost of activities involved to fully realize
the development.
2.3.2 The Development Phase
The development process focuses on design,
financing and implementation. While these basic tasks
transform a project proposal into physical reality, the
timing of financial support and the activities of the
professional designers and building contractors must
be carefully coordinated to produce the project that
meets the objectives.
2.3.3 Post Development Phase
The post development activities are determined to
extent the long-term viability. Although the managing
and maintaining requirements of the waterfront
projects are identified before the start of construction,
the general trend agreements for public/private
development projects must clearly define which party
will be responsible for the management and
maintenance and who will pay the cost.
3. Waterfront Development Approaches
High quality, well designed and managed urban
spaces play a crucial role in promoting wellbeing and
contribute positive social, economic and
environmental value to cities for any improvement,
development and future monitoring. Public open
spaces have positive associations with people’s
quality of life, health, well-being and their feelings.
Therefore, a better understanding of the links between
the quality of public spaces and quality of life is vital
to justify greater development and improving public
 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
realm. The public realm is where most of human
contact and interaction take place and its character
will reinforce the public place. Therefore, it is
important to achieve what really matters to people and
develop the sense of place by creating a public realm
and built environment that are of the highest quality.
Also, commercial viability, tourist attractions,
livability and sustainability are important factors to
take into consideration to provide a better quality of
life for the city [8]
Several approaches discuss the benefits of a well
designed built environment and its effect on many
aspects of daily lives. There are clear denominators
that link the different approaches that focus on the
human wellbeing. Attractive and open mixed use
urban spaces with good accessibility encourage leisure
activities and reduce crime and vandalism. Quality of
life, sustainability, and place making criteria are a
multidisciplinary philosophy incorporating many
different fields. They are the process of creating
places where people feel safe, happy, and at home. To
achieve a great place making, it is necessary to requir
sustainability and quality of life criteria which are
implemented by various principles. In order to analyze
a waterfront case study, it is important to set the
following principles to well design a waterfront.
3.1 The Quality of Life Indicators
Quality of life is a relatively impressionistic and a
multidimensional concept which means different
things to different people [9]. The optimal level of
quality of life is produced by combining the physical
and psychological inputs. The quality of life can be
translated through social and environmental
considerations in the process of urban planning and is
affected by the place in which we live. The concept of
quality of life includes subjective or qualitative
phenomena at the individual and the community level
as well as objective measures of the status of
individuals and the community [10].
The interest in quality of life comes from city
383
leaders and different parties including those who are
interested in human development, social development,
sustainable development and healthy communities.
Thus, quality of life is important because a lot of
people and organizations are paying attention to it.
There is a concern to measure the quality of life of
cities and understand how we are doing and feeling
[10].
In the past few decades, social scientists have
attempted to objectively measure the quality of urban
life through a variety of quantifiable social indicators
which have been structured around the social/cultural,
economic and environmental wellbeing to maintain
and improve quality of life in urban spaces. These
indicators are: natural and living environment, overall
experience of life, governance and basic rights, health,
education, economic and physical safety, leisure and
social interactions, productive or main activity and
material living conditions [11].
3.2 The Place Making Criteria
Great public spaces are those places where
celebrations are held, social and economic exchanges
occur, friends meet, and cultures mix [12]. The public
places need to be unique, attractive, colorful, related
to the human-scale and have different contexts such as
historical, geographical, physical or cultural. The
places as streets, open spaces or seafronts can be
designed visually and functionally, through sensitive
and imaginative design to provide a feeling of
well-being or comfort [8]. Engineering, architecture,
landscape architecture, urban planning, social work,
journalism, and public administration have improved
the urban physical environment to incorporate
knowledge and ideas acquired from the social and
physical sciences on dealing with some of the social
problems associated with urbanization [13]. Therefore,
the process of place making allows diverse
constituencies to identify how public spaces can be
shaped to make them welcoming, well-functioning
and attractive places for people. One of the most
384 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
critical factors in achieving a public space that truly
serves its constituents, improve the daily experience
and draws people time and again, is by asking people
about their concerns and wishes and allowing them to
influence decision-making about that space.
More than just promoting better urban design, place
making strengthens facilitates creative patterns of use,
paying particular attention to the physical, cultural,
and social identities that define a place and support its
ongoing evolution. According to public spaces which
are a nonprofit planning, design and educational
organization, public spaces have four major attributes
to evaluate a place and measure its success which are:
Fig. 2 The quality of life indicators [11].
Fig. 3 The place making criteria [12].
access and linkages, uses and activities, comfort and
image, and sociability [12]:
3.2.1 Access and Linkages
A place has to be well connected to its surroundings
visually and physically and easy to get to and to get
through. Also, the edges of a space are important as
well and the place has to have a high parking turnover
which is convenient to public transit [14].
3.2.2 Comfort and Image
The key of a successful space is to be comfortable
and have a good image. Comfort includes perceptions
about safety, cleanliness, and the availability of places
to give people the choice to sit where they want [14].
 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
3.2.3 Uses and Activities
Uses and activities are the basic building blocks of
a place. Having some activities to do in the place
gives people a cause to come and return. It is
important to provide various well managed activities
throughout the day for people of different ages, to be
used by singles or people in groups [14].
3.2.4 Sociability
When people see friends, meet their neighbors, and
feel comfortable interacting with guests, they tend to
feel a stronger sense of place or attachment to the
place that fosters these types of social activities. This
is a difficult quality for a place to achieve, but once
attained, it becomes an unmistakable feature [14].
3.3 Sustainable Development Principles
Sustainable development projects are a key
component of the transformation of urban
environments. In such urban environments,
waterfronts present themselves as a very particular
case. The declining and neglected waterfronts
constitute highly potential targets for transformation
into new and refined patterns of land uses through the
development projects while aiming for a high quality
of life, nourishment of business and conservation of
the environment. Waterfront development schemes
necessarily involve the principles of sustainability:
economic, social, environmental, and preservation [3].
3.3.1 Economic
The deindustrialization of city centers has resulted
in many changes in technology, and thus has caused
many industrial places and ports to relocate. Some
cities shift their industrial places and activities from
cities to suburbs. This relocation has left the existing
waterfronts land freed up for development.
3.3.2 Social
The global culture today requires more open spaces
for recreation and physical needs. Generally, more
mobility has caused an expansion of tourism. This
may encourage the installation of new mixed uses
along the water bodies that combine areas of open
385
space and leisure, with shops, café and restaurants and
provide cultural and recreational attraction.
3.3.3 Environmental
Since the 1970s, there has been an emphasis on the
environmental issues that include cleaning up water
bodies, water supply, natural marine life and pollution.
This demand is to protect the environment, and
encourage new waterfront investment.
3.3.4 Preservation
The trend toward cultural tourism pushes to make
value to the historical building. Preservation and
restoration are important to give a character to the city.
The similar element in waterfront development around
the world is the public’s desire to be near to the water.
Most existing waterfront areas which have not yet
been discovered are either remains of industrial areas
and slum areas. These areas may become fashionable
places to live in, and can promote more investments
[3]. In dealing with the development of waterfronts,
they are classified into three categories [15]:
 The first one is “conservation” which aims to use
the site of an old waterfront, which still exists even
today, and restores it for the people;
 The second category is “redevelopment”, which
is characterized by an attempt to resurrect the
waterfront as important areas of urban life;
 The third is “development”, which is an attempt
to create a waterfront which will meet the present
needs of the city.
4. The Gomrok District
Alexandria city extends today some 60 km along
the Mediterranean coast, but its breadth is limited to
an average of 1 to 5 km. It encompassed an area of
2,680 km2. Residential land use is the most dominant
in the urban area, but it is difficult to segregate
residential land use from other urban functions.
Commerce and workshops are often completely mixed
with the residential use. The city of Alexandria is
divided into six districts: Montazah District, Eastern
District, Middle District, Gomrok District, Western
386 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
District and Amriya District.
The Gomrok District with total area of 4 km2 is
considered the smallest area with the highest
population density with a rate of increase of 1.17%
per year.
4.1 Historical Background
Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in
Fig. 4 The sustainable development principles.
Fig. 5 The map of old Alexandria [16].
April 331 BC, Alexandria became the capital of the
Greco-Roman Egypt, its status as a beacon of culture
symbolized by Pharos; the famous lighthouse.
Dinocrates built the Heptastadion, the causeway
between Pharos and the mainland. This divided the
harbors into the Western and Eastern [14]. Of modern
Alexandria, the oldest section is along the causeway
which links what was once Pharos island with the
 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
Fig. 6 The distribution of the population.
Fig. 7 Manpower studies classification according to the occupations.
mainland and includes the districts of Gomrok that
includes Anfushi, and Ras el-Tin that are known to
westerners as the Turkish Quarter. The area forms
somewhat of a T-shape, dividing the Eastern Harbor
from the Western Harbor [16].
4.2 Climatic Conditions
Due to the geographical location for the
Mediterranean Sea. The latter has apparently an
influential impact as it is related to the enjoyment of
the moderate climatic conditions of the study area
which is suitable for human life throughout the year.
4.3 Population of the Gomrok District
The Gomrok District is considered the smallest area
of Alexandria with the highest density with an area of
622 acres and the current population is 123 thousand
387
people-intensive public 191 people/acre.
4.4 The Land Use of the Gomrok District
Gomrok District is a mixed-use reaching a rate of
about 58% residential use and the proportion of
economic activities increases the proportion of
services for up to about 17.4%. In addition, the
existing physical environment is considered a problem
due to its degradation and the marine pollution.
4.5 Monuments and Ancient Sites in Gomrok District
There are many monuments and ancient sites. Some
of them are highlighted in Fig. 8
5. Bahary Study Area
Bahary waterfront in Bahary, Kasr Ras El Tin,
is classified as a main street in the street network of
388 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt

Fig. 8 Map of monumental and ancient sites.

Fig. 9 Pictures of the famous sites by order: Ras El Tin Palace; Alexandria Port; El Anfoushy Ptolemic Tombs; Commercial area
in the Turkish quartier; Abu El-Abbas Mosque; Anfoushy Fish Market; Fort of Qaitbay.

Fig. 10 Map showing the study area.

Alexandria. The Mediterranean Sea presents its
waterfront to the north. The study area will focus on
the coast which represents The Anfoushy Public
beach and the costal hinterland that represents Kasr
Ras el Tin Street which leads to Ras El-Tin Palace,
which is allocated for the reception of official
delegations of the state. It also holds the function as a
main gate to the Turkish quarter, which unfortunately
began to gradually disappear due to the neglecting of
this area’s building. Any waterfront development
process goes through different phases. This study
focuses on the pre-development phase.
 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
5.1. Analysis of Bahary Waterfront
Bahary has a waterfront scenic path, with
prominent views of the Anfoushy Bay and Ras El Tin
Palace. It is also with a historic background as it is the
main entrance to the old Turkish Town of Alexandria,
which includes a unique urban pattern of houses and
streets. The analysis of study area is based on some
principles collected during the theoretical part which
focuses on the principles of waterfront development.
5.1.1 Access and Linkages
The waterfront stretches 900 m along the sea and
with variable width, from 25m to 37m, joins the El
Gish Road in the east to the very narrow streets of the
old city in the west, and it is the only main street
which serves the connection of its surrounding area
land uses to the rest of Alexandria. At the southern
street perimeter, there are more than 30
T-intersections with small and poor local streets,
mostly with dead ends as well as some secondary
streets like Sidi El-Hagary Street, Safr Basha Street,
and Sidi Yacout Street. Also, there is a promenade
along the sea but it does not encourage the public
access and it was lined by palm trees to provide shade
and there is a safety railing and lighting units along
the walkway. The waterfront can be accessed by
different means of transportation: public bus, private
car, horse cart, bicycles and boats. The city tram, of
which the network serves the old city, runs with other
traffic in the middle of its right-of-way. Hiring boats
or horse cart are considered as tourist attraction.
Furthermore, the waterfront esplanade leads to various
activities and attractions such as historical buildings,
restaurant, the Anfoushy cultural center and the boats
workshops that had run for decades.
The presence of variable activities and street level
uses on the pedestrian paths are important to achieve
walkability and vitality in the city
In addition, multiple accesses to the waterfront
provide a good accessibility to the different landmarks
in this areas: Palace Ras El Tin, The Anfoushy fish
market and the boat workshops are connected by the
389
Kasr Ras El Tin Street and el Morsy Abo El Abbas
Mosque is permeable by Sidi Yakout Street. Walkable
waterfront with activities are necessary to connect
various destinations in order to attract people to the
waterfront and achieve a desirable waterfronts.
5.1.2 Uses and Activities
The waterfront has a variety of land uses along its
perimeter. To the north (waterfront), there are a lot of
consecutive land uses; such as the Anfoushy Cultural
Center, boat workshops, local club, children education
centre and a huge sand public beach that serves as an
attractive recreation area. The other street side has
mixed land uses with residential area. The residential
area contains ground floor cafes and restaurants with
some street seating. Retail consists of many simple
commercial shops and other service-related storefronts
that add to the unique traditional style of the area and
to reach unique designs to the Bahary Waterfront only.
The most effective way to create a livable city and
make an attractive urban form is by increasing
activities. There are a lot of activities such as social
and sports club, cinema and services like hospital and
mosque. In addition, the waterfront thrives day and
night throughout the year by integrated seasonal
activities during different feasts that make users feel
welcome and safe.
5.1.3 Comfort and Image
Bahary Waterfront has a different experience, due
to its historical background and uses that create a
strong sense of place. The Anfoushy citizens are
enjoying the waterfront at the sunset and at night-time
to meet each other. Fishing and boat industries are the
primary activities in this area. The sense of smell and
taste are characteristic to the study area and are shaped
by the primary activities as the space can be
understood through the sense and create a mental map.
These senses are used to clarify and survive the life of
the urban space to provide a unique and dynamic
place to attract a range of people, they also should
define people’s experience and keep people coming
back. By analyzing the buildings conditions, there is no
390 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt

Fig. 11 Map showing the site accessed by the different paths of the study area.

Fig. 12 Map showing the land use of the study areas.

Fig. 13 The study area is divided into three zone to show the different land uses.
 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt 391

Fig. 14 Pictures of some activities by order: Anfoushiya Fish restaurant; Farag Fish and El Sheikh Wafik restaurants; Boat
Workshops; El Anfoushy Cimena; Marine Sport Club; Child Club.

Fig. 15 Pictures showing different images in Bahary.

architectural style and character and buildings do not
respect the building regulation. Although landscape
element, amenities and furniture like seats, lighting
units and sheds are used to provide comfort, social
interaction but they are not well designed and
organized. Also, there is a lack in parking areas.
In Kasr Ras El Tin Street, the Mediterranean Sea
shore at Anfoushy Bay forms a strong edge. Also, the
main path of the study area is the Kasr Ras El-Tin
Street that connected Ras El-Tin Palace, The Anfoushy
Cultural Centre and the Ptolemaic tombs which present
the landmark of the area. In addition, small districts are
formed along the street such as El Sayala, El-Hagary,
Armed Forces residential compound and Bahary areas.
At The Anfoushy Fish Market, there is a node with a
number of visitors.
392 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
Fig. 16 The primary job in this area.
5.1.4 Sociability
Fishing and boat industries which are the primary
activities, give a local identity and character to Bahary
and offer a lot of job opportunities to the resident.
Also, the old fish market is one of the main heritages
building in this area. In addition, there are a lot
activities, such as restaurants and marine center, based
on the primary activities.
6. Conclusions
After analyzing the study area of Bahary Waterfront,
several conclusions of the existing conduction have
been highlighted, and some problems can be reached.
6.1 Problems related to Access and Linkages
Due to the variety of mean of transport in the study
area, the movement is not organized and overlapped.
The secondary streets are very narrow and in a bad
condition
Public access is not comfort and safe due to the lack
of integration between the two sides of the waterfront.
6.2 Problems related to Uses and Activities
Although the district is considered as one of the
important archeological site, but is not given enough
attention.
The recreational uses located along the waterfront
are very poor and limited.
The uses and activities are not homogenous
distributed along the waterfront.
There are a mismatching between the function and
activities of the area.
6.3 Problems Related to Comfort and Image
Some of the buildings are in a bad condition and do
not have architecture style and details.
The parking areas are not enough and they are
along to the waterfront.
The palm lined the promenade, impede the
pedestrian walk.
The street furnitures like the sheds and seats are not
well arranged in the area, and there is a very long
 Sustainable Waterfront Development—A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt
distance between the street furniture.
6.4 The Absence of the View of the Waterfront and the
Public Art
Although this area has a different sense and very
rich of opportunities but it is not well exploited.
6.5 Problems Related to Sociability
The public goals are not achieved.
The management of the community vision does not
take in consideration the public goal.
7. Recommendations
According to the previous results and problems of
the case study, the following recommendations are set
to improve the Bahary Waterfront:
(1) Access and linkages recommendations
 Providing public access to the shoreline that is
supported by corridors and that establishes convenient
connections to the other side of the waterfront and to
adjoining streets that extends from the street grid of the
city;
 The creation of public transit routes that provide
easy transit to the waterfront from the city center;
 The creation of “nodes” along the waterfront and
providing pedestrian linkages between public access
nodes;
 Separating the movement of the pedestrian and
vehicle by changing their paths and increasing different
crossing points between the two side of the waterfront
and bridges and tunnels;
 Adding a bicycle lane way and large promenade
with well organized street furniture’s;
 Creating floating promenades and platforms to
define a new path and edge with the waterfront;
 Developing the secondary streets that connect the
Bahary waterfront the city center.
(2) Uses and activities recommendations
 After analyzing the activities and the uses of
Bahary Waterfront, it can be divided in three zones
which are: Zone A represents commercial and
393
residential zone, Zone B is recreational and residential
area and Zone C is a historical area as it is can approach
to the Ras el Tin Palace;
 Arranging of productive and compatible activities
with the renewed context to ensure the diversity in the
zone’s economy;
 The water sheet and the shoreline should be
reserved for water uses and public access;
 The ground floors of buildings should to reserve
for recreational uses and the facilities of public
accommodation;
 Devising a master plan of land use that blends the
values of old and new structures and uses of Bahary.
(3) Comfort and image recommendations
 The using of the landmarks of this area revived the
interest of the city’s heritage;
 Reinforcing the attributes of the central area
which is closely linked to the heart of the city;
 Creating well organized street furniture along the
waterfront such as seating, shelters with good and
comfortable material;
 Providing parking areas away from the
waterfront.
(4) Sociability recommendations
 The public participation of the local population is
important to achieve their needs and to make
their own environment with the purpose of keeping
alive the memory and preserving the identity of
Bahary;
 The need of coastal management to address to the
unplanned urban growth to ensure the harmonious
development of human activities while protecting the
submerged remains of the ancient city.
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