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Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 18 (2007) 18–26
www.elsevier.com/locate/flowmeasinst
A procedure for the calculation of the natural gas molar heat capacity, the
isentropic exponent, and the Joule–Thomson coefficient
Ivan Marić ∗
Rud̄er Bošković Institute, Division of Electronics, Laboratory for Information Systems, Bijenička c. 54, P.O.B. 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
Received 22 March 2006; received in revised form 19 September 2006; accepted 14 December 2006
Abstract
A numerical procedure for the computation of a natural gas molar heat capacity, the isentropic exponent, and the Joule–Thomson coefficient has
been derived using fundamental thermodynamic equations, DIPPR AIChE generic ideal heat capacity equations, and AGA-8 extended virial-type
equations of state. The procedure is implemented using the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) approach. The results calculated are compared
with the corresponding measurement data. The flow-rate through the orifice plate with corner taps is simulated and the corresponding error due to
adiabatic expansion is calculated. The results are graphically illustrated and discussed.
c 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Heat capacity; Joule–Thomson coefficient; Isentropic exponent; Natural gas; Flow measurement
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the gas flow-rate measurement using an orifice plate with corner taps.
for the calculation of the Joule–Thomson coefficient and the variable equals to the partial derivative of the second coefficient
isentropic exponent. The total differential for entropy, related with respect to the first variable. By applying this property to
to temperature and molar volume [6], is: Eq. (2) and by assuming T to be the first variable with the cor-
responding coefficient cm,v /T , and vm the second variable with
∂s ∂s
ds = dT + dvm , (1) the corresponding coefficient (∂ p/∂ T )vm , we obtain:
∂ T vm ∂vm T
∂cm,v ∂2 p
where s denotes entropy, T denotes temperature, and vm is a =T . (5)
molar volume of a gas. By dividing the fundamental differential ∂vm T ∂T 2 vm
for internal energy du = T · ds − p · dvm by dT while holding The Eq. (5) can be rewritten in the following integral form:
vm constant, the coefficient of dT in Eq. (1) becomes cm,v /T
Z vm
∂ p
2
since the molar heat at constant volume is defined by cm,v =
(∂u/∂ T )vm . The Maxwell relation (∂s/∂vm )T = (∂ p/∂ T )vm , cm,v = cm,v I + T dvm (6)
vm I →∞(T =const) ∂ T
2
vm
is used to substitute the coefficient of dvm . Finally, the Eq. (1)
becomes: where cm,v I , vm I , and νm denote the ideal molar heat capacity
at constant volume, the corresponding molar volume of the
∂p
cm,v
ds = dT + dvm . (2) ideal, and the real gas at temperature T respectively. Real gases
T ∂ T vm behave more like ideal gases as the pressure approaches zero or
Similarly, starting from a total differential for entropy related to vm I → ∞. After substituting vm = 1/ρm , p = RT Zρm and
temperature and pressure [6] ds = (∂s/∂ T ) p dT +(∂s/∂ p)T d p cm,v I = cm, p I − R, the Eq. (6) transforms to:
and by dividing the fundamental differential for enthalpy dh = cm,v = cm, p I − R − RT
T · ds + vm · d p by dT while holding p constant, the coefficient Z ρm 2 !
of dT in the total differential becomes cm, p /T , since the ∂Z ∂ Z
1
× 2 +T dρm
molar heat capacity at constant pressure is defined by cm, p = ρ
ρm I →0(T =const) m ∂ T ρm ∂ T 2 ρm
(∂h/∂ T ) p . The Maxwell relation (∂s/∂ p)T = (∂vm /∂ T ) p (7)
is used to substitute the coefficient of d p and the following
relation is obtained: where cm, p I denotes the temperature dependent molar heat
capacity of the ideal gas at constant pressure, R is the universal
∂vm
cm, p
ds = dT + d p. (3) gas constant, Z is the compression factor, and ρm I and ρm are
T ∂T p the corresponding molar densities of the ideal and the real gas
Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (3), and then dividing the resulting at temperature T . After substituting the first and the second
equation by dvm while holding p constant, and finally inverting derivative of the AGA-8 compressibility equation [4],
the partial derivative (∂ T /∂vm ) p , the following equation is 18
X
obtained: Z = 1 + Bρm − ρr Cn∗
∂vm ∂p n=13
cm, p − cm,v = T . (4)
∂ T p ∂ T vm 58 kn
Cn∗ bn − cn kn ρrkn ρrbn e−cn ρr
X
+ (8)
The total differential of the thermodynamic property n=13
Eqs. (2) and (3) must be the exact differential, i.e. the order into the Eq. (7) and after integration we obtain
of forming the mixed second derivative is irrelevant. The par-
tial derivative of the first coefficient with respect to the second cm,v = cm, p I − R + RTρr (2C0 + T C1 − C2 ) (9)
20 I. Marić / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 18 (2007) 18–26
with Table 1
Symbols and units (for additional symbols and units refer to ISO-12213-2 [4])
18
X B0
C0 = Cn∗0 − (10) Symbols and units
n=13
K3
Symbol Description Unit
18
X B 00 B Second virial coefficient m3 ∗ kmol−1
C1 = Cn∗00 − (11) ∗
Bni Mixture interaction coefficient –
n=13
K3 j
C Coefficient of discharge –
58 kn cm, p Molar heat capacity at constant pressure J/(mol K)
2Cn∗0 + T Cn∗00 ρrbn −1 e−cn ρr
X
C2 = (12) cm,v Molar heat capacity at constant volume J/(mol K)
n=13 Cn∗ Temperature and composition dependent –
coefficients
where ρr is the reduced density (ρr = K 3 ρm ), B is the cn AGA-8 equation of state parameter –
∗
cp Specific heat capacity at constant pressure J/(kg K)
second virial coefficient, Cn are the temperature dependent
cm, p I Ideal molar heat capacity of the natural gas mixture J/(mol K)
coefficients, K is the mixture size parameter, while {bn }, {cn }, j
Cm, pi Ideal molar heat capacity of the gas component j J/(mol K)
and {kn } are the parameters of the equation of state. The mixture D Upstream internal pipe diameter m
size parameter K is calculated using the following equation [4]: d Diameter of orifice m
!2 h Specific enthalpy J/kg
N
5
X 5/2 K Size parameter –
K = yi K i p Absolute pressure Pa
i=1 qm Mass flow-rate kg/s
N −1 N R Molar gas constant 8314.51 J/(kmol K)
X X
+2 yi y j (K i5j − 1)(K i K j )5/2 , (13) s Specific entropy J/(kg K)
T Absolute temperature K
i=1 j=i+1
vm Molar specific volume m3 /kmol
where yi denotes vm I m3 /kmol
the molar fraction of the component i, while
Molar specific volume of ideal gas
{K i } and K i j are the corresponding size parameters and the yi Molar fraction of i-th component in gas mixture –
Z Compression factor –
binary interaction parameters given in [4]. According to [4], β Diameter ratio d/D –
the second virial coefficient is calculated using the following 1p Differential pressure Pa
equation: 1ω Pressure loss Pa
κ Isentropic exponent –
18 N X
N µJT Joule–Thomson coefficient K/Pa
un
X X
j E i j (K i K j )
3/2
B= an T −u n ∗
yi y j Bni (14) ρm Molar density kmol/m3
n=1 i=1 j=1 ρm I Molar density of ideal gas kmol/m3
n o ρr Reduced density –
∗
and the coefficients Bni j , E i j and G i j are defined by
!2
N
j = (G i j + 1 − gn ) (Q i Q j + 1 − qn )
∗ gn qn
Bni 5
X 5/2
1/2 1/2 U = yi E i
× (Fi F j + 1 − f n ) fn i=1
· (Si S j + 1 − sn )sn (Wi W j + 1 − wn )wn , (15) N
X −1 N
X
+2 yi y j (Ui5j − 1)(E i E j )5/2 , (19)
E i j = E i∗j (E i E j )1/2 (16) i=1 j=i+1
and N
X N
X −1 N
X
G= yi G i + 2 yi y j (G i∗j − 1)(G i + G j ), (20)
G i j = G i∗j (G i + G j )/2, (17) i=1 i=1 j=i+1
Table 2
The DIPPR/AIChE gas heat capacity constants
18
X 58
X
B 00 = an u n (u n + 1)T −u n −2 C4 = C5 + Cn∗ D1n (34)
n=1 n=13
N X
N
X un 18
j E i j (K i K j )
∗ 3/2
× yi y j Bni (24) X
C5 = B − K 3 Cn∗ (35)
i=1 j=1
n=13
un ∗
Cn∗0 = − C (25) and
T n
u n + 1 ∗0 D1n = K 3 [bn2 − cn kn (2bn + kn − cn kn ρrkn )ρrkn ]
Cn∗00 = − Cn . (26)
T kn
× ρrbn −1 e−cn ρr . (36)
The ideal molar heat capacity c p I is calculated by
The isentropic exponent is defined by the following relation
N
j
cm, p ∂ p vm ∂p
X
cm, p I = y j cm, pi (27) cm, p
κ=− =− , (37)
j=1 cm,v ∂vm T p cm,v ρm p ∂vm T
where y j is the molar fraction of component j in the gas where
j
mixture and Cm, pi is the molar heat capacity of the same
∂p
∂p
∂ρm
component. The molar heat capacities of the ideal gas mixture =
∂vm T ∂ρm T ∂vm T
components can be approximated by the DIPPR/AIChE generic
equations [5], i.e. = −RTρm2 (Z + ρm C4 ) . (38)
2 2
c j /T e j /T The Joule–Thomson coefficient is defined by the following
j
cm, pi = a j + b j + dj , equation [2]:
sinh(c j /T ) cosh(e j /T )
(28) RT 2 ∂ Z
µJT = . (39)
j
where cm, pi is the molar heat capacity of the component j of the pcm, p ∂ T p
ideal gas mixture, a j , b j , c j , d j , and e j are the corresponding
The derivation of the Eq. (39) is given in [6] and [7].
constants, and T is the temperature. The constants a, b, c, d,
and e for some gases are shown in Table 2. 3. Implementation
The partial derivative of pressure with respect to temperature
at constant molar volume, and the partial derivative of molar The procedure for the calculation of the natural gas density,
volume with respect to temperature at constant pressure, are compression, molar heat capacity, isentropic exponent, and the
defined by the equations: Joule–Thomson coefficient is implemented in the OOP mode,
which enables an easy integration into new software projects.
∂p
= Rρm [Z + T (C3 − ρr C0 )] (29) The interface to the software object is shown in Fig. 2. The
∂ T vm input/output parameters and functions are accessible, while
and the internal structure is hidden from the user. The function
" # “Calculate” maps the input parameters (pressure, temperature,
∂vm ∂Z
R and the molar fractions of natural gas components) into the
= Z+ T (30)
∂T p p ∂T p output parameters (density, compression, molar heat capacity,
isentropic exponent, and Joule–Thomson coefficient). Table 3
where, depicts the calculation procedure. Prior to the calculation of
58
X the molar heat capacities, the isentropic exponent, and the
Cn∗0 Dn∗ ,
C3 = (31) Joule–Thomson coefficient, the density and the compression
n=13 factor of a natural gas must be calculated. The false position
kn method is combined with the successive bisection method
Dn = (bn − cn kn ρrkn )ρrbn e−cn ρr , (32) to calculate the roots of the equation of state [4]. Using
∂Z R(T Z )2 C3 − p Z [T K 3 C0 + C4 ]
CORBA [8] or DCOM [9], the component can be accessed
= , (33) remotely.
∂T p R(T Z )2 + pT C4
22 I. Marić / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 18 (2007) 18–26
Fig. 2. Interface to the software object that implements the calculation of the natural gas properties.
Table 3 scheme is given in [2] and [10]. The flow-rate through the
The input/output parameters and the procedure for the computation of the orifice is proportional to the expansibility factor, which is
natural gas properties related to the isentropic exponent. According to [10], the
Input parameters—constant: expansibility factor ε for the orifice plate with corner taps is
• Molar gas constant (R = 8314.51 J/(kmol K)) defined by:
• Natural gas equation of state parameters (an , bn , cn , kn , u n , gn , qn , f n ,
sn , wn ; n = 1, 2, . . . , 58), characterization parameters (Mi , E i , K i , G i ,
ε = 1 − (0.351 + 0.256β 4 + 0.93β 8 )[1 − ( p2 / p1 )1/κ ] (40)
Q i , Fi , Si , Wi ; i = 1, . . . , 21) and binary interaction parameters (E i,∗ j ,
Ui, j , K i, j , G i,
∗ ) (see ISO 12213-2)
j where β denotes the ratio of the diameter of the orifice to
• DIPPR/AIChE gas heat capacity constants (a j , b j , c j , d j , e j ; j = 1, 2, the internal diameter of the pipe, while p1 and p2 are the
. . . , N) absolute pressures upstream and downstream of the orifice
Input parameters—time varying:
• Absolute pressure: p (MPa) plate, respectively. The corresponding temperature change 1T
• Absolute temperature: T (K) of the gas for the orifice plate with corner taps is defined by
• Molar fractions of the natural gas mixture: yi ; i = 1, 2, . . . , N
Calculation procedure: 1T = T1 − T2 ≈ µJT ( p1 , T2 )1ω (41)
1 Mixture size parameter K (Eq. (13)), second virial coefficient
B (Eq. (14)) and temperature dependent coefficients Cn∗ (Eq. (18)) where T1 and T2 indicate the corresponding temperatures
2 Compression factor Z (Eq. (8)) (see ISO-12213-2 for details of upstream and downstream of the orifice plate, µJT ( p1 , T2 ) is
calculation) the Joule–Thomson coefficient at upstream pressure p1 and
3 Molar density ρm = p/RT Z , reduced density ρr = K 3 ρm and molar
downstream temperature T2 , and 1ω is the pressure loss across
volume vm = 1/ρm .
4 Coefficients Dn and D1n (Eqs. (32) and (36)) the orifice plate [11], defined by
5 1st and 2nd derivative of the second virial coefficient B: B 0 (Eq. (23)) and q
B 00 (Eq. (24)) 1 − β 4 1 − C 2 − Cβ 2
6 1st and 2nd derivative of the coefficient Cn∗ : Cn∗0 (Eq. (25)) and 1ω = q 1p (42)
Cn∗00 (Eq. (26))
1 − β 4 1 − C 2 + Cβ 2
7 1st derivative of the compression factor Z : (∂ Z /∂ T ) p (Eq. (33))
8 Partial derivatives of pressure: (∂ p/∂ T )vm (Eq. (29)) and (∂ p/∂vm )T
(Eq. (38)) where C denotes the coefficient of discharge for the orifice plate
9 Ideal molar heat capacity of a gas mixture at constant pressure: cm, p I with corner taps [10], and 1P is the pressure drop across the
(Eq. (27)) orifice plate. According to [2], the temperature of the fluid shall
10 Molar heat capacity of a gas mixture at constant volume: cm,v (Eq. (9))
preferably be measured downstream of the primary device, but
11 Molar heat capacity of a gas mixture at constant pressure: cm, p (Eq. (4))
12 Isentropic exponent κ (Eq. (37)) upstream temperature shall be used for the calculation of the
13 Joule–Thomson coefficient µJT (Eq. (39)) flow-rate. Within the limits of the application of ISO-5167 [2],
it is generally assumed that the temperature drop across the
differential device can be neglected, but it is also suggested that
4. Application
it be taken into account if higher accuracies are required. It is
also assumed that the isentropic exponent can be approximated
We investigated the combined effect of the Joule–Thomson
by the ratio of the specific heat capacity at constant pressure
coefficient and the isentropic exponent of a natural gas on
to the specific heat capacity at constant volume of the ideal
the accuracy of flow-rate measurements based on differential
gas. The above approximations may produce a measurement
devices. The measurement of a natural gas [4] flowing in a
error. The relative flow measurement error Er is estimated by
pipeline through an orifice plate with corner taps (Fig. 1) is
comparing the approximate (qm2 ) and the corrected (qm1 ) mass
assumed to be completely in accordance with the international
flow-rate i.e.
standard ISO-5167-2 [10]. The detailed description of the flow-
rate equation with the corresponding iterative computation Er = (qm2 − qm1 ) /qm1 . (43)
I. Marić / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 18 (2007) 18–26 23
Table 4 Table 5
The procedure for the correction of the mass flow-rate due to adiabatic Difference between the calculated and measured specific heat capacity at
expansion effects constant pressure of a natural gas
Table 6
Difference between the calculated and measured Joule–Thomson coefficient of
a natural gas
5. Measurement results
Fig. 8. Relative error Er = (qm2 − qm1 ) /qm1 in the flow-rate of the natural Fig. 9. Relative error Er = (qm2 − qm1 ) /qm1 in the flow-rate of the natural
gas mixture measured by the orifice plate with corner taps (ISO-5167-2) when gas mixture measured by an orifice plate with corner taps (ISO-5167-2) when
using the isentropic exponent of the ideal gas (qm2 ) instead of the real gas using downstream temperature, with no compensation for the Joule–Thomson
(qm1 ). The upstream pressure varies from 1 to 60 MPa in 1 MPa steps, and effect and the isentropic exponent of the ideal gas at downstream temperature
downstream temperature from 245 to 305 K in 20 K steps, for each of two (qm2 ) instead of upstream temperature, and the corresponding real gas
differential pressures 1p (20 and 100 kPa). The internal diameters of the orifice isentropic exponent (qm1 ). The upstream pressure varies from 1 to 60 MPa in
and pipe are: d = 120 mm and D = 200 mm. 1 MPa steps and downstream temperature from 245 to 305 K in 20 K steps for
each of two differential pressures 1p (20 and 100 kPa). The internal diameters
Fig. 8 illustrates the relative error in the flow-rate of the orifice and pipe are: d = 120 mm and D = 200 mm.
measurements due to the approximation of the isentropic
calculation results are shown up to a pressure of 60 MPa,
exponent by the ratio of the ideal molar heat capacities.
which lies within the wider ranges of application given
The error is calculated by comparing the approximate mass
in [4], of 0–65 MPa. However, the lowest uncertainty for
flow-rate (qm2 ) with the corrected mass flow-rate (qm1 ) in
compressibility is for pressures up to 12 MPa, and no
accordance with Eq. (43). The procedure for the precise
uncertainty is quoted in Reference [4] for pressures above
correction of the mass flow-rate is shown in Table 4. The
30 MPa. It would therefore seem sensible for the results of
approximate flow-rate calculation is carried out in the same
the Joule–Thomson and the isentropic exponent calculations
way, with the exception of the isentropic exponent, which
to be used with caution above this pressure. From Fig. 9 it
equals the ratio of the ideal molar heat capacities (κ =
can be seen that the maximum combined error is lower than
cm, p I /(cm, p I − R)). The results are shown for two discrete
the maximum individual errors, because the Joule–Thomson
differential pressures 1p (20 and 100 kPa), for absolute
coefficient (Fig. 7) and the isentropic exponent (Fig. 8) show
upstream pressures p1 ranging from 1 to 60 MPa in 1 MPa
the countereffects on the flow-rate error. The error always
steps, and for four equidistant downstream temperatures T2 in
increases by decreasing the operating temperature. The total
the range from 245 to 305 K.
measurement error is still considerable, especially at lower
Fig. 9 shows the flow-rate measurement error produced temperatures and higher differential pressures, and cannot be
by the combined effect of the Joule–Thomson and the overlooked. The measurement error is also dependent on the
isentropic expansions. The error is calculated by comparing the natural gas mixture. For certain mixtures, like natural gases
approximate mass flow-rate (qm2 ) with the corrected mass flow- with a high carbon dioxide content, the relative error in
rate (qm1 ) in accordance with Eq. (43). The procedure for the the flow-rate may increase up to 0.5% at lower operating
precise correction of the mass flow-rate is shown in Table 4. temperatures (245 K), and up to 1.0% at very low operating
The approximate flow-rate and the corresponding natural gas temperatures (225 K). Whilst modern flow computers have a
properties are calculated at upstream pressure p1 , downstream provision for applying a Joule–Thomson coefficient and an
temperature T2 , and differential pressure 1p, by neglecting the isentropic exponent correction to measured temperatures, this
temperature drop due to the Joule–Thomson effect (T2 = T1 ) usually takes the form of a fixed value supplied by the
and by substituting the isentropic exponent with the ratio of the user. The calculations in this paper show that any initial error
ideal molar heat capacities, κ = cm, p I /(cm, p I − R). The results in choosing this value, or subsequent operational changes
are shown for two discrete differential pressures 1p (20 and in temperature, pressure or gas composition, could lead to
100 kPa), for absolute upstream pressures p1 ranging from 1 to significant systematic metering errors. Our further work will be
60 MPa in 1 MPa steps, and for four equidistant downstream directed towards the improvement of the model, with the aim
temperatures T2 in the range from 245 to 305 K. of simplifying the calculation procedure and further decreasing
The results obtained for the Joule–Thomson coefficient the uncertainty of the calculation results.
and isentropic exponent are in complete agreement with
the results obtained when using the procedures described 6. Conclusion
in [7] and [14], which use natural gas fugacities to derive
the molar heat capacities and are, therefore, considerably This paper describes the numerical procedure for the
more computationally intensive and time consuming. The calculation of the natural gas molar heat capacity, the
26 I. Marić / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 18 (2007) 18–26
Joule–Thomson coefficient and the isentropic exponent. The General principles and requirements. Ref. No. ISO-51671-1:2003(E).
corresponding equations have been derived by applying the ISO; 2003.
fundamental thermodynamic relations to AGA-8 extended [3] AGA 8. Compressibility and supercompressibility for natural gas and
other hydrocarbon gases. Transmission measurement committee report
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ideal heat capacity equations have been used to calculate the [4] ISO-12213-2. Natural gas – calculation of compression factor – Part
ideal molar heat capacities of a natural gas mixture. The 2: Calculation using molar-composition analysis. Ref. No. ISO-12213-
implementation of the procedure in an OOP mode enables 2:1997(E). ISO; 1997.
its easy integration into new software developments. An [5] DIPPR
R
801. Evaluated standard thermophysical property values, Design
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