L19_First Age of Empires- Unification of China (In class you were told to number the lesson as 16.

For
planning purposes, this lesson will now be numbered as 19. Therefore, youll not have printed lessons numbered 16 - 18).

Timeline: 6th C. BCE FS: China- A Tumultuous Birth: Schools of Thought as products of the Warring States Period. Main Idea: The social disorder of the warring states contributed to the development of Chinese ethical systems. Each of these systems offered different views of what constituted a perfect state for humanity. Kung Fu-tzu (Confucius), focuses his efforts on Man's world. His goal is to determine how Man can 'create' the perfect social environment. An environment that lacks the chaos and misery of the Warring States Period and permit society to return to the propserity of an earlier time (legendary dynasty of the Zhou, the Sage Kings). Lao tzu offers a nature-based viewpoint. To him, Mans interaction with Nature has gone awry. If the natural balance can be restored, then too shall peace and harmony. Han Fei offers an understanding of human nature that countermands the parallel view in Confucianism. In Legalism, Han Fe, and the later Qin emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi, recognizes the need for a rigid society held together by laws with uncompromising enforcement. PO: SWBAT... Identify, then explain, three Confucian Virtues List at least three pairings from the 5 Confucian Relationships. Describe three values a society would probably have if they adopted Confucianism as a social philosophy. Compare/ Contrast Daoism and Confucianism Explain how the Mandate of Heaven links political rule with the natural environment. Describe Heaven within the context of Daoism. Evaluate the effectiveness of Legalism as a philosophy to end the turmoil and chaos of the Warring States Period. Do Now: TBR Mr. V will tell the story of Heaven and Hell. Why does the state of the people in heaven and hell differ? -ORThe story of The Missing Ax. How was the boy able to change like his neighbor described? I. Vocabulary: Refer to the crossword puzzle. II. Warring States Period A. ~5th C. 3rd C. BCE B. Historical/ Traditional China C. Rise of Philosophical Schools of Thought1 1. Lao Zi (Lao-tzu): Legendary and almost mythical figure. Little historical evidence exists that reveal the personal life of this philosopher. He is believed to have lived around the 6th C. BCE 2. Kong Zi (Confucius): Known as Chinas First Sage. His name corrupted to Confucius. He is believed to have lived around the 6th C. BCE2 III. Tenets & Principles of Daoism A. Dao: "The Way". The path to harmonious existence within nature. To search for the Dao by exerting yourself will force you to deviate from the Dao. To find it, you must not exert yourself (concept of 'Wu Wei') Go with the flow! Difficulties befall humanity when it fails to live in accord with the Dao. B. Heaven: The ultimate universal order. Perfect harmony between the complementary forces3 of nature. It is a condition, not a place. C. Yin Yang: Complementary forces of nature called Yin and Yang. The interaction of these forces can positively or negatively influence natural phenomena and human society. D. Mandate of Heaven: An ancient belief that reaches a pinnacle of development during the Chinese dynastic period. The principle involves the granting (to the emperor) of a mandate5 to rule by Heaven. The emperor sits on the Dragon Throne and is called The Son of Heaven. Signs that indicate an emperor or dynasty has lost the mandate would be evident in nature. For example, weather phenomena that negatively impact on the society could be6 interpreted as a sign. Should

the forces of nature (Yin - Yang) become unbalanced and lose their harmonious interaction, the emperor could be targeted for blame and accused of improper conduct.7

IV. Tenets & Principles of Confucianism A. Filial Piety: Sometimes erroneously labeled ancestor worship. Respect and reverence for8 family. Even if the family member is deceased, the respect and reverence continues. B. Virtues: Ones Personal Ethics or Code of Conduct 1. Ren (sometimes written as Jen) = Human-heartedness. 2. Generosity 3. Determination 4. Good Faith (Trust)9 5. Li = Ritual => There is a proper way to do things in society. C. Five Social Relationships 1. Ruler Subject 2. Father Son 3. Husband Wife 4. Older Brother Younger Brother 5. Friend - Friend Ponder: What values may a society structured by the Five Relationships have? V. Tenets & Principles of Legalism Legalism was a philosophy developed by the Chinese philosopher Han Fei. It was adopted by the first Qin Emperor, Qin Shih Huangdi. The Qin ruled with the following Legalist views A. The state is responsible for maintaining order among men. It does this by exercising absolute authority. B. Men are naturally corrupt and must be taught or shown how to properly conduct themselves.

C. Scholarship is useless and impractical. The trades (agriculture, carpentry, etc.) are beneficial and practical skills. D. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. E. Reward those who behave in accord with Qin policies, punish severely those who do not. VI. Canonical Texts A. Dao Deching: A major source for the foundational beliefs of Daoism. The text is comprised of short sentence pairs that may outwardly express nebulous or conflicting notions. An example would be: The Dao is that from which one cannot deviate; that from which one can deviate is not the Dao. Another is, By intending to accord, you immediately deviate. One way to help explain this philosophical logic is to consider the Daoist concept of Wu Wei. This is the concept of actionless activity. If you look at the Yin Yang symbol above, you should be able to perceive the implied motion. Implied motion is present though clearly there is an absence of physical motion. Wu Wei is the manner by which the absence of physical motion or exertion will heighten the implied motion/ exertion that puts us on the Dao and live in accord with the forces of nature. Any physical striving on our part (in the form of physical or mental exertion) forces us to deviate from the Dao. Another way to explain the Wu Wei concept is to present an opposing concept. Jihad, physical and spiritual striving (exertion) to live in accord with the will of Allah, is encouraged in Islam. Such proactive efforts are discouraged when considering Wu Weis conceptualization of proper conduct. B. The Confucian Canon: Legend states that before Confucius' death he gathered the best writings of the Zhou dynastic period. These writings were compiled in a series of works known as the Five Classics. A sixth work, the Analects, was added later to form the core of Confucian thought. 1. The Five Classics10 a. I Ching => Book of Changes/ Divination11 b. Shih Ching => Book of Songs12 c. Li Ching => Book of Rites13 d. Shu Ching => Book of History14 e. Chun Chiu => Annals of Spring and Autumn15 2. The Four Books: The foundation of Chinese education and social law since the Han dynasty.16 a. Lun Yu => Analects17 b. Meng Tzu => Book of Mencius18 c. Chung Yung => Doctrine of the Mean19 d. Ta Hsueh => Great Learning VI. Summary Activity: Ponder the following... In the quest for peace and harmonious coexistence, is it better to structure the society in which humanity lives or abandon all that is man-made for the world of nature?
Teacher Note: Here, as in any academic attempt to study beliefs and practices of peoples, the sources include scholarly work as well as philosophical/ religious texts. Presentation of any philosophical/ religious text is to facilitate study, acquire appreciation, and enliven discussion of the traditions that produced them. In no form, content, or intent, are the materials presented to teach and/ or proselytize any belief system. No particular denomination, if applicable, is chosen over another. The basic tenets of the philosophy or faith as presented here are meant to transcend any deviations that currently separate the denominations. Curriculum Linkage Unit One: Ancient World- Civilizations & Religions (4000 BCE - 500 CE) Section C-1, 6; E1 d Materials/Sources: Refer to the course calendarfor additional assignments and pertinent due dates. This version of the lesson has omitted all the footnotes. To acquire the extended version containing the footnotes, ask Mr.V.