Antimicrobials and Astringents

ANTIMICROBIALS:
An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of
[1]
microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes
(microbiocidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbiostatic). Disinfectants are
antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body.

Angstrient 

 An angstrient agent or substance: such as a medicine for checking the discharge of mucus

or serum by causing shrinkage of tissue
 A liquid cosmetic for cleansing the skin and contracting the pores.

Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach,
and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless
stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless liquid at room temperature with a bitter taste. Small amounts of
gaseous hydrogen peroxide occur naturally in the air. Hydrogen peroxide is unstable, decomposing
readily to oxygen and water with release of heat. In industry, hydrogen peroxide in higher
concentrations is used as a bleach for textiles and paper, as a component of rocket fuels, and for
producing foam rubber and organic chemicals.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution,
slightly more viscous than water. It is a weak acid.
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2. In its pure form, it is a pale
blue, clear liquid, slightly more viscousthan water. Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a
compound with an oxygen–oxygen single bond). It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent
and antiseptic. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or "high-test peroxide", is a reactive oxygen
species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry. Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its
unstable peroxide bond.
Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of light. Because of its
instability, hydrogen peroxide is typically stored with a stabilizer in a weakly acidic solution.
Hydrogen peroxide is found in biological systems including the human body. Enzymes that use or
decompose hydrogen peroxide are classified as peroxidases.

Chemical formula H2O2

Molar mass 34.0147 g/mol

Properties
The boiling point of H2O2 has been extrapolated as being 150.2 °C, approximately 50 °C higher
than water. In practice, hydrogen peroxide will undergo potentially explosive thermal
decomposition if heated to this temperature. It may be safely distilled at lower temperatures under
reduced pressure.

Physical Description
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS SOLUTION, STABILIZED, WITH MORE THAN
60% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE is a colorless liquid. Vapors may irritate the eyes and mucous
membranes. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat containers may violently rupture due to
decomposition. Used to bleach textiles and wood pulp, in chemical manufacturing and food
processing.

Hydrogen peroxide solution is the colorless liquid dissolved in water.

Pharmacology
Hydrogen peroxide exhibits antimicrobial properties against most forms of microorganisms,
including dormant forms with known high resistance profiles, such as bacterial spores and
protozoal cysts. It acts as an oxidative biocide to generate free radical species to induce DNA,
protein and membrane lipid damage via oxidation.

Production
Previously, hydrogen peroxide was prepared industrially by hydrolysis of the ammonium
peroxydisulfate, which was itself obtained by the electrolysis of a solution of ammonium
bisulfate (NH4HSO4) in sulfuric acid:

(NH4)2 S2 O8 + 2H2 O H2o2 + 2(NH4)HSO4

The simplified overall equation for the process is simple:[22]

H2 + O2 H2o2

Side Effects

 Redness, stinging, or irritation at the application site may occur. If any of these effects persist or
worsen, contact your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
 If your doctor has directed you to use this product, remember that he or she has judged that the
benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not
have serious side effects.
 Stop using this medication and tell your doctor if you have signs of a skin infection (e.g., heat,
tenderness, pus).

Uses

 Hydrogen peroxide is a mild antiseptic used on the skin to prevent infection of minor cuts,
scrapes, and burns. It may also be used as a mouth rinse to help remove mucus or to relieve
 minor mouth irritation (e.g., due to canker/cold sores, gingivitis). This product works by
releasing oxygen when it is applied to the affected area. The release of oxygen causes foaming,
which helps to remove dead skin and clean the area.

This product should not be used to treat deep wounds, animal bites, or serious burns.

Industry Uses
1. Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
2. Bleaching agents
3. Blended as inert ingredient in a registered pesticide for water treatment
4. Cleaner/polymer removing
5. Intermediates
6. Not known or reasonably ascertainable
7. Oxidizing/reducing agents
8. Plating agents and surface treating agents
9. Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
10. Surface active agents

Bleaching
About 60% of the world's production of hydrogen peroxide is used for pulp- and paper-bleaching.
Detergents
The second major industrial application is the manufacture of sodium percarbonate and sodium
perborate, which are used as mild bleaches in laundry detergents. Sodium percarbonate, which is an
adduct of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, is the active ingredient in such products
as OxiClean and Tide laundry detergent. When dissolved in water, it releases hydrogen peroxide
and sodium carbonate:
Production of organic compounds
It is used in the production of various organic peroxides with dibenzoyl peroxide being a high
volume example. It is used in polymerisations, as a flour bleaching agent and as a treatment for
acne. Peroxy acids, such as peracetic acid and meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid are also produced
using hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide has been used for creating organic peroxide-based
explosives, such as acetone peroxide.
Disinfectant

Skin shortly after exposure to 35% H2O2

Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste-water treatment processes to remove organic impurities.
In advanced oxidation processing, the Fenton reaction gives the highly reactive hydroxyl
radical (·OH). It can also oxidize sulfur based compounds present in the waste; which is beneficial
as it generally reduces their odour.
Cosmetic applications
Diluted H2O2 (between 1.9% and 12%) mixed with ammonium hydroxide is used to bleach
human hair. Hydrogen peroxide is also used for tooth whitening. It can be found in most whitening
toothpastes.
Hydrogen peroxide may be used to treat acne, although benzoyl peroxide is a more common
treatment.
Use in alternative medicine
 Practitioners of alternative medicine have advocated the use of hydrogen peroxide for
various conditions, including emphysema, influenza, AIDS and cancer, although there is no
evidence of effectiveness and in some cases it may even be fatal.
 The practice calls for the daily consumption of hydrogen peroxide, either orally or by
injection and is, in general, based around two precepts. First, that hydrogen peroxide is
naturally produced by the body to combat infection; and second, that
human pathogens (including cancer: See Warburg hypothesis) are anaerobic and cannot

survive in oxygen-rich environments.

 Potassium permanganate
Potassium permanganate is a common chemical compound that combines manganese oxide ore
with potassium hydroxide.
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical compound and medication. As a medication it is
used for cleaning wounds and dermatitis
It has the chemical formula KMnO4 and is a salt consisting of K+ and MnO4 ions. It is a
strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple solutions, the
evaporation of which leaves prismatic purplish-black glistening crystals. 

Chemical formula KMnO4

Molar mass 158.034 g/mol

Physical Description
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE is a purplish colored crystalline solid. Noncombustible but
accelerates the burning of combustible material. If the combustible material is finely divided the
mixture may be explosive. Contact with liquid combustible materials may result in spontaneous
ignition. Contact with sulfuric acid may cause fire or explosion. Used to make other chemicals and
as a disinfectant.
Solubility
Soluble in many organic solvents; also by concentrated acids with the liberation of oxygen.
Indicators and Reagents
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic
processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at
or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and
alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by
chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents,
oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents.

Preparation
Potassium permanganate is produced industrially from manganese dioxide, which also occurs as the
mineral pyrolusite. The MnO2 is fused with potassium hydroxide and heated in air or with another
source of oxygen, like potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate.[4] This process gives potassium
manganate:
2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 → 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
(With sodium hydroxide, the end product is not sodium manganate but an Mn(V) compound,
which is one reason the potassium permanganate is more commonly used than sodium
permanganate. Furthermore, the potassium salt crystallizes better.[4])
The potassium manganate is then converted into permanganate by electrolytic oxidation in
alkaline media:
2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O → 2 KMnO4 + 2 KOH + H2
 Mechanism of action
Potassium permanganate functions as an oxidising agent.[16] Through this mechanism it results
in disinfection, astringent effects, and decreased smell.[16]

Medicinal Uses
Industry Uses
1. Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
2. Bleaching agents
3. Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
4. Not known or reasonably ascertainable
5. Odor agents
6. Oxidizing/reducing agents
 Almost all applications of potassium permanganate exploit its oxidizing properties. As a
strong oxidant that does not generate toxic byproducts, KMnO4 has many niche uses.
 Potassium permanganate is used for a number of skin conditions. This includes fungal
infections of the foot, impetigo, pemphigus, superficial wounds, dermatitis, and tropical
ulcers. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications
needed in a basic health system.
 Uses include for fungal infections of the foot, impetigo, pemphigus,
superficial wounds, dermatitis (eczema), and tropical ulcers. Typically it is used in skin
conditions that produce a lot of liquid. For tropical ulcers it is used together with procaine
benzylpenicillin for two to four weeks.
 It can be used in children and adults. It can be applied as a soaked dressing or a
bath. Petroleum jelly may be used on the nails before soaking to prevent their discoloration. 
 potassium permanganate is also extensively used for medical purposes including as an
antiseptic and fungicide. Apart from that, it is also used for the treatment of various skin
infections such as eczema, dermatitis, acne and other fungal infections caused in hands and
legs.
 it is also used as an acute solution for the treatment of fungal infections like athlete’s foot,
where the affected foot is soaked in a potassium permanganate solution in water for about
15 minutes.
 Chlorinated lime
CHLORINATED LIME OR BLEACHING POWDER, Ca(Ocl)Cl

CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE is a white granular solid (or tablets compressed from the granules)
with an odor of chlorine. Toxic, irritating to the skin. Noncombustible, but will accelerate the
burning of combustible materials. Used for water purification, disinfectant for swimming pools, for
bleaching paper and textiles.

Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with formula Ca(ClO)2. It is the main active

ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, chlorine powder, or chlorinated lime,
used for water treatment and as a bleaching agents. This compound is relatively stable and has
greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). It is a white solid, although
commercial samples appear yellow. It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its
slow decomposition in moist air. It is not highly soluble in hard water, and is more preferably used
in soft to medium-hard water.

Chemical formula Ca(OCl)2

Molar mass 142.98 g/mol

Appearance white/gray powder

Density 2.35 g/cm3 (20 °C)

Melting point 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K)

Boiling point 175 °C (347 °F; 448 K)

decomposes

Solubility in 21 g/100 mL, reacts

water

Solubility reacts in alcohol

Production
Calcium hypochlorite is produced industrially by treating lime (Ca(OH)2) with chlorine gas. The
reaction can be conducted in stages to give various compositions, each with different concentration
of calcium hypochlorite, together with unconverted lime and calcium chloride. The full conversion
is shown
2 Cl2 + 2 Ca(OH)2 → Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O
Bleaching powder is made with slightly moist slaked lime. It is not a simple mixture of calcium
hypochlorite, calcium chloride, and calcium hydroxide. Instead, it is a mixture consisting
principally of calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2, dibasic calcium hypochlorite, Ca3(OCl)2(OH)4,
and dibasic calcium chloride, Ca3Cl2(OH)4.

Properties
A calcium hypochlorite solution is basic. This basicity is due to the hydrolysis performed by
the hypochlorite ion, as hypochlorous acid is weak, but calcium hydroxide is a strong base. As a
result, the hypochlorite ion is a strong conjugate base, and the calcium ion is a weak conjugate
acid:
ClO− + H2O → HClO + OH−

Similarly, calcium hypochlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid to form calcium

chloride, water and chlorine:
Ca(OCl)2 + 4 HCl → CaCl2 + 2 H2O + 2 Cl2
Storage:

Stored in tightly closed containers.

Uses:

Calcium hypochlorite is used for the disinfection of drinking water or swimming pool water. It is
used as a sanitizer in outdoor wimming ools in combination with a cyanu ic acidstabilizer,
o s p r
Calcium hypochlorite is also an ingredient in bleachin g powder, used for bleaching cotton and
linen. It is also used in bathroom cleaners, household disinfectant sprays, moss and algae
remover ,sand weed illers.
k
In addition, calcium hypochlorite may be used to manufacture chloroform.
In medicine, astringents cause constriction or contraction of mucous membranes and exposed
tissues and are often used internally to reduce discharge of blood serum and mucous
secretions. This can happen with a sore throat, hemorrhages, diarrhea, and peptic ulcers. Externally
applied astringents, which cause mild coagulation of skin proteins, dry, harden, and protect
the skin. People with acne are often advised to use astringents if they have oily skin. Mild
astringents relieve such minor skin irritations as those resulting from superficial
cuts; allergies; insectbites; and fungal infections.
Some common astringents are alum, acacia, sage, yarrow, witch hazel, bayberry, distilled vinegar,
very cold water, and rubbing alcohol. Astringent preparations include silver nitrate, potassium
permanganate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, Burow's solution, tincture of benzoin, and such vegetable
substances as tannic and gallic acids. Balaustines are the redrose-like flowers of the pomegranate,
which are very bitter to the taste. In medicine, their dried form has been used as an astringent. Some
metal salts and acids have also been used as astringents.
 
 Iodine

Iodine, I, is a dark violet (Greek, ioeides, violet) non-metallic halogen element belonging to
Group VIIb (i.e. the Halogen Group of elements) of the periodic table.
Iodine is an essential constituent of thyroid hormones and is essential for normal growth and
development. Iodine deficiency causes goiter and hypothyroidism in children and adults, and
cretinism if present during fetal development. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of
preventable mental defects in the world today. Cretinism and goiter are completely preventable
by iodine supplementation. Iodine toxicity is rare, but high dietary intake may be responsible
for iodine induced hyperthyroidism. Iodine in take has not been linked to liver injury.
Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable
halogens.

Iodine occurs in many oxidation states, including iodide (I−), iodate (IO−3), and the

various periodate anions.
The thyroid gland needs iodine to make hormones. If the thyroid doesn’t have enough iodine to do its
job, feedback systems in the body cause the thyroid to work harder. This can cause an enlarged thyroid
gland (goiter), which becomes evident as a swollen.

Chemical Names: Iodine; Diiodine; Molecular iodine; Iodine crystals; Iodine sublimed

Molecular Formula: I2

Molecular Weight: 253.809 g/mol

Physical Description
Violet-black crystals with a metallic luster and a sharp odor. Mp: 133.5°C, bp: 185°C. Emits toxic
vapor at room conditions; vapor becomes visibly purple when its concentration builds up in a
confined space. Nearly insoluble in water but very soluble in aqueous solutions of iodides.
Preparation:
Iodine can be prepared in the laboratory by heating potassium Iodide or sodium iodide with dilute
sulphuric acid and manganese dioxide.
2 KI + MnO2 + 3 H2SO4 ==> I2 + 2 KHSO4 + MnSO4 +2 H2O
Role
Iodine reduces thyroid hormone and can kill fungus, bacteria, and other microorganisms such as
amoebas. A specific kind of iodine called potassium iodide is also used to treat (but not prevent) the
effects of a radioactive accident.
Storage:
It is volatile in nature. Iodine topical solution should be stored in light-resistant containers at a
temperature not exceeding 35 °C and iodine tincture should be stored in air-tight containers.
Uses:
Iodine is used n medicine, where its solution in alcohol, called "tincture of iodine", is used as a
disinfectant, n the manufacture of compounds used in photography (e.g. silver iodide which is a
light sensitive material used in film), n the manufacture of dyestuffs and drugs, and a reagent in
analytical chemistry.

Uses & Effectiveness

Likely Effective for

 Iodine deficiency. Taking iodine supplements, including iodized salt, is effective for preventing
and treating iodine deficiencies.
 Radiation exposure. Taking iodine by mouth is effective for protecting against exposure to
radioactive iodides in a radiation emergency.
 Thyroid conditions. Taking iodine by mouth can improve thyroid storm and hyperthyroidism.
Also, taking iodized salt in addition to thyroxine after surgery for thyroid disease appears to
reduce the size of the thyroid.
 Leg ulcers. Research suggests that applying cadexomer iodine to venous leg ulcers along with
compression for 4-6 weeks increases the healing rate. Also, applying povidone-iodine in
addition to compression seems help heal leg ulcers and reduce the chance of a future infection.
 Povidone-iodine
Povidone-iodine is a stable chemical complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone, PVP) and
elemental iodine. It contains from 9.0% to 12.0% available iodine, calculated on a dry basis.
Human clinical trials showed the product to be superior to other iodine formulations. Povidone-
iodine was immediately marketed, and has since become the universally
preferred iodine antiseptic.
Povidone Iodine is an antiseptic medicine used to prevent and treat minor wounds and skin
infections. It kills sensitive organisms like bacteria, fungus, protozoa, and spores present on the
skin.

Formula: C6H9I2NO
Melting point: 300 °C
Molecular Weight: 364.953 g/mol
Chemistry
Povidone-iodine is a chemical complex of povidone, hydrogen iodide, and elemental iodine. It is
completely soluble in cold and mild-warm water, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, polyethylene
glycol, and glycerol. Its stability in solution is much greater than that of tincture of iodine
or Lugol's solution.
Color
Yellowish-brown amorphous hygroscopic powder
Odor
A slight characteristic odor

Solubility
Soluble in water
Soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ether,
solvent hexane, acetone.
Practically insoluble in acetone, and light petroleum.

Pharmacology

Povidone iodine is a kind of iodine disinfectant which directly cause in vivo protein denaturation,
precipitation of bacteria, and further resulting in the death of pathogenic microorganisms.
Therefore, it is effective in disinfection and sterilization. It can kill viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi,
and protozoa with low toxicity to human. Povidone-iodineaqueous solution has strong
pharmacological activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, syphilis, hepatitis B virus, HIV, and Trichomonas vaginalis. 
Medical uses

Wound area covered in povidone-iodine. Gauze has also been applied.

Povidone-iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and
prevention of wound infection.
It may be used in first aid for minor cuts, grazes, burns, abrasions and blisters. Povidone-iodine
exhibits longer lasting antiseptic effects than tincture of iodine, due to its slow absorption via soft
tissue, making it the choice for longer surgeries. Chlorhexidine provides similar results, but with
equal toxicity concerns.
Bacteria do not develop resistance to PVP-I.
Consequently, PVP-I has found broad application in medicine as a surgical scrub; for pre- and post-
operative skin cleansing; for the treatment and prevention of infections in wounds, ulcers, cuts and
burns; for the treatment of infections in decubitus ulcers and stasis ulcers;
in gynecology for vaginitis associated with candidal, trichomonal or mixed infections.
For these purposes PVP-I has been formulated at concentrations of 7.5–10.0% in solution, spray,
surgical scrub, ointment, and swab dosage forms.
Because of these critical indications, only sterile povidone-iodine should be used in most cases. Its
ability to harbor such microbes further underscores the importance of using sterile products in any
clinical setting.
 Boric acid

Boric Acid is a weakly acidic hydrate of boric oxide with mild antiseptic, antifungal, and
antiviral properties. The exact mechanism of action of boric acid is unknown; generally
cytotoxic to all cells. It is used in the treatment of yeast infections and cold sores.
Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and acidum boricum, is
a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron, which is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide,
flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds.

Formula: H3BO3
Molar mass: 61.83 g/mol
Melting point: 170.9 °C

Preparation
Boric acid may be prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with
a mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid:
Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 B(OH)3 [or H3BO3] + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O
It is also formed as a by product of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and diborane:
B2H6 + 6 H2O → 2 B(OH)3 + 6 H2
BX3 + 3 H2O → B(OH)3 + 3 HX (X = Cl, Br, I)

Physical properties

Colourless, odourless, transparent crystals or white granules or powder; slightly unctuous to

the touch; occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite

Color
Colorless, transparent crystals or white granules or powder
Odor
Odorless
Water Solubility
Soluble in hot water, partially soluble in cold water
 Stability
Stable in air.
Pharmacology
Boric acid exhibits minimal bacteriostatic and antifungal activities. Boric acid is likely to
mediate antifungal actions at high concentrations over prolonged exposures.
Boric Acid is a weakly acidic hydrate of boric oxide with mild antiseptic, antifungal, and
antiviral properties. The exact mechanism of action of boric acid is unknown; generally
cytotoxic to all cells. It is used in the treatment of yeast infections and cold sores.
Industry Uses
1. Adsorbents and absorbents
2. Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
3. CBI
4. Catalyst
5. Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
6. Flame retardants
7. Fuels and fuel additives
8. Functional fluids (closed systems)
9. Intermediates
10. Internal Panels & Linings
11. Laboratory chemicals
12. Not known or reasonably ascertainable
13. Oxidizing/reducing agents
14. Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
15. Plating agents and surface treating agents
16. Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
17. Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Medical Uses
 Boric acid can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts and is sometimes used
in salves and dressings, such as boracic lint. Boric acid is applied in a very dilute
solution as an eye wash.
 Dilute boric acid can be used as a vaginal douche to treat bacterial vaginosis due to
excessive alkalinity, as well as candidiasis due to non-albicans candida. As
an antibacterial compound, boric acid can also be used as an acne treatment.
 It is also used as prevention of athlete's foot, by inserting powder in the socks or
stockings, and in alcohol solution can be used to treat some kinds of otitis externa (ear
infection) in both humans and animals.
 Boric acid can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts and is sometimes used
in dressings or salves. Boric acid is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash.

 Dilute boric acid can be used as a vaginal douche to treat bacterial vaginosis due to
excessive alkalinity. As an anti-bacterial compound, boric acid can also be used as an
acne treatment.
 solution can be used to treat some kinds of otitis externa (ear infection) in both
humans and animals.
 Boric acid solutions used as an eye wash or on abraded skin are known to be
especially toxic to infants, especially after repeated use because of its slow
elimination rate.
 Borax
Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an
important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. Powdered borax is white,
consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve in water.
Borax is a component of many detergents, cosmetics, and enamel glazes. It is used to
make buffer solutions in biochemistry, as a fire retardant, as an anti-fungal compound, in the
manufacture of fiberglass, as a flux in metallurgy, neutron-capture shields for radioactive
sources, a texturing agent in cooking, as a precursor for other boron compounds, and along
with its inverse, boric acid, is useful as an insecticide.

Formula: Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·8H2O
IUPAC : Sodium tetraborate decahydrate
Other anions: Sodium aluminate; sodium gallate
Other cations: Potassium tetraborate

Chemistry
The structure of the anion [B4O5(OH)4]2− in borax
The term borax is often used for a number of closely related minerals or chemical compounds
that differ in their crystal water content:

 anhydrous sodium tetraborate, Na2B4O7

 sodium tetraborate pentahydrate, Na2B4O7·5H2O
 sodium tetraborate decahydrate, Na2B4O7·10H2O
Borax is generally described as Na2B4O7·10H2O. However, it is better formulated as
Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·8H2O, since borax contains the [B4O5(OH)4]2− ion. In this structure, there are
two four-coordinate boron atoms (two BO4 tetrahedra) and two three-coordinate boron atoms
(two BO3 triangles).
Borax is also easily converted to boric acid and other borates, which have many applications.
Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is:
Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 H3BO3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O
Other uses

 Ingredient in enamel glazes
 Component of glass, pottery, and ceramics
 Used as an additive in ceramic slips and glazes to improve fit on wet, greenware,
and bisque
 Fire retardant
 Anti-fungal compound for cellulose insulation
 Moth proofing 10% solution for wool
 Pulverized for the prevention of stubborn pests (e.g. German cockroaches) in closets,
pipe and cable inlets, wall panelling gaps, and inaccessible locations where
ordinary pesticides are undesirable
 Anti-fungal foot soak
 Precursor for sodium perborate monohydrate that is used in detergents, as well as
for boric acid and other borates
 Tackifier ingredient in casein, starch and dextrin based adhesives
 Precursor for boric acid, a tackifier ingredient in polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl
alcohol based adhesives
 Fluoride detoxification
 Treatment for thrush in horses' hooves
 Silver nitrate

Silver nitrate is a silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to
prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.

Silver Nitrate is an inorganic chemical with antiseptic activity. Silver nitrate can potentially

be used as a cauterizing or sclerosing agent.

SILVER NITRATE is a colorless or white crystalline solid becoming black on exposure to

light or organic material.
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO ₃. This compound is a
versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is
far less sensitive to light than the halides.

Synthesis
Silver nitrate can be prepared by reacting silver, such as a silver bullion or silver foil,
with nitric acid, resulting in silver nitrate, water, and oxides of nitrogen. Reaction byproducts
depend upon the concentration of nitric acid used.
3 Ag + 4 HNO3 (cold and diluted) → 3 AgNO3 + 2 H2O + NO
Ag + 2 HNO3 (hot and concentrated) → AgNO3 + H2O + NO2
This is performed under a fume hood because of toxic nitrogen oxides evolved during the
reaction.[
Formula: AgNO3
Molar mass: 169.87 g/mol
Density: 4.35 g/cm³
Boiling point: 440 °C
Melting point: 212 °C

Physical Description
SILVER NITRATE is a colorless or white crystalline solid becoming black on exposure to
light or organic material.
ODOURLESS COLOURLESS OR WHITE CRYSTALS.
Color
Colorless rhombic cyrstals
Stability
Light sensitive.
Pharmacology
Silver Nitrate is an inorganic chemical with antiseptic activity. Silver nitrate can potentially
be used as a cauterizing or sclerosing agent.
Storage:
Affected by light, store in tightly closed light resistant containers.

Uses:
Silver salts have antiseptic properties. Until the development and widespread adoption of
antibiotics, dilute solutions of AgNO3 used to be dropped into newborn babies' eyes at birth
to prevent contraction of gonorrhea from the mother. Eye infections and blindness of
newborns was reduced by this method; incorrect dosage, however, could cause blindness in
extreme cases.
Silver salts have antiseptic properties.
Fused silver nitrate, shaped into sticks, was traditionally called "lunar caustic". It is used as
a cauterizing agent, for example to remove granulation tissue around a stoma
Silver nitrate is used to cauterize superficial blood vessels in the nose to help prevent nose
bleeds.
Dentists sometimes use silver nitrate-infused swabs to heal oral ulcers. Silver nitrate is used
by some podiatrists to kill cells located in the nail bed.
silver nitrate could be used to block and corrode the fallopian tubes. The technique was
ineffective.
 Mild silver protein
Silver protein products are one of the three types of products being sold as "colloidal silver".
These products are sometimes labeled as "silver protein" or "mild silver protein" — and some
are simply labeled as "colloidal silver" with no mention that the product contains a protein.
Also known as "mild silver protein", silver protein is made of metallic silver particles
suspended in a polymer protein solution.
While various polymer binders may be used, gelatin, an animal derived protein is one of the
most commonly used.
Gelatin is a natural long chain molecule of indefinite length (polymer). Other natural
polymers, such as casein, which is derived from dairy products are sometimes used. Natural
protein polymers derived from grains may also be used.
While synthetic polymers are technically not proteins, they are long chain molecules of
indefinite length and will produce the same generic type results as protein polymer molecules
when used as an additive with silver particles. Therefore, we classify any product that uses a
polymer additive as a "silver protein" type product because of the close similarities in the end
result regardless of whether a synthetic or natural polymer is used.

While MSP is well characterized chemically and has a long history of medicinal use, there is
also a whole body of evidence indicating that it was neither safe nor effective in any of its
historical uses, including as a treatment for conjunctivitis or as a means of sterilizing the eye
before surgery.

Mild Silver Protein is an effectively dried and safe colloid of silver mixed within a
suspension of assimilable protein.

Silver is possibly the best effective agent against any known form of bacteria that exists on
the planet, not allowing bacteria to even grow in its presence. More powerful than any
antibiotic, bacteria have yet to evolve a way around the killing properties of silver.

It can do the same thing for our body's, ridding bacterial infections from its systems quickly
and effectively. Silver is antibacterial, and therefore Silver colloid (like antibiotics) will also
kill the bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract.

Thus some common sense precaution should be taken when taking any form of this colloid,
being sure to refloralize or restoring your gut bacteria either during supplementation with
silver or afterwards for improved health.
 Mercuric oxide

MERCURIC OXIDE, [SOLID] is a red or orange-red odorless, dense crystalline powder or

scales, yellow when finely powdered. Used as a chemical intermediate for mercurysalts,
organic mercury compounds, and chlorine monoxide; antiseptic in pharmaceuticals;
component of dry cell batteries; pigment and glass modifier; fungicide; preservative in
cosmetics; analytical reagent; formerly used in antifouling paints.

Hg=O

Chemical formula Hg

Molar mass 216.59 g·mol−1

Appearance Yellow or red solid

Odor odorless

Density 11.14 g/cm3

Melting point 500 °C (932 °F; 773 K) (decomposes)

Solubility in water 0.0053 g/100 mL (25 °C) 

0.0395 g/100 mL (100 °C)

Solubility insoluble
in alcohol, ether, acetone, ammonia

Physical Description
MERCURIC OXIDE, [SOLID] is a red or orange-red odorless, dense crystalline powder or
scales, yellow when finely powdered. Used as a chemical intermediate for mercury salts,
organic mercury compounds, and chlorine monoxide; antiseptic in pharmaceuticals;
component of dry cell batteries; pigment and glass modifier; fungicide; preservative in
cosmetics; analytical reagent; formerly used in antifouling paints.
 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

1. Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

SALIVARY EXCRETION OF MERCURY (HG) & ITS RELATION TO BLOOD & URINE HG
HAS BEEN DETERMINED TO BE ABOUT ONE-TENTH THAT OF THESE BODY FLUIDS, AS
FOUND FROM A STUDY OF 40 WORKMEN EXPOSED FOR SEVERAL YR TO MIXED
INORGANIC & ORGANIC MERCURIALS, CHIEFLY METALLIC HG, MERCURIC OXIDE, &
PHENYL HG ACETATE.
MOST OF MERCURIC OXIDE ADMIN ORALLY TO RATS (5 MG MERCURY/KG) WAS
EXCRETED IN FECES, & APPROX 2% OF DOSE WAS EXCRETED IN URINE.
DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN RAT TISSUES AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF MERCURIC
OXIDE WAS SIMILIAR TO MERCURIC CHLORIDE. THUS, MERCURIC OXIDE COULD BE
ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT WITHOUT TRANSFORMATION TO MERCURIC CHLORIDE.

TECHNIQUES OF BODY RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENT WERE USED TO

STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF (203)HG IN 2 MEN WHO HAD ACCIDENTALLY
(WHILE MONITORING AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION) INHALED AEROSOLS OF
IRRADIATED MERCURIC OXIDE.
Uses
Red or orange-red odorless, dense crystalline powder or scales, yellow when finely
powdered. Used as a chemical intermediate for mercury salts, organic mercury compounds,
and chlorine monoxide; antiseptic in pharmaceuticals; component of dry cell batteries;
pigment and glass modifier; fungicide; preservative in cosmetics; analytical reagent; formerly
used in antifouling paints.
a slightly crystalline, water-soluble, poisonous compound, HgO, occurring as a coarse,
orange-red powder (red mercuric oxide) or as a fine, orange-yellow powder (yellow mercuric
oxide) : used chiefly as a pigment in paints and as an antiseptic in pharmaceuticals.
HgO is sometimes used in the production of mercury as it decomposes quite easily. When it
decomposes, oxygen gas is generated.
It is also used as a material for cathodes for mercury batteries.
 Ammoniated mercury
Mercuric amidochloride is an inorganic compound with the formula HgNH2Cl. It consists of
a zig-zag 1-dimensional polymer (HgNH2)nwith chloride counterions. It arises from the
reaction of ammonia and mercuric chloride. Addition of base converts it into "Millon's base,"
which has the formula [Hg2N]OH(H2O)x. A variety of related amido and nitrido materials
with chloride, bromide, and hydroxide are known.
Before the toxicity of mercury was appreciated, mercuric amidochloride, known as
"ammoniated mercury", was used as a topicalantiseptic and disinfectant.

Other names
mercuric amidochloride
mercury(II) amide chloride
mercury(II) amidochloride
ammoniated mercury

Properties

Chemical formula ClH2HgN

Molar mass 252.065 g/mol

Density 5.56 g/cm3

Ammoniated mercury Side Effects

Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all
of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.

Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur:

Skin infection or irritation not present before use of ammoniated mercury

Symptoms of mercury poisoning

 Cloudy urine
 dizziness
 headache (continuing or severe)
 irritation, soreness, or swelling of gums
 nausea
  skin rash or unusual redness of skin

Storage

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and
direct light. Keep from freezing.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.

Uses
Ammoniated mercury is used to treat impetigo, psoriasis, minor skin infections, and other
skin disorders.

It is very important that you use ammoniated mercury only as directed. Do not use more of it
and do not use it more often than recommended on the label, unless otherwise directed by
your doctor. To do so may increase the chance of absorption through the skin and the risk of
mercury poisoning.

Do not use ammoniated mercury on deep or open wounds or serious burns. To do so may
cause mercury poisoning.

Keep ammoniated mercury away from the eyes.

Apply enough ointment to cover the affected area, and rub in gently.
 Sulphur and its compounds
Sublimed sulphur
Sulfur is an element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S,
atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids
cysteine and methionine.
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It
is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic
octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright
yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur reacts with all elements
except for gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium, and the  noble gases.

Physical properties

Phase  solid

Melting point 388.36 K (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F)

Boiling point 717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F)

Density (near r.t.) alpha: 2.07 g/cm3 

beta: 1.96 g/cm3 
gamma: 1.92 g/cm3

Physical properties
Sulfur forms polyatomic molecules with different chemical formulas, the best-known
allotrope being octasulfur, cyclo-S8.

Appearance lemon yellow sintered microcrystals

Chemical properties[
Sulfur burns with a blue flame with formation of sulfur dioxide, which has a suffocating and
irritating odor. Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and, to a lesser
extent, in other nonpolar organic solvents, such as benzene and toluene. 
Sulfur reacts with nearly all other elements with the exception of gold, platinum, iridium,
nitrogen, tellurium, iodine and the noble gases. Some of those reactions need elevated
temperatures.
uses
through its major derivative, sulfuric acid, sulfur ranks as one of the more-important elements
used as an industrial raw material. Sulfuric acidproduction is the major end use for sulfur, and
consumption of sulfuric acid has been regarded as one of the best indexes of a nation's
industrial development. More sulfuric acid is produced in the United States every year than
any other chemical.
Sulfuric acid
Elemental sulfur is used mainly as a precursor to other chemicals. Approximately 85% (1989)
is converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4):
2 S + 3 O2 + 2 H2O → 2 H2SO4

The principal use for the acid is the extraction of phosphate ores for the production of
fertilizer manufacturing. Other applications of sulfuric acid include oil refining, wastewater
processing, and mineral extraction.
Fertilizer
Sulfur is increasingly used as a component of fertilizers. The most important form of sulfur
for fertilizer is the mineral calcium sulfate. Elemental sulfur is hydrophobic (not soluble in
water) and cannot be used directly by plants. Sulfur improves the efficiency of other essential
plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. 
Pharmaceuticals
Sulfur (specifically octasulfur, S8) is used in pharmaceutical skin preparations for the
treatment of acne and other conditions. It acts as a keratolytic agent and also kills bacteria,
fungi, scabies mites and other parasites.  Precipitated sulfur and colloidal sulfur are used, in
form of lotions, creams, powders, soaps, and bath additives, for the treatment of acne
vulgaris, acne rosacea, and seborrhoeic dermatitis.
 Percipitated sulphur
sulfur obtained as a pale yellowish or grayish amorphous or microcrystalline powder by
precipitation and used chiefly in treating skin diseases

precipitated sulfur a topical scabicide, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antifungal, and kerato
lytic.
sublimed sulfur boiled with lime water, the lime being removed from the precipitate by washi
ng with dilutedhydrochloric acid; used in preparing sulfur ointment and in the treatment of va
rious skin disorders.
Synonym(s): lac sulfuris, milk of sulfur
A form of sulfur used in various skin diseases, including scabies. Its keratolytic effect helps t
o make it effective in thosedisorders.
Storage of Precipitated Sulphur

 Store medicines at room temperature, away from heat and direct light. Do not
freeze medicines unless required by package insert. Keep medicines away from children
and pets.
 Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into drainage unless instructed
to do so. Medicationdiscarded in this manner may contaminate the environment. Please
consult your pharmacist or doctor for more details on how to safely discard Precipitated
Sulphur.

Precipitated Sulphur Side-effects

The following is a list of possible side-effects that may occur in medicines that

contain Precipitated Sulphur. This is not a comprehensive list. These side-effects are possible,
but do not always occur. Some of the side-effects may be rare but serious. Consult your
doctor if you observe any of the following side-effects, especially if they do not go away.
 Burning
 Stinging
 Tingling
 Itching
 Redness
 Dryness
 Peeling
 Irritation
 Precipitated Sulphur may also cause side-effects not listed here.

Uses

Precipitated Sulphur is used for the treatment, control, prevention, & improvement of the
following diseases, conditions and symptoms:
 Skin disorders
 Precipitated Sulphur may also be used for purposes not listed here.
 Selenium sulphide

Selenium Sulfide is an antifungal agent as well as a cytostatic agent, slowing the growth of
hyperproliferative cells in seborrhea. Selenium Sulfide is the active ingredient often used in
shampoos for the treatment of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis and tinea capitis, a fungal
infection that is primarily a disease of preadolescent children.
Selenium disulfide is a medication used to treat pityriasis versicolor, seborrhoeic dermatitis,
and dandruff.  It is applied to the affected area as a lotion or shampoo. Dandruff frequently
returns if treatment is stopped.
Side effects include hair loss, irritation of the skin, weakness, and feeling tired. Use is not
recommended in children less than 2–5 years old. Use in pregnancy or breastfeeding has not
been studied.  Selenium disulfide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula SeS2.

Chemical and physical data

Formula S2Se

Molar mass 143.09

Density 3 g/cm3

Melting point 111 °C (232 °F)

Boiling point 118 to 119 °C (244 to 246 °F)

(decomposes)

Solubility in negligible mg/mL (20 °C)

water

Chemical composition
Se=S
Selenium disulfide has a composition that approximates to SeS 2 and is sometimes called
selenium sulfide. However, as used in proprietary formulations, it is not a pure chemical
compound but a mixture where the overall Se:S ratio is 1:2. The compounds are Se–S rings
containing a variable number of S and Se atoms, SenS8−n.
Many selenium sulfides are known as indicated by 77Se-NMR spectroscopy.

Storage
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children.
Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom).
Uses

This medication is used to treat dandruff and a certain scalp infection (seborrheic dermatitis). It

reduces itching, flaking, irritation, and redness of the scalp. Selenium sulfide is also used for a
condition that causes discoloration of the skin (tinea versicolor). This medication belongs to a
class of medications called anti-infectives. It works by slowing the growth of the yeast that
causes the infection.

Selenium sulfide, an anti-infective agent, relieves itching and flaking of the scalp and
removes the dry, scaly particles that are commonly referred to as dandruff or seborrhea. It is
also used to treat tinea versicolor, a fungal infection of the skin.

Selenium sulfide comes in a lotion and is usually applied as a shampoo. As a shampoo,

selenium sulfide usually is used twice a week for the first 2 weeks and then once a week for
2, 3, or 4 weeks, depending on your response. For skin infections, selenium sulfide usually is
applied once a day for 7 days.

Selenium disulfide is sold as an antifungal agent in shampoos for the treatment

of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis associated in the scalp with fungi of genus 

Side Effects

Skin irritation, dry skin, oily or dry hair/scalp, or temporary hair loss may occur. If any of these
effects persist or worsen, discontinue use and consult your doctor
or pharmacist promptly. Hairdiscoloration may occur and can be reduced by carefully rinsing
the hair thoroughly after each treatment.

If your doctor has prescribed this medication, remember that he or she has judged that the benefit
to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have
serious side effects.
 Astringents
An astringent lotion applied to the skin to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions or as a
cosmetic to make the skin less oily.
Astringent, any of a group of substances that cause the contraction or shrinkage of tissues
and that dry up secretions. Astringents are usually classified into three groups according to
their mode of action:
(1) those that decrease the blood supply by narrowing the small blood vessels
(e.g., epinephrine and cocaine),
(2) those that abstract water from the tissue (e.g., glycerol and alcohol), and (3) those that
coagulate the superficial tissue layers into a crust (e.g., metallic astringents, such
as calamine or alum).
Used in medicine to reduce swollen mucous membranes that result from inflammations of the
nasal, gastrointestinal, and urinary passages, astringents are also frequently employed to dry
up excessive secretions and (in this connection they are often known as styptics) to stop
bleeding.

Alum
An alum is a type of chemical compound, usually
a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium withthe general formulaXAl(SO4)2·12H2O,
where X is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium. By itself, "alum" often
refers to potassium alum, with the formula KAl(SO4)2·12H2O. Other alums are named after
the monovalent ion, such as sodium alum and ammonium alum.
They are white crystalline double sulfates of univalent and trivalent atoms.
• M +M´3+ (SO 4 ) 2·12H 2 O
• M + = univalent cation: Na +, K +, Tl +, NH 4 +
• M3+ = Al 3+ Fe 3+ Cr 3+ Ti 3+ Co 3+
In some industries, the name "alum" (or "papermaker's alum") is used to refer to aluminium
sulfate Al
2(SO4)3·nH2O. Most industrial flocculation done with "alum" actually uses aluminium sulfate.
In medicine, "alum" may also refer to aluminium hydroxide gel used as a vaccine adjuvant.

Chemical properties
Aluminium-based alums have a number of common chemical properties. They are soluble
in water, have a sweetish taste, react acid to litmus, and crystallize in regular octahedra. In
alums each metal ion is surrounded by six water molecules. When heated, they liquefy, and if
the heating is continued, the water of crystallization is driven off, the salt froths and swells,
and at last an amorphous powder remains. They are astringent and acidic.
Solubility
The solubility of the various alums in water varies greatly, sodium alum being readily soluble
in water, while caesium and rubidium alums are only sparingly soluble. 
Uses
• Crystal deodorant: Alum was used in the past as a natural underarm deodorant in Mexico,
Thailand, and the Far East. Typically potassium alum is used.
• Wax: Alum is used in the Middle East as a component in wax, compounded with other
ingredients to create a hair-removal substance.
• Foamite: Alum is used to make foamite which is used in many fire extinguishers for
chemical and oil fires.
• Adjuvant:Alum is used regularly as an adjuvant (enhances immune response to a given
immunogen when given with it) in human immunizations.
• Alum powder, found amongst spices at most grocery stores, is used in pickling recipes as a
preservative, to maintain crispness, and as an ingredient in some play dough recipes. It is also
commonly cited as a home remedy or pain relief for canker sores.
• Water treatment: Alum (aluminum sulfate) is used in water treatment. The addition of alum
to raw water causes small particles and colloids to stick together and form heavier particles
(floc) which will settle in water. This process is called coagulation or flocculation.
• Fire retardant: By soaking and then drying cloth and paper materials they can be made
fireproof.
Aluminium-based alums have been used since antiquity, and are still important in many
industrial processes.
The most widely used alum is potassium alum. It was used since antiquity as a flocculant to
clarify turbid liquids, as a mordant in dying, and in tanning. It is still widely used in the
treatment of water, in medicine, for cosmetics (in deodorant and antitranspirants in food
preparation (in baking powder and pickling), and to fire-proof paper and cloth.
Sodium alum is used in substitution to potassium alum in baking powders. Ammonium alum
has a few niche uses. Other alums have mostly research interest.
Alum in the form of potassium aluminium sulphate in a concentrated bath of hot water is
regularly used by jewelers and machinists to dissolve hardened steel drill bits that have
broken off in items made of aluminum, copper, brass, gold (any karat) and silver (both
sterling and fine
 Zinc Sulphate

Zinc sulfate is an inorganic compound: the sulfate salt of zinc and a good source of zinc ions.
The molecular 41 formula for zinc sulfate is ZnSO4.
ZINC sulfate is a compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc
deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an
astringent in lotions and eye drops.
Zinc sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula ZnSO4 as well as any of three
hydrates. It was historically known as "white vitriol". All of the various forms are colorless
solids
Anhydrous zinc sulfate is a colorless crystalline solid. Zinc sulfate is also obtained as a
hexahydrate, ZnSO4.6H2O, and as a heptahydrate ZnSO4.7H2O. All forms are soluble
in water. All are noncombustible
It is used in the production of rayon, as a feed supplement, and as a fertilizer ingredient

Chemical Names: Zinc sulfate;, Zinc sulphate, Zincate; White vitriol, Zinc sulfate

Molecular Formula: ZnSO4 or O4SZn

Molecular Weight: 161.436 g/mol

 Preparation
Making zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate is a complex fertiliser. This simple salt is a source of the
micronutrient zinc and the secondary nutrient sulfur. However, it is as a source of zinc that it
is important. Zinc sulfate is produced by reacting zinc carbonate with sulfuric acid:

ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)ZnCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)

Zinc sulfate used for pharmaceutical preparations is made from the reaction of sulfuric acid
with high purity zinc oxide:

ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l) ZnO(s) + H2SO4(aq)

Zinc sulfate crystallises from aqueous solution as a heptahydrate, zinc sulfate-7-water,

ZnSO4.7H2O.
You can make zinc sulfate-7-water in the laboratory by reacting zinc carbonate with dilute
sulfuric acid.

Pharmacology
Zinc has been identified as a cofactor for over 70 different enzymes, including alkaline
phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and both RNA and DNA polymerase. Zinc facilitates
wound healing, helps maintain normal growth rates, normal skin hydration and the senses of
taste and smell.
Industry Uses
1. Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
2. Anti-adhesive agents
3. CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION
4. Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
5. Intermediates
6. Laboratory chemicals
7. Not known or reasonably ascertainable
8. Plating agents and surface treating agents
9. used as a flocculant