Name : Robi Sugara

Student’s Number : 1606102020006

Class : Semantics and Pragmantics
Lecturer’s name : Yunisrina Kismullah Yusuf S.Pd.,
M.A

1. The meaning of “Meaning Postulates”.

Meaning postulate is a formula expressing some aspect of the sense of a predicate. It
can be read as a proposition necessarily true by virtue of the meaning of the meaning of the
particular predicates involved. The Meaning Postulates play a control part in traditional
approach to constructing a semantic dictionary as it is defined as to claim, demand or assert
something as truth. Meaning Postulate can be used to deduce information about sense
relation, hyponymy and some of anatomy selection and anomaly. Hyponymy relations and
selection restrictions are expressed by Meaning Postulates that look formally alike. Anomaly
is seen as an indirect case of contradiction. Hyponymy is a sense relation in semantics that
serves to relate word concepts in a hierarchical fashion and a relation between more general
terms and their more specific instances of it. Anomaly is semantic oddness that traced to the
meanings of the predicates in the sentence concerned. Basically anomaly tends to be
contradictory and it can be deduced logically from the step of anomaly in the direction of
contradiction. In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a meaning postulate is a way
of stipulating a relationship between the meanings of two or more words. They were
introduced by Rudolf Carnap as a way of approaching the analytic/synthetic distinction.
Subsequently, Richard Montague made heavy use of meaning postulates in the development
of Montague grammar, and they have features prominently in formal semantics following in
Montague's footsteps.

2. Examples of Meaning Postulate in English, Indonesian and Defayan.

a. (English)
Man : Adult, Human being and etc.

b. (Indonesia)
Laki-laki : Orang dewasa, Manusia dan lain-lain

c. (Defayan)
Sillaye : Pak-pak, Manusio, Atta dan afel hai bukanne.

3. The definition of “Adjectives Modifying Nouns”.

Adjectives are words that modify nouns. They are often called “describing words”
because they give us further details about a noun, such as what it looks like (e.g.
the white horse), how many there are (e.g. the three boys) or which one it is (e.g.
the last house). Adjectives do not modify verbs or other adjectives. In conversation and in
writing, we often use descriptive words to add meaning to nouns to modify them. Nouns are
words that name persons, places, or things. A sentence subject is usually a noun. But all
nouns do not act as sentence subjects; one sentence can have several nouns with different
functions in the sentence. When you add a modifier before a noun, you sometimes have to
change the article in the base sentence from a to an or an to a because the modifier you add
begins with a different letter than the noun does. Adjectives are words that not only modify
nouns, but also pronouns. Other than Adjective, Adjective Phrase, and Adjective Clause
also can function as a modifier. Adjective appears before or after the word it modifies. When
it appears before the word is called pre-modifier and when appears after the word is called
post-modifier. Most often, adjectives are easy to identify in a sentence because they fall right
before the nouns they modify.

4. Examples of Adjectives Modifying Nouns in English, Indonesian and Defayan.

a. (English) example :
The doctor spoke to the patient.
The doctor was symphatic.
The patient was overweight.
Solution : The sympathetic doctor spoke to the overweight patient.

b. (Indonesia) example :
Doktor berbicara dengan pasien itu.
Doktor merasa simpati.
Pasien itu kelebihan berat badan.
Solution : Doktor yang bersimpati itu berbicara dengan pasien yang kelebihan berat badan.

c. (Defayan) example :
Dokter iya aya umella alek pasien soede.
Dokter iya maraso ya simpati.
Pasien soede aya kelebihan berat badanne.
Solution : Dokter singa bersimpati ya aya umella alek pasien singa mangalami kelebihan berat
badan iya.