Fundamental of Stainless Steel 不锈钢基础知识

1. Introduction 简介
2. Passive Film 镀膜层
3. Types of Corrosion 腐蚀类型
4. 304 Grade Steel 304 钢种
5. 304L Grade Steel 304L 钢种

Stainless Steel 不锈钢

An Iron based alloy made of some basic elements. Ex: Chromium, Nickel,
Molybdenum,etc. used for corrosion and heat resisting application. with Chrome
content range from 10.5-20%. 铁基合金，由一些基本元素制
成如：铬，镍，钼等。 用于腐蚀和耐热应用。 铬含量范围 10.5-20％。
Merits 优点：
 Strong corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性强
 Good mechanical properties and easy processing 机械性佳，加工容易
 bright surface, sanitary and easy to clean 外边光亮、卫生，容易清洗
 Non-toxic and harmless 无毒无害
 Good properties in high and low temperature environments 在高温及
低温环境仍具有良好性质
 A variety of surface grades, providing different application areas 多种表面
品级，提供不同应用领域
 Long life cycle and low maintenance costs 生命周期长，低维护费用
 Green materials 绿色材料
Types of stainless steel: 不锈钢体系
a. Austenitic 奥氏体
b. Ferritic 铁素体
c. Martensitic 马氏体
d. Duplex 双相系
e. Precipitation Hardening 析出硬化系
Characteristic 特性：
 Work hardening rate 工作硬化率
 Strength and hardness 强度和硬度
 Higher corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀性好
 Higher ductility 延展性好
 Higher Heat strength 热强度好
 Higher cryogenic toughness 低温韧性好

a. Austenitic 奥氏体
 200 series and 300 series 200 系和 300 系
 FCC Structure γ Phase 面心立方 γ 相
 Non-magnetic 非磁性
 Microstructure derived from addition of Ni, Mn and N 显微组织通过添加镍，
锰和氮得到的
 Weldability and formability 焊接性和成形性
 Can't be hardened by heat treatment 不能通过热处理硬化
 work hardened to high strength level whilst retaining useful level of ductility and
toughness 工作硬化到高强度水平，同时保持有用的延展性和韧性水平
b. Ferritic 铁素体

 400 Series 400 系

 Magnetic 磁性
 BCC structure α phase 体心立方 α 相
 C <0.1%, Cr 14-27% 碳<0.1%,铬 14-27%
 Resistance to stress corrosion cracking 耐应力腐蚀
 Similar microstructure to carbon and alloy steel 显微组织与碳钢和合金钢相似
的
 Hardened moderately by cold work 冷加工适度硬化
 Develop max. softness, ductility and corrosion resistance in annealed condition
退火条件下发展最大的柔软性，延展性和耐腐蚀性
 Annealed above range for embrittlement and below where Austenite might form
退火温度高于脆化范围，温度较低会形成奥氏体
 used extensively for deep-drawn parts 广泛用于深冲零件
c. Martensitic 马氏体
 400 & 500 series 400&500 系
 Magnetic 磁性
 C as high as 1%, Cr 11.5-18% C 高达 1％，Cr 11.5-18％
 Tempered above 593 ℃ 回火温度大于 593℃
 Hardened and tempered much like carbon and low-alloy steel 淬火和回火跟碳钢
和低合金钢一样
 High strength and moderate corrosion resistance is required 需要高强度和中等
耐腐蚀性
 Low weldability and formability 焊接性和成形性低
 Cold worked, hot worked, machined without difficulty 冷加工，热加工，加工
无困难
d. Duplex 双相系

 Approximately 50% ferritic 50% austenitic 约 50％铁

素体 50％奥氏体
 Higher strength compared to ferritic and autenitic 与铁素体和奥氏体相比更高
的强度
 Resistant to stress corrosion cracking 耐应力腐蚀
 Weldable depend on welding selection and heat input 可焊接性取决于焊接选
择和热量输入
 Moderate weldability 中等可焊性
e. Precipitation Hardening 析出硬化系

 High strength because of Niobium, Al, and Cu 铌,铝和铜使强度高

 Lower nickel content 镍含量较低
 Aging by reheating 900-1150F to cause precipitation 加热 900-1150F 进行老化
 以引起沉淀
 Aging process for very fine particles formed in matrix of stainless steel which
impart strength 在不锈钢基质中形成的非常细小的颗粒的时效过程，赋予强
度
 Machined to quite intricated shape requiring good tolerance 加工成非常复杂的
形状需要良好的公差
 Corrosion resistance comparable to austenitic steel 耐腐蚀性能可与奥氏体钢媲
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