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MSCEG 425
Lecture 1
Introduction
Network Models
Fall 2007
Dr. L. Christofi Fall 2007 1
0. Overview
In this lecture we will cover the following topics:
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to data communications and networks
1.2 Networks
1.3 The Internet
1.4 Protocols & Standards
1.5 Summary (part 1)
2. Network Models
2.1 Layered tasks
2.2 OSI model
2.3 Layers in the OSI model
2.4 TCP/IP protocol suite
2.5 Addressing
2.6 Summary (part 2)
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
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Data representation
• Text: bit pattern
• ASCII: 128 different symbols (7 bits)
• Extended ASCII: size of each pattern is 1 byte (8 bits)
• Unicode: 65.536 symbols (16 bits)
• ISO: 4.294.967.296 symbols (32 bits)
• Numbers: decimal numbers converted directly to
binary
• Images: divided into a matrix of pixels
• Audio: representation of sound by an analog or a digital
signal
• Video: represented by an analog or digital signal
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1.2 NETWORKS
Network criteria
• Performance
—Can be measured in may ways
• transit time: amount of time required for a message to
travel from one device to another
• response time: time elapsed between an inquiry and a
response
• Number of users
• Type of transmission medium
• Hardware capabilities and software efficiency
• Reliability
—A measure of frequency of failure and the time needed
to recover, network robustness
• Security
—Protecting of data from unauthorized users
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Physical Structures
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
Physical Topology
Physical topology refers to the way in which a network is
laid out physically.
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Topology categories
Mesh Star
Bus Ring
A hybrid topology
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Categories of networks
• Local Area Networks (LANs)
— Usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building
or campus
— Most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star
— Speeds of 100Mbps-1Gbps
• Internetworks
— When two or more networks are connected they become an
internetwork or internet
WAN examples
A switched WAN and a An heterogenous network
point-to-point WAN made of 4 WANs and 2 LANs
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An heterogeneous network
MANs: 10 – 40 Gbps
WANs: Tbps
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1.3 THE INTERNET
A brief history
• Mid-1960s
— Standalone devices
— ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) was interested in finding a way
to connect computers to share information
— Backbones: None - Hosts: None
• 1967
— ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET
— Backbones: None - Hosts: None
• 1969
— The first physical network was constructed
— Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 4
• 1972
— The first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN
— Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 23
• 1973
— Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP (by Vint Cerf
and Bob Kahn)
— Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: >23
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Hierarchical organization of Internet
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1.4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
Protocols
• A protocol is a set of rules that governs data
communications
• It defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated
• Key elements of a protocol:
—Syntax
• Structure or format of data, meaning the order in which they
are presented
—Semantics
• Refer to the meaning of each section of bits, how a
particular pattern is interpreted and what action to be taken
—Timing
• Refers to when data should be sent and how fast can they
be sent
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Standards
• Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an
open and competitive market for equipment manufacturers
Standards organizations
• Standards creation committees
— ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
— ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications
Standards)
• Initially known as CCITT (Consultative Committee for International
Telegraphy and Telephony)
— ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
— IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
— EIA (Electronic Industries Association
• Forums
— Made up of representatives from interested corporations to speed
acceptance and use of new technologies in the telecom industry
• Regulatory Agencies
— Governmental agencies: to protect public interest by regulating radio,
TV and wire/cable communications
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Internet standards
• An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested
specification used by those who work with the
Internet
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2.0 NETWORK MODELS
• A network uses a combination of hardware and
software to send data from one location to
another
—Hardware consists of the physical equioment that
carries signals from one point of the network to another
—The task of sending a piece of information from one
point in the worls to another can be broken into several
tasks, each performed by a separate software package
• Each piece of software uses the services of another software
package o do its job
• At the lowest layer, a signal is sent from the source to the
destination computer
• In this part we will see a general idea of layers of
a network and discus the functions of each one
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Tasks involved in sending a letter
carrier
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Seven layers of the OSI model
Peer-
Peer-to-
to-peer processes
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Encapsulation
• The process starts at layer 7
(application layer), then moves
from layer to layer in descending,
sequential order.
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Physical layer
Note
Note
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Hop-
Hop-to-
to-hop delivery
Network layer
Note
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Source-
Source-to-
to-destination delivery
Transport layer
Note
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Reliable process-
process-to-
to-process delivery
Session layer
Note
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Presentation layer
Note
Application layer
Note
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Summary of layers
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TCP/IP layers
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2.5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols: physical,
physical, logical,
logical, port,
port, and specific.
specific.
Addresses in TCP/IP
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Physical & Logical address
• Physical address
— In computer networks a physical address means a MAC
(Medium Access Control) address
• Also known as Ethernet Hardware Address (EHA) or
hardware address or adapter address
— It is a number that acts like a name for a particular network
adapter, eg. the network cards
• Logical address
— In computer networks, a logical address refers to a
network layer address such as an IP address
— An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique
address that certain electronic devices use in order to
identify and communicate with each other on a computer
network utilizing the Internet Protocol standard (IP)
• Specific address
— This address is used by application processes
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Relationship of layers-
layers-addresses in TCP/IP
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Example: Physical address
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
Example: IP addresses
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Example: Port addresses
Note
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2.6 SUMMARY (part 2)
• The five-layer model provides guidelines for the development of universally
compatible networking protocols.
• The physical, data link, and network layers are the network support layers.
• The transport layer links the network support layers and the user support layer.
• The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a
physical medium.
• The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the
next without errors.
• The transport layer is responsible for the process-to-process delivery of the entire
message.
References
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