“System Administration”

(A Story Of Linux)

Cased Based Study

Submitted

in partial fulfillment

for the award of CA- 3

Bachelor of Technology

in Department of Computer Science Engineering

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Mr. Lokesh Chaturvedi Candidate Name: Ahmed Hasan

Assistant Professor Section: K19PV
Roll No: 01

Reg. No: 11900449

Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab.

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 LINUX KERNEL

0.01 (17 September 1991; 28 years ago)

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 CONTENTS

SERIAL NO. TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.

01 INTRODUCTION 04

02 DESIGN 05

03 SPECIFICATIONS 06

04 HISTORY 07

05 CONCLUSION 11

06 REFERENCES 12

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INTRODUCTION:

The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-

like operating system kernel. The Linux family of operating systems is
based on this kernel and deployed on both traditional computer
systems such as personal computers and servers, usually in the form
of Linux distributions and on various embedded devices such
as routers, wireless access points, PBXes, set-top boxes, FTA
receivers, smart TVs, PVRs, and NAS appliances. While the adoption of
the Linux kernel in desktop computer operating system is low, Linux-
based operating systems dominate nearly every other segment of
computing, from mobile devices to mainframes. Since November 2017,
all of the world's 500 most powerful supercomputers run Linux.
The Android operating system for tablet computers, smartphones,
and smartwatches also uses the Linux kernel.
The Linux kernel was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.
for his personal computer and with no cross-platform intentions, but
has since expanded to support a huge array of computer architectures,
many more than other operating systems or kernels. Linux rapidly
attracted developers and users who adopted it as the kernel for
other free software projects, notably the GNU Operating System, which
was created as a free, non-proprietary operating system, and based on
UNIX as a by-product of the fallout of the Unix wars.
The Linux kernel API, the application programming interface (API)
through which user programs interact with the kernel, is meant to be
very stable and to not break userspace programs (some programs, such
as those with GUIs, rely on other APIs as well). As part of the kernel's
functionality, device drivers control the hardware; "mainlined"
(included in the kernel) device drivers are also meant to be very stable.

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However, the interface between the kernel and loadable kernel
modules (LKMs), unlike in many other kernels and operating systems, is
not meant to be very stable by design.
The Linux kernel, developed by contributors worldwide, is a prominent
example of free and open source software. Day-to-day development
discussions take place on the Linux kernel mailing list (LKML). The Linux
kernel is released under the GNU General Public License version 2
(GPLv2), with some firmware images released under various non-free
licenses

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DESIGN [Architecture]:

The Linux kernel is a monolithic kernel, supporting true preemptive

multitasking (both in user mode and, since the 2.6 series, in kernel
mode), virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-
on-write executables (via KSM), memory management, the Internet
protocol suite, and threading.

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HISTORY
In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, at the time a 21-year-old computer
science student at the University of Helsinki, Finland, started working
on some simple ideas for an operating system. He started with a task
switcher in Intel 80386 assembly language and a terminal driver. On 25
August 1991, Torvalds posted the following to comp.os.minix,
a newsgroup on Usenet:
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and
professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing
since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things
people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same
physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among
other things).
I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.
This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months [...]
Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT
portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will
support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.
[...] It's mostly in C, but most people wouldn't call what I write C. It uses
every conceivable feature of the 386 I could find, as it was also a
project to teach me about the 386. As already mentioned, it uses
a MMU, for both paging (not to disk yet) and segmentation. It's the
segmentation that makes it REALLY 386 dependent (every task has a
64Mb segment for code & data - max 64 tasks in 4Gb. Anybody who
needs more than 64Mb/task - tough cookies). [...] Some of my "C"-files
(specifically mm.c) are almost as much assembler as C. [...] Unlike minix,
I also happen to LIKE interrupts, so interrupts are handled without
trying to hide the reason behind them.

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After that, many people contributed code to the project. Early on,
the MINIX community contributed code and ideas to the Linux kernel.
At the time, the GNU Project had created many of the components
required for a free operating system, but its own kernel, GNU Hurd,
was incomplete and unavailable. The Berkeley Software
Distribution had not yet freed itself from legal encumbrances. Despite
the limited functionality of the early versions, Linux rapidly gained
developers and users.
In September 17, 1991, Torvalds released version 0.01 of the Linux
kernel on the FTP server (ftp.funet.fi) of the Finnish University and
Research Network (FUNET). It had 10,239 lines of code. On 5 October
1991, version 0.02 of the Linux kernel was released.[17] Torvalds
assigned version 0 to the kernel to indicate that it was mainly for
testing and not intended for productive use.[18] In December 1991,
Linux kernel 0.11 was released. This version was the first to be self-
hosted as Linux kernel 0.11 could be compiled by a computer running
the same kernel version. When Torvalds released version 0.12 in
February 1992, he adopted the GNU General Public License version 2
(GPLv2) over his previous self-drafted license, which had not permitted
commercial redistribution.

The Linux kernel now supports various hardware architectures,

providing a common platform for software, including proprietary.

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On 19 January 1992, the first post to the new
newsgroup alt.os.linux was submitted.[20] On 31 March 1992, the
newsgroup was renamed comp.os.linux.[21] The fact that Linux is
a monolithic kernel rather than a microkernel was the topic of a debate
between Andrew S. Tanenbaum, the creator of MINIX, and
Torvalds. This discussion is known as the Tanenbaum–Torvalds
debate and started in 1992 on the Usenet discussion
group comp.os.minix as a general debate about Linux and kernel
architecture. Tanenbaum argued that microkernels were superior to
monolithic kernels and that therefore Linux was obsolete. Unlike
traditional monolithic kernels, device drivers in Linux are easily
configured as loadable kernel modules and are loaded or unloaded
while running the system. This subject was revisited on 9 May 2006,
and on 12 May 2006 Tanenbaum wrote a position statement.
In March 1992, the last version 0 Linux kernel was released. Linux
version 0.95 was the first to be capable of running X, as the X Window
System had been ported to Linux.[citation needed] In March 1994, the first
production version of the Linux kernel was released.[18] Linux kernel
1.0.0 had 176,250 lines of code.[citation needed] Linux kernel 1.0.0 started a
standard v.x.y versioning system for the kernel, where x represents a
major version release. Odd-numbered releases were for tests and
development. At the time, only even numbered version releases were
production releases. The y is incremented as minor patches are
released within a major version release. In March 1995, the Linux
kernel 1.2.0 was released, with 310,950 lines of code.[citation needed]
After kernel version 1.3, Torvalds decided that enough changes had
been made to the Linux kernel to warrant the release of a new version.
Version 2.0.0 of the Linux kernel was released in June 1996.[26] In
contrast to Unix, all source files of the Linux kernel are freely available,

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including device drivers, runtime libraries and development
tools.[27] The initial success of the Linux kernel was driven by the
support of programmers and testers across the world. By structuring
the Linux kernel along POSIX standards, it was compatible with a range
of free software and applications that had been developed for
universities.

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11
CONCLUSION:
SO Thus Far Linux Kernel is the fastest and most relevant to the
computer science community and the most updated system ever
created on the basis of open development.

And It is by far the biggest Project Ever done by an open source or any
community.

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REFERENCES:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba

2. https://www.linux.org

I LOVE LINUX

THANK YOU

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