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Developing a Science Process Skills Test for Secondary Students: Validity and
Reliability Study
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Abstract
Science process skills are claimed to enable an individual to improve their own life visions and give a scientific view/
literacy as a standard of their understanding about the nature of science. The main purpose of this study was to
develop a test for measuring a valid, reliable and practical test for Science Process Skills (SPS) in secondary educa-
tion at basic and integrated levels. The test was developed according to the renewed 9th and 10th and 11th grades
chemistry curriculum acquisitions of “content”, “chemistry-technology-society-environment”, “communication”,
“attitude” “value” Participants of this study are 222 students from a vocational high school and the Anatolian school
of Izmir, Turkey. The test consisted of 30 multiple-choice questions and the KR20 reliability coefficient of this test was
calculated as 0, 83. The test consisted of sub-dimensions as , observing, classifying, measuring, communicating, in-
ferring, predicting, formulating hypotheses, identifying variables, designing investigations, acquiring data, organizing
data, and interpreting it. The test is compatible with a model which consists of observing, measuring, acquiring data,
formulating problems, designing investigations, organizing data, interpreting factors of literature. The results of the
confirmatory factor analysis supported validity and reliability of the test.
Key Words
Science Process Skills, Chemistry-Technology-Public-Environment Gains, Secondary Education, Test
Development.
One of the most important purposes of science is ways of gathering scientific data and the phases of
to improve the understanding of the students about scientific method are technical processes. The rese-
the nature of science. The nature of science is iden- archers, who want to experience this process, must
tified as scientific data, scientific behaviours and have some skills such as science process skills (Gül-
the gathering of information (Köseoğlu, Tümay, & tekin, 2009; Kanlı, 2007; National Research Council
Budak, 2008). The most important dimension of [NRC], 1996). Science process skills (SPS) consist
the nature of science is the ways to achieve (gather) of observation, classification, measurement, setting
information and the phases of the scientific method correlations of numbers and space, predicting, or-
(Millar, 1991; Toplis, 2012; Ünal-Çoban, 2009). The ganizing data, formulating models, interpreting,
identifying of variables, formulating hypotheses
* This study was funded by The Scientific and and finally experimenting (Ergin, Şahin-Pekmez,
Technological Research Council of Turkey
& Öngel-Erdal, 2005; Feyzioğlu, 2009; Gabel, 1992;
(TÜBİTAK, Project no:108K293).
Rezba, Fiel, & Funk, 1995; Smith, 1994; Kuhn &
a Dr. Burak FEYZİOĞLU. Kimya Eğitimi alanında Franklin, 2006; Lancour, 2005; Talim Terbiye Ku-
yardımcı doçenttir. Çalışma alanları arasında fen
rulu Başkanlığı [TTKB], 2007; Valentino, 2000;
eğitimi ve bilişim teknolojilerinin bu öğrenme or-
tamlarına entegrasyonu yer almaktadır. İletişim: Wilkening & Sodian, 2005). Zimmerman (2007)
Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, put forward the idea that SPS could be done by sci-
Kimya Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Merkez, Aydın. entific understanding and conceptual change. Ac-
Elektronik posta: bfeyzioglu@adu.edu.tr cording to Koslowski (1996), SPS is an application
Tel: +90 256 214 2023 Fax: +90 256 214 1061.
EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: THEORY & PRACTICE
of the methods and principles for reasoning about 2002). Chemistry is an experimental discipline and
the problem situations. Colvill and Pattie (2002) so SPS should be gained by students in laboratories.
postulated that the activities, which consist of basic During the laboratory work students are supposed
and integrated process skills, are the key factor of to improve their science process and problem sol-
scientific/science literacy and the key dimension of ving skills. Therefore, science process and problem
scientific/science literacy. Bağcı-Kılıç (2006) and solving skills should be measured during the labo-
Padilla (1990) also classified these skills as basic ratory phase, not just their understanding (Ayas,
and integrated scientific skills due to their usage ac- Çepni, & Akdeniz, 1994; Cartier, Rudolph, & Ste-
cording to students’ progressional phases. Science wart, 2001; Lei, 2006).
process skills constitute the basis of scientific inves-
The best way to measure the SPS of students is la-
tigation. Scientific searching and thinking should
boratory reports, oral presentations and observa-
not be confined to just scientists (Bozkurt & Olgun,
tion (Lavinghousez, 1973). In order to determine
2005). These skills enable an individual to improve
the change of the students’ SPS, we should asses to
their own life visions and give a scientific view/lite-
what extend the students understood the topic and
racy as a standard of their understanding about the
their using of SPS in novel learning situation (Buck,
nature of science (Bozkurt & Olgun; Williams, Pa-
Bretz, & Towns, 2008; Öztürk, Tezel, & Acat, 2010;
pierno, Makel, & Ceci, 2004). Science process skills
Pyle, 2008; Souchek & Meier, 1997). Harlen and Jelly
(Gott & Dugan, 1994) are named in literature as in-
(1997) developed observation criterias for each skill
tellectual familiarity (A.A.A.S., 1993) and scientific
in order to determine the improvement of students’
searching skills (NRC, 2000).
SPS. Educators can perform evaluations with a gra-
Zimmerman (2000; 2007) classified science pro- dational scaling method by finding different questi-
cess skills as specific for a field, or general process ons and criteria for other process skills (Bozkurt &
skills, and also argued that knowing the scientific Olgun, 2005). This is not an easy way for educators
terms of the issue must be achieved in order to solve and researchers to observe the changes in students’
any problems about one issue. For example, Pauen scientific skills. In order to use this, or similar met-
(1996) declared that students need to understand hods, teachers should collect the evidence about skill
the relationship between forces, in order to explain improvements and should make students always fo-
the physical movement, by using weights and for cus on lessons. Students need evaluation methods in
doing this they need to know the gravity concept. which they can show their scientific skills and join
Bozkurt and Olgun (2005) also argued that science the processes (Bozkurt & Olgun). In order to use as
process skills are relative to learning issues and so pre-test and post-test, researchers need valid, reliable
cannot be evaluated in isolation. Students’ motiva- and discriminatory measurement tools (Buck et al.,
tion and interest are very important for the evalua- 2008; Lavinghousez, 1973).
tion of these skills and, because of these, they pos-
When the literature is investigated; national measu-
tulated that students’ scientific skills should not be
rements and international comparisons of SPS are
evaluated about the issues which they don’t know.
being performed by the International Education
Zimmerman (2000) stated that general process Success Evaluation Institution and the Internatio-
skills are used for correlation between the cause/ nal Educational Improvement Evaluation Institu-
result of reasoning ability and non-specific situati- tion (IEA-1970, 1984) through International Mat-
ons. Koslowski (1996), Kuhn, Garcia-Mila, Zohar, hematics and Science Studies (TIMSS-1999, 2003,
and Anderson (1995) agree with Zimmerman. 2007, 2011). Evaluations are performed though
They remarked that multiple methods must be used surveys and multiple-choice test (Burns, Okey, &
for searching the relationship between theory and Wise, 1985; Butzow & Sewell, 1972; Dillashaw &
evidence about the improvement of science process Okey, 1980; Enger & Yager, 1998; Lavinghousez,
skills and field knowledge is not required for this 1973; Molitor & George, 1976; Smith, 1994; Tan-
situation. Kuhn, Amsel, and O’Loughin (1988) and nenbaum, 1971; Tobin & Capie, 1982).
Koslowski (1996) declared that, while this approach
In our country, test for SPS, which were developed
is evaluated through evidences due to hypothetical
in other countries, were initially used. Then our re-
scenarios, these skills will be used by interpreting
searchers developed their own appropriate tests. The
the cause-result relationships and evaluations of
test, which were developed by Burns et al. (1985) in
different evidence (cited in Williams et al., 2004).
accordance with 8th grade and adopted by Geban, Aş-
SPS is similar to skills which we use for solving kar, and Özkan (1992), includes skills about defining
the daily problems we meet (Taşar, Temiz, & Tan, variables, formulating hypothesis, defining variables
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FEYZİOĞLU, DEMİRDAĞ, AKYILDIZ, ALTUN / Developing a Science Process Skills Test for Secondary Students...
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EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: THEORY & PRACTICE
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FEYZİOĞLU, DEMİRDAĞ, AKYILDIZ, ALTUN / Developing a Science Process Skills Test for Secondary Students...
should be understood that, as the grade achieved the students in this field (Butzow & Sewell, 1972;
in test increases, the science process skill increa- Tannenbaum, 1971).
ses and as the grade achieved in test decreases the
In the literature, especially in science education stu-
science process skill decreases accordingly. This is
dies, the researchers working on the subjects related
valid for all sub-dimensions and for the whole test.
to science process skills have a requirement for me-
Use of the t test concluded that if there was a statis- asurement tools, which are suitable to the student le-
tical significant difference between SPS test grades vel, in order to measure the science process skills of
that it is in accordance with the factor structure the students before or after application. However, it
YÖK-the World Bank (1997) and Ergin et al. (2005) is seen that they cannot manifest such tools (Temiz,
of students seen sufficient or insufficient for SPS. In 2007). Also in the literature, it is stated that the stu-
other words, if there was a relevance of the SPS test dent should make a presentation of his/her understan-
in terms of the SPS difference determination. As a ding and his/her extent of application of the subject
result of the t test, there was a statistically meaning- in order to explain the science process ability changes
ful difference between the two high schools accor- of students in the field (Buck et al., 2008; Öztürk et
ding to the grades obtained from factor structure al., 2010; Pyle, 2008; Souchek & Meier, 1997; Temiz,
for both YÖK-the World Bank model and Ergin et 2007; Zimmerman, 2000). Evaluations might also be
al. model. The factor structure agrees with YÖK- done with graduated scaling method by finding dif-
that is, that the World Bank model can discriminate ferent questions and criteria for the general process
the BSB structure effectively according to this. skills (Zimmerman, 2000, 2007). Yet, observing the
improvement of the students in this form might not
be suitable for the teachers and researchers. It might
Reliability be suitable to use observation, survey, etc. techniques
The KR20 reliability coefficient that was calculated with test for observing/determining the improvement
for finding out the internal consistency of the 30 of science process skills.
items that make up the Science Process Skills test In this study, the “Science process Skills” test fo-
was found as 0.83. This value is an important proof cusing on field with high validity, relevance and
for the reliability of the test as it shows that the qu- distinctiveness was developed. In the development
estions are consistent with each other. of the test, chemistry-technology-society-environ-
ment gains were used as emphasized by the rene-
wed course program. The aim of the test was to
Discussion and Conclusion allow the students to understand the methods of
Science educators have been emphasizing the im- scientists in the scientific research process and to
portance of the activities that are based on questio- allow the individuals to use these processes to solve
ning at secondary education level since 1960s. They their daily life problems (TTKB, 2007).
have mentioned importance of problem solving The science process skills test consists of 30 multip-
and scientific thinking skills in science programs. le choice questions. The KR20 relevance coefficient
There are many studies the literature regarding the of the test is calculated as 0.83. The test, designed by
science process skills of teachers and students, the the use of literature and factor analysis, was done
factors affecting these processes, the effect of the according to this design. As the result of the analy-
education methods being used in the science pro- ses, it was seen that the test was suitable both for
cesses and the relationship between success and the11 factor model of YÖK and the World Bank
process skills (Laçin-Şimşek, 2010). The evaluati- (1997) and the 5 factor SPS model of Ergin et al.
ons of the improvement of skills are not performed (2005). The confirmatory factor analysis shows that
with ordinary methods. A relevant measurement the model suggested by YÖK and the World Bank
tool that can determine the main lines of the ques- was more suitable than the model of Ergin et al.
tioning should measure the skills. At the same time (2005). The test includes expressions of chemistry
this tool should provide feedback with regard to the curriculum acquisitions but it does not cover the
effect of the education activities of the teachers and experimentation phase of the process skills. The
program developers and their role in the develop- number of items of the developed test was not suf-
ment of questioning skills. The relationship of test ficient for a relevance analysis. More proof should
sets with relevant test, scientific thought or questi- be collected to establish the relevance by increasing
oning should be allowed to be used as pre-test and the number of items in the sub-dimensions in sub-
post-test and should document the improvement of sequent studies of this subject.
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EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: THEORY & PRACTICE
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